Delta hepatitis virus infection in ethiopia

The results of Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) antibody determinations carried on 566 HBsAg positive serum samples from a population of 5270 Ethiopian military recruits are reported.The prevalence of anti-HDV among apparently healthy HBsAg carriers was 5.8%. The prevalence increases with age within the available range (18–30 years). Differences might exist by area of origin and ethnic groups. The distributions of HBV markers was similar in anti HDV positive and anti HDV negative individuals, possibly due to the relatively young age of the population and/or the hyperendemic condition of the area.Corresponding author.     

Epidemiology of acute diarrhea in children living in Sicily

A longitudinal survey (February 1984 - January 1985) on the incidence of acute diarrhea episodes in a sample of 8,164 children (aged 0–12 years) living in southeastern Sicily was carried out by means of weekly telephone interviews with doctors practising in the territory. The incidence rate was 0.479 (0.472–0.485 95% C.I.) per child per year and the frequency of episodes was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in children aged 0–4 years (0.86). Diarrhea was more frequent in industrial areas than in rural ones, and almost half (45.1%) of the total episodes had a mild course. No death from diarrhea occurred and admission to hospital was reported for 8.4% of all cases.Corresponding author.     

Risk factors of female cancers in Ragusa population (Sicily). 2. Breast cancer

A case-control study on breast, cervix and corpus uteri cancer cases registered in Ragusa between January 1, 1983 and June 30, 1985 has been conducted. Information on risk factors has been obtained by means of a structured questionnaire.Risk factors for breast cancer were: few pregnancies (1–2 vs > 4 OR 2.14, 95%CL 1.13–4.04), few children (for postmenopausal only, chi trend 4.84), previous breast disease (OR 1.97, 95%CL 1.20–3.23), family history (OR 3.57, 95%CL 1.92–6.63), alcohol (OR 1.68, 95%CL 1.12–2.53), high socioeconomical status (1 vs 4 OR 2,93, 95%CL 1.22–70.03). A protective role was evident for: early age at first birth (for premenopausal only, <20 vs >20 OR 0.11, 95%CL 0.01-0.90), previous ovary disease (OR 0.26, 95%CL 0.08–0.88).Age at menarche, age at menopause, years of fertile life and breast feeding were not found to be related to breast cancer. A different distribution of risk factors among cases with and without family history has been suggested.A synoptic table shows the distribution of the most important risk factors of the three investigated female cancers in the Ragusa population, reported in the present and in an accompanying paper.     

Hepatitis B and Delta virus infection among heterosexuals,homosexuals and bisexual men

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection rates were estimated in patients attending a venereal disease outpatient clinic: 759 heterosexuals and 154 homosexual-bisexual men. The anti-HBC prevalence was higher in homo-bisexual men (68.8 per 100) than in heterosexuals (41.8 per 100), whereas HBsAg was roughly the same in the two groups (about 6 per 100). The anti-HBc prevalence rate among heterosexuals was higher than that estimated in hospital personnel from the same geographical area. A positive association between anti-HBc prevalence and present or past sexually transmitted diseases (STD) was found among homo-bisexual men. Anti-HBc was also positively associated with herpes simplex type 2 antibodies in both heterosexuals and homo-bisexual men. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual behavior also plays a role in the spread of infection among heterosexuals. Ten of the 46 HBsAg-positive subjects were anti-HDV positive: 6 of the 36 heterosexuals and 4 of the 10 homosexuals. All HDV-positive subjects had present or past STDs. These findings suggest sexual transmission of HDV infection.     

Delta新冠病毒变异株COVID-19患者医院感染现患率调查分析

 目的 了解Delta新冠病毒变异株引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-2019）患者医院感染发生情况,为COVID-19收治医院医院感染防控提供参考依据。方法 通过病历调阅及床旁查看相结合的方式,采用时点现患率调查方法,对某COVID-19定点收治医院2022年1月13日所有在院患者医院感染相关情况进行调查分析。结果 共调查403例COVID-19患者,年龄10个月~94岁,中位年龄36岁,医院感染例次现患率为1.99%。其中COVID-19患者不同年龄、疾病分型和诊疗场所患者医院感染现患率比较,差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。呼吸机使用率1.24%,呼吸机相关肺炎2例;留置导尿管使用率1.99%,导尿管相关泌尿系统感染1例;中心静脉置管使用率为0.99%,无1例患者发生中心静脉导管相关血流感染。感染部位以下呼吸道为主,检出病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。抗菌药物使用率为1.74%,均为治疗用药和单一用药。结论 伴随新型冠状病毒不断进化和变异,导致多个国家和地区疫情反弹,Delta新冠病毒变异株引发的COVID-19患者医院感染现患率低于原始毒株引发的,且在抗菌药物使用、侵入性操作等方面存在一些差异;老年、重型和重症监护病房患者是COVID-19定点收治医院防控医院感染应重点关注的人群。     

广州市儿童和青年新型冠状病毒Delta变异株感染患者临床特征

目的探讨儿童和青年新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)Delta变异株患者的临床特征。方法选取广州医科大学附属市八医院2021年5月21日—6月18日收治的SARS-CoV-2 Delta突变株感染者,根据年龄分为儿童组(2～14岁)和青年组(15～35岁),比较两组患者临床、实验室指标及影像学的差异。结果儿童组21例,青年组24例,两组均无重症患者。儿童以家庭聚集性发病为特征,青年组普通型比儿童组更常见(66.7%VS 33.3%,P0.05)。与青年组临床表现比较,儿童组咳嗽(33.3%VS 87.5%)、咳痰(33.3%VS 66.7%)和咽喉不适(28.6%VS 70.8%)少见(均P0.05),儿童发热时间更短(2.5 d VS 4 d,P0.05),但两组患者发热(76.2%VS 83.3%)差异无统计学意义。与青年组生化学指标比较,基线时儿童组C-反应蛋白(CRP)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)和白介素-6(IL-6)更低(均P0.05),但淋巴细胞(LYM)、嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)更高;第1周儿童组CRP和SAA更低,但LYM、EOS、LDH和CK-MB更高(均P0.05)。儿童基线CK-MB和LDH升高更常见(均P0.05)。儿童组基线时LYM减少5例(23.8%),EOS减少3例(14.3%),第1周LYM和EOS均恢复正常。胸部CT显示儿童组7例(33.3%)肺部感染,单侧受累为主;青年组16例(66.7%)肺部感染,双肺受累为主。儿童组SARS-CoV-2核酸转阴时间中位日数为17(12,25)d,青年组核酸转阴时间中位日数为19(15,21)d,两组患者均预后良好。结论儿童SARS-CoV-2 Delta变异株感染以家庭聚集性发病为主要特征。与青年患者比较,儿童患者呼吸道症状、炎症反应、免疫细胞和肺损伤更轻,免疫细胞恢复更快。儿童患者基线CK-MB和LDH升高更常见,需关注急性心肌损伤的可能性。青年和儿童患者SARS-CoV-2核酸转阴时间长,需延长监测上呼吸道核酸的时间。     

张家界市76例新型冠状病毒Delta变异株感染病例的临床特征

 目的 分析新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2） Delta变异株感染病例的临床特征,为Delta感染病例的防治提供参考依据。方法 回顾性分析2021年7—8月湖南师范大学附属张家界医院收治的76例SARS-CoV-2变异株Delta感染病例的临床特征。结果 本次疫情涉及17个家庭,8个工作环境和场地中的76例感染者,平均年龄为（34.7±18.1）岁,高发于15~49岁人群。无症状感染者4例（5.26%）,轻型17例（22.37%）,普通型50例（65.79%）,重型4例（5.26%）,危重型1例（1.32%）;76例Delta感染者中SARS-CoV-2核酸最低Ct值N值17.5,Lab值16.25,平均SARS-CoV-2核酸持续阳性时间为34.5 d,其中23例出院7 d后再次出现SARS-CoV-2核酸Ct值阳性。主要临床表现为发热和咳嗽。感染早期98.68%的患者血常规中白细胞计数正常或降低,11.84%患者天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）/丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）出现轻度升高,少数患者肌酐和心肌酶出现异常;血沉（ESR）、降钙素原（PCT）和C反应蛋白（CRP）升高的比率分别为58.21%、5.26%和31.58%。其中55例（73.37%）出现肺部病变,以沿胸膜下分布的磨玻璃样影改变为主要影像学特点,部分病例合并胸腔积液和实变。结论 Delta感染者体内病毒载量高,核酸转阴时间长,主要临床表现为发热、咳嗽,早期可伴AST/ALT升高。     

北京市一起冷链相关新型冠状病毒Delta变异株聚集性疫情的溯源调查

目的 对北京市一起冷链相关新型冠状病毒（新冠病毒）Delta变异株聚集性疫情进行溯源调查,分析其感染来源和传播链。方法 应用流行病学调查方法核查病例的活动轨迹,对活动轨迹涉及的风险点位进行密切接触者追踪、人员和环境采样核酸检测,对核酸阳性标本进行基因测序分析。结果 2022年1月18日至2月6日,共报告112例新冠病毒感染者,除1例待查外,其余111例存在明确的流行病学关联。感染来源为进口冷冻货品外包装,2021年1月进口冷冻货品捕捞后储存于东南亚地区某国冷库,2021年6月包装后发送到我国北京市A区A冷库存储,随后分批次于2022年1月起在B区B冷库贴标销售,首发病例在搬运阳性冷冻货品期间发生感染,继而造成共同工作、就餐和居住在B冷库及其毗邻的C冷库和D餐厅（两库一店）所在区域的人员感染,涉及77例两库一店直接相关病例。在两库一店区域外还造成16个传播支链,涉及35例病例。结论 本起疫情提示进口冷链货品外包装污染输入疫情的风险,应继续加强冷链行业管理。     

甘肃省新型冠状病毒Delta变异株流行特征分析

目的分析甘肃省新型冠状病毒(新冠病毒)Delta变异株(B.1.617.2)引起疫情的流行病学特征, 为疫情防控工作提供科学依据。方法收集2021年10月17日至11月25日甘肃省新冠病毒肺炎(COVID-19)确诊病例资料, 包括基本信息、流行病学史、发病日期、诊断日期、暴露场所、发现方式、感染来源等。采用Excel 2016、SPSS 22、ArcGIS 10.7软件进行数据整理分析。结果截至2021年11月25日, 甘肃省累计报告COVID-19病例146例, 疫情波及5个市10个县(区), 流行过程可分为输入病例期、输入-本地病例期和本地病例期3个阶段。年龄分布为1～87岁, 其中18～59岁占59.59%(87/146)。男女性别比为1∶1.12(69/77);职业以商业服务人员(17.12%, 25/146)、离退人员(15.75%, 23/146)、学生(13.70%, 20/146)、家务及待业人员(12.33%, 18/146)为主。3个阶段中, 18～59岁年龄段病例比例分别为44.44%、54.41%、70.00%, 呈上升趋势(趋势χ2=23.24, P<...     

Delta virus infection in Egypt.

The present study was carried out on 124 serum samples of acute hepatitis B, 51 with chronic HBV infection, and 41 chronic HBsAg carriers. Sera were tested by ELISA for HBV markers and anti-delta (anti-HDV). Delta infection (anti-HDV) in acute HB was found to be 16.9% (21 out of 124), 23.5% in chronic HB cases (12 out of 51), and 21.9% among chronic HBsAg carriers (9 out of 41). Out of the twelve delta positive in chronic HB patients, ten (83%) were suffering from CAH (chronic active hepatitis) denoting a possible role of delta infection in deteriorating the course of the disease. A competitive inhibition of HBV replication by coexistent delta infection was demonstrated in the present study. This was reflected on anti-HBc IgM in the acute cases and on HBeAg in chronic HB cases. Anti-HBc IgM was 71.42% (15 out of 21) in delta positive acute HB patients versus 92.23% (95 out of 103) in delta negative acute HB patients. On the other hand, HBeAg percentage was 8.33% (1 out of 12) and 46.15% (18 out of 39) in delta and non-delta chronic HB patients respectively. The difference in both anti-HBc IgM and HBeAg as regards delta positive and negative patients was found to be statistically significant. Out of the twelve chronic HB cases with delta infection, four cases were negative for HBsAg (33.33%). This observation might be attributed to the clearance effect of hepatitis D virus (HDV) on HBsAg (Ischimura et al., 1988) or due to suppressing effect resulting in low undetectable HBsAg level in serum, (Sherlock, 1989). From the present study it may be concluded that delta infection is endemic in Egypt (its incidence ranged from 16.94% in acute HB to 23.53% in chronic HB infection), delta infection possibly also worsens the outcome of chronic HB patients. Delta infection may exert a competitive inhibitory effect on HBV replication.     

Delta hepatitis virus infection in China

To assess the prevalence, epidemiological features and prognostic implications of hepatitis D (Delta) in Sichuan Province, The People's Republic of China, 649 sera (515 from HBsAg positive patients and 134 from HBsAg negative subjects) were tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for antibody to the hepatitis D virus (anti-HD). Forty-seven sera (7.2%) showed some degree of reactivity. Serial dilutions of these sera indicated that prozoning was not responsible for the equivocal results. Thirty-four of the 47 sera were submitted under code to a second laboratory for independent analysis. According to those results anti-HD antibodies were detected in four of these sera. The overall prevalence of anti-HD in the HBsAg positive patients therefore was 0.8% (4/515). On the basis of clinical, biochemical and histological data 427 HBsAg positive sera were further divided into acute Type B hepatitis, chronic Type B hepatitis, healthy carrier state and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subgroups. Two of 65 (3.1%) anti-HD positive sera belonged to the acute Type B hepatitis group; one of 104 (0.9%), the chronic Type B hepatitis group and one of 246 (0.4%), the healthy carrier group. No antibody was detected in sera from 12 HBsAg positive HCC patients. All HBsAg negative patients were negative for anti-HD antibody. The results of this study indicate that despite a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection, positive serology for delta virus is uncommon in Sichuan Province, The People's Republic of China.     

Febrile illness associated with Rickettsia conorii infection in dogs from Sicily

We report serologic and molecular evidence of acute, febrile illness associated with Rickettsia conorii in 3 male Yorkshire terriers from Sicily (Italy).     

长三角卫生应急一体化实践与思考

2019年12月《长江三角洲区域一体化发展规划纲要》出台,标志着长三角一体化发展引领全国高质量发展进入新阶段。同时,此次新冠肺炎疫情的大流行让卫生应急管理再次成为研究热点。文章通过对长三角卫生应急一体化管理进行整体性、全面性研究,分析长三角地区当前整体医疗卫生水平与卫生应急能力现状。在此基础上提出长三角卫生应急一体化发展的思考与建议。     

Asymptomatic Leishmania infantum/chagasi infection in blood donors of western Sicily

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the risk of transfusion-transmitted visceral leishmaniasis was present in an area of western Sicily where the incidence of the disease is higher than the regional average. From May to December 2005, 1449 blood donors from Agrigento district (Sicily, Italy) were screened for the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Blood samples from IFAT-positive donors were examined by PCR to detect Leishmania DNA. Anti-Leishmania antibodies were found in 11 (0.75%) cases, among which Leishmania DNA was detected from four (36.4%). Particular techniques to inactivate different pathogens would be considered mandatory in the case of immunosuppressed recipients.     

黄河三角洲地区饮水安全及发展对策

目的研究黄河三角洲饮水安全卫生状况及对策。方法根据地质、地貌、环境污染现状、管理体制等方面进行分析与评价。结果该地区绝大多数地面水不易饮用，可饮用的地下水资源有限。结论提出了保证饮水安全的行政、法制、规划、科学管理、水源保障、制水技术保障等对策，为黄河三角洲地区引水安全工程建设提供科学依据。