Dose-volume histogram analysis as predictor of radiation pneumonitis in primary lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between various parameters derived from lung dose-volume histogram analysis and the risk of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis (RP) in patients undergoing radical radiotherapy for primary lung cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The records of 156 patients with lung cancer who had been treated with radical radiotherapy (>/=45 Gy) and for whom dose-volume histogram data were available were reviewed. The incidence of symptomatic RP was correlated with a variety of parameters derived from the dose-volume histogram data, including the volume of lung receiving 10 Gy (V(10)) through 50 Gy (V(50)) and the mean lung dose (MLD). RESULTS: The rate of RP at 6 months was 15% (95% confidence interval 9-22%). On univariate analysis, only V(30) (p = 0.036) and MLD (p = 0.043) were statistically significantly related to RP. V(30) correlated highly positively with MLD (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: V(30) and MLD can be used to predict the risk of RP in lung cancer patients undergoing radical radiotherapy.     

Incidence of radiation pneumonitis after thoracic irradiation: Dose-volume correlates

PURPOSE: To define clinical and dosimetric parameters correlated with the risk of clinically relevant radiation pneumonitis (RP) after thoracic radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Records of consecutive patients treated with definitive thoracic radiotherapy were retrospectively reviewed for the incidence of RP of Grade 2 or greater by the Common Toxicity Criteria. Dose-volume histograms using total lung volume (TL) and TL minus gross tumor volume (TL-G) were created with and without heterogeneity corrections. Mean lung dose (MLD), effective lung volume (V(eff)), and percentage of TL or TL-G receiving greater than or equal to 10, 13, 15, 20, and 30 Gy (V10-V30, respectively) were analyzed by logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to estimate RP predictive values. RESULTS: Twelve cases of RP were identified in 92 eligible patients. Mean lung dose, V10, V13, V15, V20, and V(eff) were significantly correlated to RP. Combinations of MLD, V(eff), V20, and V30 lost significance using TL-G and heterogeneity corrections. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined V10 and V13 as the best predictors of RP risk, with a decrease in predictive value above those volumes. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathoracic radiotherapy should be planned with caution when using radiotherapy techniques delivering doses of 10 to 15 Gy to large lung volumes.     

肺癌同期放化治疗中放射性肺损伤的相关因素分析

 目的 观察三维适形放疗联合同期化疗治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌中放射性肺损伤情况,对其相关因 素进行分析,寻找合理的预测性 指标。 方法 47例符合入组条件的非小细胞肺癌患者接受三维适形放疗及同期化疗。处方剂量为60Gy常规 放疗,同期化疗方案为NP方案,对三维适形治疗计划及临床资料进行单因素、多因素分析,评 价肺损伤情况。 结果 （1）完全缓解3例, 部分缓解42例,总有效率为95.74%,1年生存率75.78%。全组发生急性放 射性肺炎0级2例,1级20 例,2级17例,3级8例,无4级放射性肺炎发生。（2）与严重放射性肺炎发生呈正相关的剂量 学因素为MLD、肺NTCP,肺V5、 V15、V20。临床资料中仅发现肿瘤GTV与严重放射性肺炎发生相关;多因素分析显示全肺平均 剂量为放射性肺炎的独立影 响因素。 结论 剂量学因素（MLD、肺NTCP,肺V5、V15、V20）可以较好地预测严重放射性肺炎的发生,全肺 平均剂量是放射性肺炎发生的独立影响因素。     

ＣＴ／ＣＴ图像融合用于非小细胞肺癌放射治疗对Ｖ２０及放射性肺炎影响的临床研究

目的　探讨ＣＴ／ＣＴ图像融合技术应用于非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）放射治疗计划对Ｖ２０和放射性肺炎（ＲＰ）的影响。方法　４０例入组患者均经病理组织学或细胞学证实为ⅢＡ、ⅢＢ期ＮＳＣＬＣ,三维适形放疗（３Ｄ-ＣＲＴ）剂量达到４０００ｃＧｙ肿块缩小达２５％后随机分为常规缩野放疗组２０例（Ａ组）和ＣＴ／ＣＴ图像融合缩野放疗组２０例（Ｂ组）,两组均追加剂量至６６００ｃＧｙ。记录临床资料、Ｖ２０、放疗结束３个月内ＲＰ发生情况等。ＲＰ用ＲＴＯＧ急性放射性损伤分级标准判断。采用ＳＰＳＳ１１.５软件包进行统计学分析。结果　４０例患者中ＲＰ发生率为２２.５％（９／４０）,其中Ａ组６例（３０.０％）,Ｂ组３例（１５.０％）,两组间差异无统计学意义（Ｐ＝０.２5６）。Ａ、Ｂ组的患侧肺Ｖ２０（ＩＶ２０）和全组的健侧肺Ｖ２０（ＣＶ２０）、患侧肺Ｖ２０均与ＲＰ发生有关,差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０.０５）,Ｗｉｌｃｏｘｏｎ检验两组间患侧肺Ｖ２０、健侧肺Ｖ２０差异均有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０.０５）。结论　ＣＴ／ＣＴ图像融合执行的缩野追加剂量放疗未增加ＲＰ的发生率,且有可能降低患侧肺Ｖ２０,为进一步提高局部放疗剂量,获得更好的局控率提供了理论参考依据。     

Predictive value of dose-volume histogram parameters for predicting radiation pneumonitis after concurrent chemoradiation for lung cancer

PURPOSE: To clarify whether the percentage of pulmonary volume irradiated to >20 Gy (V20) is related to the incidence and grade of radiation pneumonitis (RP) in cases of lung cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The subjects comprised 71 patients with lung cancer who were treated with conventionally fractionated definitive concurrent chemoradiation. The chemotherapy agents were carboplatin or cisplatin combined with taxane for most patients. Radiotherapy was delivered at 1.8-2.0 Gy fractions once daily to a total of 48-66 Gy (median 60). We analyzed the relation between RP grade and V20. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess patient- and treatment-related factors, including age, gender, smoking history, pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), tumor location (upper lobe vs. middle/lower lobe), chemotherapy regimen (platinum + taxane vs. other), total dose, overall radiation periods in addition to V20. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 7.5 months, an RP grade of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 was observed in 16, 35, 17, 1, and 2 patients, respectively; the corresponding mean V20 values were 20.1%, 22.0%, 26.3%, 27.0%, and 34.5%. The 6-month cumulative incidence of RP greater than Grade 2 was 8.7%, 18.3%, 51%, and 85% in patients with a V20 of or=31%, respectively (p <0.0001). According to both univariate and multivariate analyses, V20 was the only factor associated with RP of Grade 2 or greater. CONCLUSION: The incidence and grade of RP are significantly related to the V20 value. Thus, V20 appears to be a factor that can be used to predict RP after concurrent chemoradiation for lung cancer.     

Ⅲ+Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌三维适形或调强放疗中复合指标预测放射性肺炎前瞻性临床研究

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌三维适形或调强放疗正常肺V5和V10联合V20评价放射性肺炎(RP)的意义.方法 采用三维适形或调强后程加速超分割放疗经病理或细胞学证实初治非小细胞肺癌患者90例,其中Ⅲa期6例、Ⅲb期29例、Ⅳ期55例.放疗剂量61～80 Gy,中位数70 Gy.由剂量体积直方图计算全肺V5、V10、V20、V30、平均肺剂量(MLD),对侧肺V5、V10及同侧肺V30.用CTC3.0标准评估肺损伤.结果 90例患者中发生RP为1级29例、2级23例、3级5例、4级1例、5级1例.全肺V5、V10、V20、对侧肺V10、大体肿瘤体积(GTV)、计划靶体积、射野数目与≥1级RP相关(χ2=2.04、2.05、2.01、4.62、6.50、5.61、5.61,P=0.044、0.043、0.047、0.030、0.010、0.020、0.020),全肺V5、V10、V20和V30、MLD与≥2级RP相关(χ2=2.05、2.20、2.96、4.96、5.20,P=0.040、0.030、0.000、0.030、0.020).多因素分析显示GTV与≥1级RP发生相关(χ2=4.06,P=0.044),V20与≥2级RP发生相关(χ2=9.61,P=0.002).全肺V5、V10、V20的中位数分别为66%、48%、31%.V20>31%时≥2级RP概率增加,V20>31%+V10>48%+V5>66%时≥2级RP概率增加,V20>31%+V5>66%时≥2级RP概率增加;V20>31%时V10>48%与<48%比较RP概率相似,V20≤31%时V5>66%与<66%、V10>48%与<48%比较RP概率也相似.性别、年龄、临床分期、病理类型、治疗方式、KPS与≥1、2级RP无关.结论 肺V5、V10联合V20评价放射性肺炎的发生可能提高预测放射性肺炎的能力.     

A prospective study on radiation pneumonitis following conformal radiation therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: clinical and dosimetric factors analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical and dosimetric prognostic factors for radiation pneumonitis (RP) have been reported after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-six patients who received 3D-CRT for stage IA to IIIB NSCLC were evaluated prospectively. Surgery was performed before radiation in 51% of the patients (n = 49). RP was diagnosed six-eight weeks after 3D-CRT using the Lent-Soma classification. Factors evaluated included treatment factors such as total mean lung dose (MLD), and dose-volume histogram (DVH) thresholds for several radiation dose steps. These thresholds were originally determined from the median of the irradiated lung volume at each step. RESULTS: Six patients could not be evaluated for RP six weeks after 3D-CRT. Of the 90 remaining patients, 40 (44%) had RP (i.e. grade > or =1) at 6 weeks, including 7 patients (7.8%) with severe RP (grade > or =2). Regarding the whole toxicity (grade > or =1), age (> or =60 years), MLD, V20 and V30 were significantly related to RP. DVH thresholds determined for radiation doses from 20 to 40 Gy were also predictive of RP. Considering only severe RP (grade > or =2), only MLD, V20 and V30 remained associated with increased acute pulmonary toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, dosimetric factors (MLD, V20, V30) and age (> or =60 years) were predictive of RP regarding the whole pulmonary toxicity (grade > or =1). In addition, thresholds from 20 to 40 Gy, based on a stratification according to the median of the percentage of irradiated lung volume, were also predictive factors. They may, therefore, help discriminate patients at high and low risk for RP. However, only MLD, V20 and V30 remained associated with severe RP (grade > or =2), probably due to the small number of severe events in our series.     

结合肺灌注影像参数的等效均匀剂量模型与放射性肺炎的相关性研究

背景与目的:目前,临床上用来预测放射性肺损伤的肺剂量体积参数准确度较低,且阈值不统一.该研究通过肺功能影像,探讨结合肺血流参数的等效均匀剂量(equivalent uniform dose,EUD)在预测放射性肺炎方面的价值.方法:将15例肺癌放疗患者肺灌注影像与定位CT影像形变融合,以肺灌注最高计数为归一点,将肺依功能状态分为四级区域,取每级区域中的平均计数与最高计数的比值作为肺灌注系数代入EUD模型中,获得肺部的功能等效均匀剂量(functional equivalent uniform dose,fEUD)模型.比较单肺及双肺的fEUD与不含肺功能指数的等效均匀剂量(general equivalent uniform dose,gEUD)、V5、V20在预测放射性肺炎方面的统计学差异,并进一步分析上述参数的统计学分布特征及彼此之间的相关性.放射性肺炎的判断标准采用不良事件常用术语评定标准(Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events,CTCAE)4.03版肺部症状3级以上,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果:该研究的样本中,当V5、V20等指标显示与放射性肺炎无关时,高剂量侧肺的fEUD值呈现与放射性肺炎显著相关(P=0.007).单侧肺fEUD值与gEUD值呈显著线性关系(t=0.815,P=0.000).结论:单侧肺fEUD较传统剂量-体积指标更好地体现了肺功能不同区域间的放射生物学差异,可以作为放射性肺炎预测指标,建议阈值为21 Gy.     

Quantitative assessment of lung density changes after 3-D radiotherapy for breast cancer

Our aim was to reduce the rates of clinical and radiological pneumonitis in local-regional radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer compared to a previous treatment series by applying a pre-planned lung dose volume constraint. 3-D dose planning was performed in 66 women with the aim of not exceeding an ipsilateral V20 of 30%. The patients were followed for short-term signs/symptoms of post-RT pneumonitis and radiological changes on chest CT 4 months after RT. Radiological abnormalities were scored with a CT-adapted modification of a semi-quantitative classification system originally proposed by Arriagada which accounts for severity and affected lung regions. The abnormal subvolumes were contoured and the mean doses were calculated. Three cases of mild and one case of moderate symptomatic pneumonitis were diagnosed. The mean V20 was higher in symptomatic than in unaffected patients, 29% vs. 24% (p =0.04). Mild/moderate radiological changes were frequently observed on CT in regions with average doses >30 Gy. According to multivariate modeling, a trend for association was found between the studied dosimetric factors V13, V20, V30 and mean lung dose, and moderate-severe changes on CT but not with patient specific covariates, e.g. chemotherapy or tamoxifen exposure. 3-D planned local-regional RT with a preplanned lung dose volume constraint of V20 <30% resulted in few cases of moderate symptomatic pneumonitis. Mild/moderate radiological changes were still detectable on CT in subvolumes receiving doses >30 Gy. Long-term follow-up for evaluation of possible late morbidity is warranted.     

Analysis of dose-volume histogram parameters for radiation pneumonitis after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Purpose

To evaluate dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters as predictors of radiation pneumonitis (RP) in esophageal cancer patients treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

Patients and methods

Thirty-seven esophageal cancer patients treated with radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin were reviewed. Radiotherapy was delivered at 2 Gy per fraction to a total of 60 Gy. For most of the patients, two weeks of interruption was scheduled after 30 Gy. The percentage of lung volume receiving more than 5-50 Gy in increments of 5 Gy (V5-V50, respectively), and the mean lung dose (MLD) were analyzed.

Results

Ten (27%) patients developed RP of grade 2; 2 (5%), grade 3; 0 (0%), grade 4; and 1 (3%), grade 5. By univariate analysis, all DVH parameters (i.e., V5-V50 and MLD) were significantly associated with grade ?2 RP (p < 0.01). The incidences of grade ?2 RP were 13%, 33%, and 78% in patients with V20s of ?24%, 25-36%, and ?37%, respectively. The optimal V20 threshold to predict symptomatic RP was 30.5% according to the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis.

Conclusion

DVH parameters were predictors of symptomatic RP and should be considered in the evaluation of treatment planning for esophageal cancer.     

肺癌、纵隔肿瘤及食管癌放疗后放射性肺炎发生因素的对比研究

 目的　对肺癌（肺靶区）与纵隔肿瘤及食管癌（纵隔靶区）三维适形放疗中放射性肺炎（RP）发生的影响因素及剂量体积直方图（DVH）参数进行对比研究。方法　回顾性分析接受放射治疗的肺癌、纵隔肿瘤及食管癌患者83例的临床资料,采用χ2 检验对临床因素（性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、分期、化疗）与RP发生的相关性进行分析;分别对两靶区的DVH参数与RP的发生进行相关性分析;用t检验对肺靶区与纵隔靶区DVH参数进行比较。结果　≥2级 RP 发生率为36.5 %（31／81）。各临床因素与≥2级RP发生无关（χ2 值分别为0.377、0.215、0.018、0.717、0.215,均P＞0.05）。两靶区的DVH参数中,V5、V10、V20、V30、全肺平均剂量（MLD）与RP的发生均具有明显相关性。两靶区发生RP的患者V5[（50.9±17.8）%、（69.9±20.4）%]（t＝2.745,P＜0.05）、V10[（38.6±15.2）%、（53.5±18.8）%]（t＝2.434,P＜0.05）差异均有统计学意义,而V20（t＝0.388,P＞0.05）、V30（t＝0.005,P＞0.05）及MLD（t＝0.138,P＞0.05）差异均无统计学意义。两靶区未发生RP患者的DVH参数t检验后得到类似结果。结论　在肺靶区、纵隔靶区的放疗中,RP的发生与DVH参数密切相关,尤其是V20、V30及MLD对RP的发生有重要的影响。     

3D-CRT中采用二程计划对局部晚期食管癌患者V20及放射性肺炎的影响

目的探讨局部晚期食管癌适形放疗中采用二程计划对V20（肺接受〉20Gy照射的体积占全肺体积百分比）和放射性肺炎（radioactive pneumonia,RP）的影响。方法40例局部晚期食管癌患者,随机分为一次计划放疗组20例（A组）和二程计划放疗组20例（B组）,所有患者均接受三维适形放疗,诱导化疗前行首次CT定位,A组制定全程适形计划,给予处方剂量66Cv,B组放疗剂量达到46Gy后,行第2次CT定位,将2次cT图像融合,制定后程适彤计划,给予处方剂量20Gy,总处方剂量66Gy。计算并比较两组放疗计划中V20、放疗结束3月内RP发生情况。结果40例患者中RP发生率为22．5％（9／40）,其中A组7例（35．0％）,B组2例（10．O％）,二次定位双侧肺V20差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,双侧肺平均受照剂量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在局部晚期食管癌适形放疗中,宜采用分程放疗,从而降低肺受量,降低放射性肺损伤的发生率。     

Dose–volume factors predicting radiation pneumonitis in patients receiving salvage radiotherapy for postlobectomy locoregional recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer

Background The correlation between treatment-related factors and lung toxicity has not been sufficiently evaluated in salvage radiotherapy. Methods Twenty-one patients with recurrent non-small- cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after lobectomy received salvage radiotherapy to a total dose of 46–60 Gy. The effects of radiotherapy parameters on the development of radiation pneumonitis (RP) were examined using dose–volume histograms. Results Grade 1 RP was observed in 4, grade 2 in 2, and grade 3 in 1 patient. Patients who developed RP had a significantly higher value in V dose (V13, V20) parameters and mean lung dose (MLD) than those who did not develop RP. Concerning G2 or higher RP, 3 patients who developed ≥G2 RP had a significantly higher value in V20, V13, and MLD than the remaining patients with P values of 0.01, 0.015, and 0.016, respectively. The mean V20, V13, and MLD in these 3 patients were 27%, 29.3%, and 14.8 Gy, respectively, whereas the mean V20, V13, and MLD in the remaining 18 patients were 15.8%, 18.3%, and 8.8 Gy, respectively. Three of 6 patients with a V20 ≥20% developed ≥G2 RP whereas this did not occur in the remaining patients (P = 0.015). Similarly, 3 of 6 patients with a V13 ≥23% developed ≥G2 RP whereas this did not occur in the remaining patients (P = 0.015). Conclusions These data suggest that a somewhat lower V dose value or MLD, as compared with the setting of definitive radiotherapy, could be a surrogate for RP in patients undergoing salvage radiotherapy for recurrent NSCLC.     

Simultaneous chemoradiotherapy with irinotecan and cisplatin in limited disease small cell lung cancer: a phase I study

INTRODUCTION: Early radiotherapy concurrent with chemotherapy appears to have prognostic benefits in patients with limited disease SCLC. Irinotecan/cisplatin have been shown to be superior to a standard treatment with etoposide/cisplatin in extensive disease SCLC. The present phase I study aims to assess the feasibility of irinotecan/cisplatin administered concurrently with radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients were treated concurrently with conventional fractionated radiotherapy (1.8-45 Gy + 9 Gy (RP)) and two cycles of irinotecan (40/50/60 mg/m2, Day 1/8/15, 29/36/43) and cisplatin (20 mg/m2, Days 1-3, 29-31), and four cycles of consolidation chemotherapy (CT). In addition, patients in complete remission (CR) received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as any case grade III/IV non-hematological toxicity (esophagitis grade IV), grade IV leukopenia or grades III/IV thrombopenia (CTC) during RCT. RESULTS: No DLT was observed; an irinotecan dose of 60 mg/m2 is recommended. 3/12 patients developed grade III leukopenia, one grade II pneumonitis. The predominant toxicity was esophagitis, grade II in 7/12 patients, grade III in 5/12. After RCT 7/12 patients were in CR, systemic progression was not observed during RCT. CONCLUSION: Concurrent RCT with irinotecan (60 mg/m2) and cisplatin followed by four cycles of CT can be safely administered.     

肺低剂量区体积预测急性放射性肺炎价值探讨

目的 观察胸部肿瘤三维适形放疗患者放射性肺炎发生情况,分析其与各临床、剂量学因素关系,探讨低剂量区体积对放射性肺炎的预测价值.方法 2005-2008年本科收治的中晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)及食管癌患者共161例接受了三维适形放疗,其中局部晚期NSCLC患者53例,处方剂量60 Gy分30～34次,均行长春瑞滨+顺铂同期化疗;食管癌患者108例,处方剂量58～70 Gy分29～35次,单纯放疗46例,余62例接受亚叶酸钙+氟尿嘧啶+顺铂同期化疗.对急性放射性肺炎进行Spearman等级相关分析、Logistic因素分析及受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析.结果 随访率100%.全组急性放射性肺炎总发生率为57.8%(93例),其中NSCLC组为94%(50例,4、5级各1例),食管癌组为39.8%(43例,无≥4级病例).等级相关分析结果显示患者性别(r=0.19,P=0.016)、大体肿瘤体积(r=0.52,P=0.000))、平均肺剂量(r=0.33,P=0.000)、肺正常组织并发症概率(r=0.30,P=0.000)、接受5、10、15、20、25、30 Gy照射的肺体积百分比(肺V5～V30,r=0.21～0.29,P=0.000～0.027)均与放射性肺炎发生相关.Logistic因素分析结果显示肺V5(X2=7.07,P=0.008)、大体肿瘤体积(X2=10.21,P=0.001)是预测≥2级放射性肺炎最有价值指标.ROC曲线分析结果显示曲线下面积为0.684,P=0.000;曲线界值为V5=55%.肺V5≥55%组与<55%组≥2级放射性肺炎发生率分别为43%(36/84)和18%(14/77).结论 平均肺剂量、正常组织并发症概率、V5～V30可较好预测放射性肺炎的发生,其中V5可能是最有价值的预测性指标.当V5>55%时≥2级的急性放射性肺炎的发生率可能会明显增加,制定治疗计划时除平均肺剂量、V20、V30外,还应将低剂量区体积限制在适当范围内.     

非小细胞肺癌术后适形放疗肺损伤相关因素研究

目的 分析非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)术后接受三维适形放疗(3DCRT)肺损伤的相关因素.方法 对2002年11月至2006年3月符合入组条件的90例患者进行回顾性分析,其中Ⅰ～Ⅱ期12例(切缘阳性),ⅢA期53例,ⅢB期25例.术后均接受了中位剂量60 Gy的3DCRT,38例接受了中位3周期术后化疗.观察指标为CTC 3.0 2级以上放射性肺炎(RP).应用ROC曲线分析健侧、患侧和双肺接受x Gy剂量的相对体积(Vx)和绝对体积与RP的关系.结果 全组共9例患者出现有症状的RP,RP发生率为10%.接受全肺切除的20例患者中无RP发生.RP中位发生时间在放疗开始后101 d,其中2级7例,3级2例.双肺V30、V35在RP组明显高于未发生RP组(19%∶14%,U=-2.16,P=0.030;15%:11%,U=-2.65,P=0.007).以患侧肺接受30 Gy照射的绝对体积作为分界点进行ROC曲线分析结果 显示曲线下面积为0.757,对RP预测的敏感性为88%、特异性为70%.患肺接受30 Gy照射的绝对体积>340 cm3的RP发生率明显高于体积<340 cm3的(29%∶3%,x2=9.75,P=0.003).结论 对于肺叶切除的NSCLC患者接受术后放疗,患肺接受30 Gy照射的绝对体积与RP相关.对全肺切除患者,单肺V20限制在10%以下,接受术后放疗是安全可行的.     

肺癌与食管癌螺旋断层放疗致放射性肺炎的临床观察

目的 探讨螺旋断层放疗（HT）治疗肺癌与食管癌致放射性肺炎的发生情况及与双肺剂量体积（DVH）和临床病理特征的关系。方法 回顾性分析HT 治疗的19例肺癌和14食管癌患者的临床资料。全组患者中13例仅行HT治疗,20例联合化疗。放疗剂量：小细胞肺癌54～61.8Gy／27～28次,非小细胞肺癌54～66Gy／25～31次,食管癌60～66Gy／28～30次。结果 全组33例患者中,发生0级放射性肺炎8例（24.2％）,1级15例（45.4％）,2级1例（3.0％）,3级5例（15.2％）,5级4例（12.1％）。DVH参数分析显示,发生≥2级放射性肺炎与V30～V45有关,与V5～V25、双肺平均剂量（MLD）、计划靶区（PTV）无关。临床病理特征中,发生≥2级放射性肺炎与ECOG评分有关,与病种、性别、年龄、吸烟、慢性阻塞性肺病和化疗情况无关。结论 HT治疗肺癌与食管癌未明显增加放射性肺炎的发生率,一般状态差、分期晚的患者应严格限制DVH。     

Clinical dose-volume histogram analysis in predicting radiation pneumonitis in Hodgkin's lymphoma

PURPOSE: To quantify the incidence of radiation pneumonitis (RP) in a modern Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cohort, and to identify any clinically relevant parameters that may influence the risk of RP. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 2003 and February 2005, 64 consecutive HL patients aged 18 years or older receiving radical mediastinal radiation therapy (RT) were retrospectively reviewed. Symptomatic cases of radiation pneumonitis were identified. Dose-volume histogram parameters, including V(13), V(20), V(30), and mean lung dose (MLD), were quantified. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 2.1 years, the actuarial survival for all patients was 91% at 3 years. There were 2 (2/64) cases of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Grade 2 RP (incidence 3.1%). Both index cases with corresponding V(20) values of 47.0% and 40.7% were located in the upper quartile (2/16 cases), defined by a V(20) value of > or =36%, an incidence of 12.5% (p = 0.03). Similarly for total MLD, both index cases with values of 17.6 Gy and 16.4 Gy, respectively, were located in the upper quartile defined by MLD > or =14.2 Gy, an incidence of 11.8% (2/17 cases, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Despite relatively high V(20) values in this study of HL patients, the incidence of RP was only 3%, lower compared with the lung cancer literature. We suggest the following clinically relevant parameters be considered in treatment plan assessment: a V(20) greater than 36% and an MLD greater than 14 Gy, over and above which the risk of RTOG Grade 2 or greater RP would be considered clinically significant.     

The risk of early and late lung sequelae after conformal radiotherapy in breast cancer patients

PURPOSE: To study the risks of early and late radiogenic lung damage in breast cancer patients after conformal radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Radiogenic lung sequelae were assessed prospectively in 119 patients by means of clinical signs, radiologic abnormalities, and the mean density change (MDC) of the irradiated lung on CT. RESULTS: Significant positive associations were detected between the development of lung abnormalities 3 months or 1 year after the radiotherapy and the age of the patient, the ipsilateral mean lung dose (MLD), the radiation dose to 25% of the ipsilateral lung (D(25%)) and the volume of the ipsilateral lung receiving 20 Gy (V(20 Gy)). The irradiation of the axillary and supraclavicular lymph nodes favored the development of pneumonitis but not that of fibrosis. No relation was found between the preradiotherapy plasma TGF-beta level and the presence of radiogenic lung damage. At both time points, MDC was strongly related to age. Significant positive associations were demonstrated between the risks of pneumonitis or fibrosis and the age of the patient, MLD, D(25%), and V(20 Gy). A synergistic effect of MLD, D(25%), and V(20 Gy) with age in patients older than 59 years is suggested. CONCLUSION: Our analyses indicate that the risks of early and late radiogenic lung sequelae are strongly related to the age of the patient, the volume of the irradiated lung, and the dose to it.     

非小细胞肺癌三维适形放疗剂量递增的临床研究

目的通过临床剂量递增获得非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）三维适形放射治疗的最大耐受剂量并观察其疗效。方法对84例Ⅰ～Ⅲ期NSCLC采用三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）,不进行区域淋巴结预防性照射。在CTV照射患者60Gy（2Gy/次,1次/天,5天/周）后,开始对GTV进行剂量递增。2～4Gy/次,递增次数为3～11次。根据肺V20和将患者分为V20〈25%组和V2025%～36%组,两组患者再根据总剂量分剂量亚组,观察放射性损伤发生率和疗效。以≥15%的患者出现3级以上急性放射性肺损伤（RTOG）为限制剂量递增标准。结果全组84例。V20〈25%组45例,剂量亚组分别为70Gy、74Gy、78Gy、82Gy。3级放射性肺炎发生率为4.4%（2/45）。V2025%～36%组39例,剂量亚组分别为66Gy、70Gy、74Gy、78Gy。3级放射性肺炎发生率为5.1%（2/39）。全组中位生存时间14个月,1、2年总生存率分别为69.5%、52.8%,1、2年局部控制率分别为79.7%、53.6%。随着剂量增加,1、2年生存率和局部控制率有所增高,但统计学检验均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论采用3DCRT治疗NSCLC时,提高局部放射剂量应考虑正常肺组织所受照射的剂量和体积。当V20〈25%时,可以安全地递增到82Gy,其放射性损伤可以接受;当V20为25%～36%时,可以递增到76Gy。但当V20〉30%时,增加到更高的放射剂量应谨慎,而提高局部剂量对生存率和局部控制率的意义仍有待进一步研究。