Leptin对人单核细胞CD86和HLA—DR表达的影响

目的探讨Leptin对人单核细胞协同刺激分子和HLA—DR表达的影响,为阐明瘦素在抗感染免疫中的作用提供依据。方法采用流式细胞术检测THP-1细胞和人外周血单核细胞表面CD86和HIA—DR的表达变化。结果经高浓度瘦素处理后,THP-1细胞CD86和HLA-DR的表达明显增强（CD86未处理组：8．78±1．66,CD86keption10：50．76±4．29,CD86keption100：95．20±4．90;HLA未处理组：20．75±2．12,HLAkeption10 102．14±5．75,HLAkeption：104．32±4．75）。人外周血单核细胞表面的CD86和HLA—DR的表达也出现了类似增加的现象（CD86未处理组：17．91±1．78,CD86keption100：48．80±3．60;HLA未处理组：34．10±2．76,HLAkeption100：88．86±3．53）。结论瘦素可以上调人单核细胞表面协同刺激分子和MHC-II类分子的表达,从而增强单核细胞的抗原提呈功能。     

The requirement of CD80, CD86, and ICAM-1 on the ability of adjuvant formulations to potentiate antibody responses to a Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage vaccine

Many adjuvants are known to enhance expression of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules secondarily to the activation of immune cells. Whether interactions via these molecules are obligatory in adjuvants' ability to potentiation vaccine immunogenicity is less clear. We investigated the ability of eight adjuvant formulations to potentiate the immunogenicity of a malaria vaccine in mice deficient in the prominent co-stimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86; and the adhesion ligand, ICAM-1. While no adjuvants could bypass co-stimulatory requirements, more formulations exhibited dependency for CD86 than for CD80. In CD80 or CD86 KO mice, formulations with the saponin derivative, QS21 could efficiently default to the other B7 molecule. This effect was dominant over other adjuvant constituents. The requirement for ICAM-1 could be readily bypassed using adjuvant formulations containing immunomodulators; whereas this was not the case with emulsion-type adjuvants in which reduction in adjuvanticity was associated with decreases in antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses. These studies may help to guide the formulation of vaccine adjuvants to maintain effectiveness in hosts with altered immunological environment that often result from infections.     

Differential effects of IL-15 on the generation,maintenance and cytotoxic potential of adaptive cellular responses induced by DNA vaccination

IL-15 is an important cytokine for the regulation of lymphocyte homeostasis. However, the role of IL-15 in the generation, maintenance and cytotoxic potential of antigen specific T cells is not fully understood. Because the route of antigenic delivery and the vaccine modality could influence the IL-15 requirement for mounting and preserving cytotoxic T cell responses, we have investigated the immunogenicity of DNA-based vaccines in IL-15 KO mice. DNA vaccination with SIV Gag induced antigen-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the absence of IL-15. However, the absolute number of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells was decreased in IL-15 KO mice compared to WT animals, suggesting that IL-15 is important for the generation of maximal number of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells. Interestingly, antigen-specific memory CD8 cells could be efficiently boosted 8 months after the final vaccination in both WT and KO strains of mice, suggesting that the maintenance of antigen-specific long-term memory T cells induced by DNA vaccination is comparable in the absence and presence of IL-15. Importantly, boosting by DNA 8-months after vaccination revealed severely reduced granzyme B content in CD8⁺ T cells of IL-15 KO mice compared to WT mice. This suggests that the cytotoxic potential of the long-term memory CD8⁺ T cells is impaired. These results suggest that IL-15 is not essential for the generation and maintenance of adaptive cellular responses upon DNA vaccination, but it is critical for the preservation of maximal numbers and for the activity of cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells.     

Substance use,generation and time in the United States: The modifying role of gender for immigrant urban adolescents

Although immigrant youth have lower rates of substance use than US born youth, whether substance use varies by generation and time in the US is unclear. This study examines adolescent alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use by generation/time in US (i.e., first generation, in US ≤4 years; first generation, in US >4 years; second generation; and third generation or higher). Data come from a 2008 survey of Boston, Massachusetts public high school students (n = 1485). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between generation/time in the US and risk of past 30-day substance use, adjusting for age and race/ethnicity. To determine whether the associations differed by gender, we fit gender stratified regression models. The prevalence of substance use was lowest among immigrants who had been in the US ≤4 years. Among girls, generation/time in US was not related to alcohol use or to tobacco use. For boys, being an immigrant regardless of number of years in the US, as well as second generation was associated with a significantly lower risk of tobacco use, compared to third generation youth. Additionally, immigrant boys who had been in the US ≤4 years had a significantly lower risk of alcohol use. Among both boys and girls, all first and second generation youth were significantly less likely to report marijuana use compared to third generation youth. Immigrant youth have a lower risk of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use relative to US born youth; however the protective effect of foreign nativity on alcohol was eroded much more quickly than for tobacco or marijuana. The effects of generation and time in US on substance use differ by gender and the particular substance.     

Self-prediction of hedonic trajectories for repeated use of body products and foods: poor performance, not improved by a full generation of experience

This study extends earlier work by [Kahneman, D., and Snell, J. (1992). Predicting a changing taste: Do people know what they will like? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 5, 187-200.]. suggesting that people are poor at predicting changes in liking. This is an important issue because an absence of this ability would make it difficult for people to optimize their own choices. Twenty undergraduates and 20 of their parents sampled four relatively unfamiliar consumer products, two foods and two body products, for 8 days. On Day 1, participants rated their initial liking and predicted their liking after seven daily uses of the products. Predictions were compared to actual liking on Day 8. Consistent with prior work, participants were poor at predicting their actual hedonic trajectories because they underestimated the degree to which their preferences would change. Contrary to predictions, parents were no better than students at this task, even though they had some 20-39 years more experience in observing their own hedonic trajectories. There is no evidence for any parent-child resemblance in either liking for the products or ability to accurately predict hedonic trajectory, and no evidence for consistency in ability to predict trajectories across the four different products. In general, participants underestimate the degree to which their preferences will change.     

Continuing medical education, professional development, and requirements for medical licensure: a white paper of the Conjoint Committee on Continuing Medical Education

To provide the best care to patients, a physician must commit to lifelong learning, but continuing education and evaluation systems in the United States typically require little more than records of attendance for professional association memberships, hospital staff privileges, or reregistration of a medical license. While 61 of 68 medical and osteopathic licensing boards mandate that physicians participate in certain numbers of hours of continuing medical education (CME), 17 of them require physicians to participate in legislatively mandated topics that may have little to do with the types of patients seen by the applicant physician.Required CME should evolve from counting hours of CME participation to recognizing physician achievement in knowledge, competence, and performance. State medical boards should require valid and reliable assessment of physicians' learning needs and collaborate with physician and CME communities to assure that legislatively mandated CME achieves maximal benefit for physicians and patients. To assure the discovery and use of best practices for continuing professional development and for maintenance of competence, research in CME and physician assessment should be raised as a national priority.     

我国艾滋病防治健康教育材料的制作、发放与使用探讨

艾滋病是一种严重危害人类生命健康与社会经济发展的疾病,现已成为全球很多国家的公共卫生和社会问题。广泛、深入、持续地进行全民健康教育是遏制艾滋病在中国流行的有效措施之一[1]。而健康教育材料是健康教育和健康促进工作中不可缺少的一部分,制作水平的高低和使用是否得当对健康教育活动的效果会产生直接影响。1艾滋病健康教育材料的作用和种类健康教育材料泛指健康教育活动中所使用的辅助材料。制作和使用健康教育材料的目的是为了获取好的信息传播效果[2]。艾滋病健康教育材料是把艾滋病防治的专业知识生活化、形象化,通过视(听)觉语…     

GB4793．1—2007《测量、控制和实验室用电气设备的安全要求 第1部分：通用要求》检测中需注意的几个常见问题

仪器的设施类别（过压类别）的确定，仪器的标志，仪器的介电强度试验，仪器的耐机械冲击和撞击；仪器的液体压力和泄漏试验；仪器使用的材料阻燃要求都是执行GB4793．1—2007标准的体外诊断设备的基本要求，是大多数企业在设计产品和执行此标准时会考虑的问题。     

The role of immune correlates of protection on the pathway to licensure,policy decision and use of group B Streptococcus vaccines for maternal immunization: considerations from World Health Organization consultations

The development of a group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaccine for maternal immunization constitutes a global public health priority, to prevent GBS-associated early life invasive disease, stillbirth, premature birth, maternal sepsis, adverse neurodevelopmental consequences, and to reduce perinatal antibiotic use. Sample size requirements for the conduct of a randomized placebo-controlled trial to assess vaccine efficacy against the most relevant clinical endpoints, under conditions of appropriate ethical standards of care, constitute a significant obstacle on the pathway to vaccine availability. Alternatively, indirect evidence of protection based on immunologic data from vaccine and sero-epidemiological studies, complemented by data from opsonophagocytic in vitro assays and animal models, could be considered as pivotal data for licensure, with subsequent confirmation of effectiveness against disease outcomes in post-licensure evaluations. Based on discussions initiated by the World Health Organization we present key considerations about the potential role of correlates of protection towards an accelerated pathway for GBS vaccine licensure and wide scale use. Priority activities to support progress to regulatory and policy decision are outlined.     

CpG ODN联合HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗对哮喘小鼠血清 IL-4、IL-13、IFN-γ及支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-4、IL-25、IL-33的水平变化影响

目的 研究非甲基化CpG基序的寡聚脱氧核苷酸 (CpG ODN)联合热休克蛋白70(HSP70)/CD80DNA疫苗对哮喘小鼠肺部炎症、血清IL-4、IL-13、IFN-γ及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中IL-4、IL-25、IL-33水平变化的影响,为联合 CpG ODN -HSP70/CD80 DNA疫苗治疗哮喘提供实验依据。方法 2019年6-9月选用 6~8周龄BALB/c小鼠32只, 卵清蛋白(OVA)加氢氧化铝[Al(OH)₃]佐剂致敏的方法制备小鼠哮喘模型, 随机分成4组,分别为对照组、哮喘组、HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗组及联合疫苗组(CpG ODN联合HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗组),HE染色观察肺组织病理形态学改变,ELISA法检测血清IL-4、IL-13、IFN-γ和BALF中IL-4、IL-25、IL-33水平变化。结果 肺组织HE染色结果显示HSP70/CD80疫苗联合CpG ODN治疗组小鼠肺组织炎症反应较哮喘组明显减轻,气道周围炎症细胞浸润显著减少。ELISA结果显示与对照组比较,哮喘组血清IL-4及IL-13水平显著增高(P<0.05),血清IFN-γ水平明显下降(P<0.05);与哮喘组比较,HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗组和联合疫苗组血清IL-4及IL-13水平显著降低(P<0.05),血清IFN-γ水平明显升高(P<0.05);与HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗组比较,联合疫苗组血清IL-4及IL-13水平显著降低(P<0.05),血清IFN-γ水平明显升高(P<0.05);支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)结果显示与对照组比较,哮喘组BALF IL-4、IL-25、IL-33水平显著增高(P<0.05);与哮喘组比较,HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗组和联合疫苗组BALF IL-4、IL-25、IL-33水平显著下降(P<0.05);与HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗组比较,联合疫苗组BALF IL-4、IL-25、IL-33水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 CpG ODN联合HSP70/CD80DNA疫苗能抑制小鼠体内产生IL-4、IL-13、IL-25、IL-33, 增强小鼠体内产生IFN-γ,减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症。     

Use of asbestos building materials in Malaysia: legislative measures,the management,and recommendations for a ban on use

Abstract

Malaysia has partially banned the use of asbestos. The prohibition of asbestos building materials in schools, clinics, and hospitals built by government started in 1999. Since 2005, prohibition has also been applied to all government buildings. However, asbestos construction materials such as roof and ceiling tiles are still sold in the market. There are no acts or regulations prohibiting the use of asbestos in private buildings in Malaysia. Asbestos was first used for industrial purposes in Malaysia in the 1960s and the first regulations related to asbestos have been around since the 1980s. Non-governmental organizations have been pushing the government to impose a total ban since the 1980s. Asbestos is still used in the manufacturing sector under the “control use” concept. The study found difficulties in established and validated medical record data on asbestos-related diseases. This paper reviews existing asbestos-related regulations and guidelines in Malaysia and discusses the urgency for a total ban in the use of asbestos in building materials in the country. In the meanwhile, stricter enforcement of occupational safety and health regulations related to the use and exposure of asbestos among workers in the manufacturing, construction, maintenance, and demolition sectors has been in place.     

Enhancement of in vivo and in vitro immune functions by a conformationally biased,response-selective agonist of human C5a: Implications for a novel adjuvant in vaccine design

A conformationally biased, agonist of human C5a_65–74 (EP67) was assessed for its adjuvant activities in vitro and in vivo. EP67 induced the release of the inflammatory (Th1) type cytokines from C5a receptor (CD88)-bearing antigen presenting cells (APC). EP67 did not induce the release of these cytokines from splenic APCs obtained from C5a receptor knockouts (CD88^−/−). Serum from mice immunized with EP67–ovalbumin (OVA) contained high OVA-specific antibody (Ab) titers [IgG1, IgG2a (IGg2c), IgG2b]. Mice receiving OVA alone produced only IgG1 Abs, indicating the ability of EP67 to induce a Th1-like Ab class switch. Spleen cell cultures from wild type mice but not CD88^−/− mice showed an enhanced OVA-specific proliferative response in vitro. These results indicate the ability of EP67 to drive a Th1-mediated immune response and its potential use as a unique adjuvant.     

WHO《新型冠状病毒感染暴发时社区、家庭和医疗卫生机构照护中医用口罩的使用指南》解读

 

有效预防和控制新型冠状病毒的暴发流行是政府、公众及每位卫生专业人员面临的严峻挑战。在新型冠状病毒暴发时期,世界卫生组织（WHO）发布《新型冠状病毒暴发时社区、家庭和医疗卫生机构照护中医用口罩的使用指南》,对从事公共卫生、感染的预防和控制的卫生专业人员、卫生管理人员、卫生保健和社区卫生工作人员医用口罩的使用提出了指导性的建议。本文对该指南进行解读,了解在社区、家庭和医疗卫生机构照护中医用口罩 佩戴和管理的建议,旨在为口罩的正确佩戴,合理使用,避免资源浪费提供科学依据。

     

Further analysis of protection induced by the MIC3 DNA vaccine against T. gondii: CD4 and CD8 T cells are the major effectors of the MIC3 DNA vaccine-induced protection,both Lectin-like and EGF-like domains of MIC3 conferred protection

The present study was conducted mainly to evaluate the contribution of the cellular and the humoral responses in protection conferred by the MIC3 DNA vaccine (pMIC3i) that was proved as a potent vaccine against toxoplasmosis. We performed the adoptive transfer of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes from pMIC3i immunized mice to naive ones and the role of humoral immunity was evaluated by in vitro invasion assays. We also constructed plasmids encoding the EGF-like domains and the Lectin-like domain of MIC3, to define which domains of MIC3 are involved in the protection. Furthermore, the adjuvant effect of the GM-CSF-expressing vector (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) required the precise temporal and spatial codelivery of GM-CSF with antigen, thus, we constructed a bicistronic plasmid expressing MIC3 and GM-CSF. In conclusion, the protection induced by pMIC3i was mainly mediated by CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and both EGF and Lectin domains of MIC3 conferred protection. Furthermore, the codelivery of GM-CSF by a bicistronic plasmid appeared to be a most effective way for enhancing the adjuvant properties of GM-CSF.