先天性巨结肠患儿术晨清洁回流灌肠的操作方法

<正> 小儿先天性巨结肠在胃肠道先天性畸形中发病率居第二,它对小儿的危害性很大,所以在适当年龄、适当时机行巨结肠根治术是治疗该病的主要方法。巨结肠根治术是小儿普通外科中的大手术,术晨清洁回流灌肠对此手术的成功起着至关重要的作用。故做好术晨清洁回流灌肠就显得特别重要。其具体操作方法,目前医学教科书中又无详细论述,笔者根据临床实践经验。总结出其可行有效的操作方法,现就先天性巨结肠患儿术晨清洁回流灌肠(简称回流灌肠)的操作方法详谈如下。     

灌洗方法改进对巨结肠患儿结肠回流灌洗效率与质量的影响

目的 改进巨结肠回流灌洗方法,提高巨结肠回流灌洗的质量与效率.方法 将120例术前行结肠回流灌洗的巨结肠惠儿随机分成观察组和对照组各60倒.对照组取常规平卧位或截石位,每次灌洗器内吸入灌洗液50～60 ml,结肠回流灌洗时用手轻柔按摩患儿腹部;观察组取躯体抬高20°～30°的截石位,每次灌洗器内吸入灌洗液25～30 ml,改变肛管与灌洗器角度为120°,利用封闭液体以上气体的压强,将液体通过肛管快速注入肠腔,再按结肠走向轻柔环形按摩腹部.结果 现察组肠腔清洁程度、有效灌洗时间、每次灌洗量、术前灌洗时间与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).结论 运用改进方法能有效提高巨结肠惠儿结肠灌洗的质量与效率,显著减少护理工作量.     

先天性巨结肠患儿灌肠方法的改进

灌肠术是临床常用的辅助治疗先天性巨结肠的方法之一。清洁肠道与手术顺利开展、降低术后感染率及并发症、促进康复有密切关系。 1999年开始 ,我科开展新型 期经肛门巨结肠根治术 [1 ] ,为了满足围手术期肠道清洁要求 ,提高疗效 ,我们将改良灌肠方法清洁肠道应用于 144例患儿 ,效果良好 ,介绍如下。1　材料与制作选用柔韧粗细适宜的肛管。在肛管前端侧壁上每隔 1.5 cm交错设有直径为 0 .2 cm的小孔 4～ 6个 ,肛管的尾端接三通阀 ,三通阀上端与灌肠器 (可用开放式盐水瓶代替 ,便于观察进入量 )相接 ,下端与有刻度的引流瓶相连 ,引流瓶内盛水…     

纤维结肠镜检查指导先天性巨结肠结肠灌洗的研究

为研究应用纤维结肠镜检查指导先天巨结肠结肠灌洗的临床价值，将７０例先天性巨结肠手术病例分为对照组３５例，按常规灌洗；观察组３５例，应用纤维结肠镜检指导灌洗。两组病例手术方式均为Ｓｗｅｎ－ｓｏｎ手术。结果，常规灌洗和纤维结镜指导下的灌洗效果、两组术后并发平均缩短２．１ｄ。     

保留扩张结肠的腹腔镜辅助先天性巨结肠根治术

目的:总结保留扩张而不肥厚结肠的腹腔镜辅助手术治疗先天性巨结肠的疗效及经验。方法:15例先天性巨结肠患儿在腹腔镜辅助下于腹腔内游离病变结肠,保留扩张而不肥厚的结肠,经直肠将病变结肠拖出肛门外切除,将近端扩张而不肥厚的结肠断端与齿状线上直肠粘膜切缘处吻合。结果:15例患儿均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,无中转开腹。平均手术时间约2h,术中出血20～50ml。术后1～2d排气,术后第3天进食,7～9d出院。切除结肠组织病理示扩张但不肥厚或轻度肥厚的结肠含正常神经节细胞。随访6～12个月,患儿6个月后每日大便1～2次,无便秘复发、污粪、狭窄等。12例术后3～6个月钡灌肠复查示扩张的肠管恢复正常。结论:腹腔镜辅助施行保留扩张但不肥厚或扩张伴轻度肥厚结肠的巨结肠根治术,手术游离、切除结肠范围缩小、创伤减轻,更具有手术创伤小、康复快的优点。     

保留扩张而不肥厚结肠的腹腔镜辅助小儿先天性巨结肠根治术

目的探讨保留扩张而不肥厚结肠的腹腔镜辅助下小儿先天性巨结肠根治术的疗效。方法 2006年5月～2008年11月15例先天性巨结肠小儿接受腹腔镜手术治疗,其中常见型13例,短段型2例。脐部、右上腹和右下腹各切口置5mmtrocar,腹腔镜辅助下用腔镜器械,腹腔内游离病变结肠,保留扩张而不肥厚结肠,然后经直肠将病变结肠拖出肛门外切除,将近端扩张而不肥厚的结肠断端与齿状线上直肠黏膜切缘处吻合。结果 15例患儿均经腹腔镜顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。手术时间100～180min,平均130.4min;术中出血量20～50ml。术后1～2d排气,术后第3天进食,7～9d出院。切除结肠组织病理诊断显示扩张但不肥厚或轻度肥厚的结肠含正常神经节细胞。15例随访6～12个月,平均9.5月,患儿6个月后每日大便1～2次,无便秘复发、污粪、狭窄,12例术后3～6个月复查钡灌肠显示扩张的肠管恢复正常。结论腹腔镜辅助下保留扩张但不肥厚或扩张伴轻度肥厚结肠的巨结肠根治术创伤小,安全、有效、可行。     

结肠透析联合药物保留灌肠在溃疡性结肠炎中应用的临床观察

目的 探讨结肠透析联合药物保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎的效果.方法 对80例溃疡性结肠炎患者按住院时间的顺序分为对照组(38例)和观察组(42例),对照组采取传统清洁灌肠加药物保留灌肠,观察组用结肠透析仪行结肠灌洗,再注入药物保留灌肠治疗.结果 观察组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.01);肠道内药物保留时间显著优于对照组(P<0.05).结论 结肠透析联合药物保留灌肠可提高溃疡性结肠炎治疗的效果.     

高位结肠灌洗后蒙托石保留灌肠延缓慢性肾衰竭的临床观察

慢性肾衰竭是由各种原因造成。肾实质慢性进行性损害而致的一种严重的临床综合征,其发病率高,晚期需用透析或肾移植治疗维持生命。因此,探索中西医结合新手段延缓肾功能衰竭具有现实意义。蒙托石散（montmorillonite powder）是一种肠道黏膜保护剂,常用于治疗急慢性腹泻,近年来研究发现,蒙托石散具有较强的阳离子交换功能,在消化道内可吸附各种类型的内、外源性有害物（包括肌酐、尿酸等代谢产物）。故我科采用高位结肠灌洗后蒙托石散保留灌肠延缓肾衰竭进展,     

结肠透析联合中药保留灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎效果观察

目的探讨结肠透析联合中药灌肠辅助治疗溃疡性结肠炎的效果。方法对66例渍疡性结肠炎患者按住院时间的顺序分为对照组（36例）和观察组（30例），对照组采取传统中药保留灌肠，观察组用结肠透析仪行结肠灌洗，再注入中药保留灌肠治疗。结果观察组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）；肠道内药物保留效果显著优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论结肠透析联合中药保留灌肠可提高渍疡性结肠炎疗效。     

Laparoscopic operation for Hirschsprung's disease in children

Experience in the treatment of 5 children aged 6 months to 14 years with different types of aganglionosis of the colon using laparoscopic endorectal bringing down of the colon (like Coabe surgery) is analyzed. In all the cases this method permitted mobilization and resection of the intestine (to 60 cm), bringing down intact intestine on the perineum with simultaneous coloanal anastomosis. Duration of the surgery ranged from 120 to 240 min, postoperative hospital stay did not exceed 8 days. Functional and cosmetic results were excellent. The method is characterized by combination of advantages of classical Coabe operation with minimal surgical trauma of laparoscopic mobilization of the colon.     

Stooling patterns and colonic motility after transanal one-stage pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease in children

Background

The transanal one-stage endorectal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease is relatively new and makes assessment of the functional outcome and colonic motility difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stooling patterns and colonic motility after a one-stage transanal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease in children.

Methods

Twenty-two children who underwent a one-stage transanal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease were followed up for at least 6 months. The children (17 boys and 5 girls) were from 12 months to 13 years of age (mean age, 4 years). All patients had an aganglionic segment confined to the rectosigmoid area (confirmed by preoperative barium enema and postoperative histology). Clinical outcome was assessed by interviews and questionnaires, and children were divided into symptomatic and nonsymptomatic groups. Contrast barium enema and defecography and determination of total and segmental colonic transit time (using radio-opaque markers) were performed on all 22 children.

Results

The stooling patterns were considered satisfactory in 17 children. Of all the children, the mean stool times were 1 to 2 per day and only 2 were 8 to 10 per day; postoperative soiling was found in 4, constipation was observed in 2, and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis in 1. There was no incontinence, cuff infection, anastomotic leak, or mortality noted. Barium enema showed that the dilated and spastic colonic segment disappeared in all 22 children. The dilated sigmoid loops decreased in 17 (2 symptomatic, 15 nonsymptomatic) and disappeared in 5 (4 symptomatic, 1 nonsymptomatic). There was a significant difference between the decreasing and disappearing loop group in regard to stooling disorders (P < .05). Postoperative defecography showed that the anorectal angle of all children was open, fixed, and significantly larger than that of the preoperative and control groups (123.3° ± 15.1° vs 84.7° ± 8.3° vs 79.0° ± 11.6°, P < .01) and larger in the symptomatic group when compared with the nonsymptomatic group (135.6° ± 15.9° vs 111.0° ± 14.3°, P < .05). Postoperatively, the total gastrointestinal transit time, left colonic transit time, and rectosigmoid colonic transit time of all the children were shorter than preoperatively (26.8 ± 8.2 vs >188 hours, P < .01; 6.3 ± 4.1 vs >60 hours, P < .01; 11.8 ± 4.4 vs >120 hours, P < .01) and similar to controls. The total gastrointestinal transit time and rectosigmoid colonic transit time of the symptomatic group were significantly shorter than the nonsymptomatic group (25.2 ± 5.6 vs 28.1 ± 10.1 hours, P < .05; 12.2 ± 6.7 vs 9.8 ± 4.0 hours, P < .05).

Conclusions

The stooling pattern and colonic motility are satisfactory in most children after the one-stage transanal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease. Normalization of colon appearance and total and segmental colonic transit time are signs of recovery of colonic motility. Stooling disorders were noted in a few cases and may be related to decrease or disappearance of the sigmoid loop, dysfunction of the “neorectosigmoid”, an open and fixed anorectal angle, and ischemia of the pull-through segment.     

Ideal treatment for total colonic Hirschsprung's disease

Five children were treated for total colonic Hirschsprung's disease between 1982 and 1986. Three girls and two boys underwent total colectomy and straight ileoanal endorectal pull-through, with creation of a suprapelvic side-to-side anastomosis of 10 cm of cecum and ascending colon to ileum (Boley procedure). All patients have been followed for periods of greater than 1 year, and they have been free of any postoperative complication. Stool frequency on an unrestricted diet has been between one and five semiformed per day. Their growth and development have been excellent. An advantage of this procedure is excellent water absorption without the risks of mechanical problems encountered with a variety of pelvic pouch creations in the young growing child.     

A new oral lavage solution vs cathartics and enema method for preoperative colonic cleansing

Sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution is a new osmotically balanced electrolyte gut lavage solution for colon surgery that has been formulated for improved taste and reduced water and electrolyte changes. Sixty patients were prospectively randomized to receive a 1-day preparation with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution or a 3-day preparation using a clear liquid diet, cathartics, and enemas. The patient groups were similar in age, race, male-female ratio, and the types of colonic resections performed. Colonic cleansing was better with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution (100% vs 63% "good" to "excellent" cleansing). Patient tolerance evaluated by a questionnaire showed more overall discomfort with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution but no difference between the preparations in individual symptoms of fullness, cramping, nausea, or vomiting. One patient developed a low level of serum potassium after a cathartic and enema preparation, while there were no complications with sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution. Patient taste questionnaires showed a slight preference for sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution (53%) over a polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (47%). This study confirms that sulfate free-electrolyte lavage solution is a safe and effective method of preoperative colonic cleansing.     

Variants of the Duhamel operation in Hirschsprung's disease and idiopathic megacolon in children

The results of 71 Duhamel operation in children with Hirschsprung's disease and idiopathic megacolon are presented. Seven modifications of the operation were used, including those with the use of constant magnets, staplers, without application of the crushing clamps and with leaving a stump of the brought down intestine under the anus. A purposeful choice of a method for completion of the Duhamel operation permits to reduce the number of complications.     

Reappraisal of the endorectal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease

With proper operative technique the endorectal pull through is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease which can be utilized in both infants and older children with a minimum of complications. The use of a colostomy at the time of the pullthrough procedure may endanger rather than protect the pulled-through colonic segment. Postoperative drainage of the rectal cuff is indicated for 2–4 days to prevent the occurrence of cuff abscesses.