HIV感染成人和青少年机会性感染的诊断、治疗与预防（十五）（26）类球孢子菌病；（27）等孢子球菌病；（28）恰加斯病

类球孢子菌病 1 流行病学 类球孢子菌病由巴西类球孢子菌引起，该菌为一二形态霉菌，在土壤以菌丝体期存在，而在感染组织为芽生酵母菌。类球孢子菌病是在中南美洲最为流行的霉菌病。易感宿主的感染推测是以菌丝体期的霉菌吸入所致。     

湘西南某地区组织胞浆菌感染的调查

组织胞浆菌是条件致病菌，大部分感染者不治而自愈，仅有少数人如细胞免疫功能缺陷者在感染后可致系统性组织胞浆菌病[1]。组织胞浆菌在全球分布极为广泛，多见于温暖湿润地带。在美国中部许多地区感染率高达80％以上，我国南方大部分地区温暖潮湿，适宜于组织胞浆菌生长。然而，我国广大地区尚缺乏组织胞浆菌感染情况的流行病学调查，1989年吴鄂生教授等首次在国内报道湖南慈利县组织胞浆菌感染率为8．91％[2]，以后，孙翊道等报道成都地区健康人群组织胞浆菌感染率为21．77％，而肺结核病人的感染率则高达54．55％[3]。我们选择湖南西南某…     

组织胞浆菌病研究进展

组织胞浆菌病是由组织胞浆菌所致的深部真菌病,本病主要流行于温带国家,北美为重流行区,中国亦有零星病例报道,但尚未对本病引起足够重视,诊治上常造成失误。现就组织胞浆菌病的流行病学、病原学、发病机制、诊断和防治等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

组织胞浆菌病—广西首次发现的4例报告

组织胞浆菌病是由组织胞浆菌(真菌)引起的流行性疾病。临床症状常不典型,在流行区小儿发热原因不明常应考虑此病。通常通过呼吸道感染,典型症状和体征很像肺结核,常误诊为肺结核病,但抗痨治疗完全无效。这也是很值得注意的。这种真菌常寄生于人或动物的组织细胞胞浆内所以叫组织胞浆菌。最高流行区在北美洲,但在世界上已有40个国家有此种病例报告。这种真菌目前发现的有两种类型:一种为荚膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasm Capsulatum),其酵母样组织期为一园或椭园形细胞,直径2～4微米,主要引起肺部病变,另一种主要见于非洲,叫杜波西组织胞浆菌(Histoplasm-aduboisii)体积较大,直径达10～15微米,主要病变在皮肤和骨头。国内曾先后报告过两例荚膜组织胞浆菌病。1965年我们曾在中华医学会广西分会病理年会上报告过1例在广西感染的组织胞浆菌病,病人为广西贵县人,农民,未到过外地,更未出过国,在国内感染的组织胞浆菌病这在     

广西首次发现组织胞浆菌病四例

组织胞浆菌病是经呼吸道传染的流行病,症状不典型,常误诊为肺结核病。组织胞浆菌多寄生于人或动物的组织细胞胞浆内。这真菌目前发现两种类型:荚膜组织胞浆菌(His-toplasma capsulatum)和杜波西组织胞浆菌(Histopl-asma Dubisii),前者主要引起肺部病变,后者的主要病变在皮肤和骨头。最高流行区在北美,已有40个国家报告过     

组织胞浆菌病的诊断与治疗

组织胞浆菌病（Histoplasmosis，HP）分美洲型HP由荚膜组织胞浆菌（Histoplasma capsulatum）所引起和非洲型胛由荚膜组织胞浆菌杜氏变种（Histoplasma var．duboisii）和马皮疽荚膜组织胞浆菌（Histoplasma farciminosus）引起。吸入被鸟类或蝙蝠粪便污染的泥土或尘埃中的真菌孢子而感染．HP也是最常见的机会感染疾病，可见于全世界，主要流行于美洲、非洲、亚洲等地区，欧洲少见，过去在我国未引起重视，近年来各地均有报告。现就真菌培养、组织病理、血清学检测，分子诊断方法和临床治疗等方面综述如下。     

HIV感染成人和青少年机会性感染的诊断、治疗与预防（六）（9）巴尔通体病；（10）梅毒

巴尔通体病 1流行病学细菌性血管瘤病，首次在1983年被认识，同时相关的疾病（紫癜肝），由巴尔通体菌，最常为B．hensalae和B．quintana引起。存在7个其它巴尔通体属，同时有几个可伴菌血症和心内膜炎，但在HIV1感染者未见发病率增加。     

淋巴结组织胞浆菌病1例

组织胞浆菌病（histoplasmosis）是荚膜组织胞浆菌引起的深部真菌感染性疾病，此病遍及全球，主要流行于温带地区，以北美为主，在我国散在发现。组织胞浆菌主要侵犯肺和单核吞噬细胞系统，感染淋巴结少见，我院近期收治1例，现报道如下。     

中南邵阳、华东南京、西南成都组织胞浆菌感染流行病学调查

目的 :组织胞浆菌是一种真菌 ,由家禽及鸟类传播 ,可引起人的深部真菌病。我们进行的流调工作 ,对掌握疾病流行情况、制定防治措施及对结核病的防治工作具有重要意义。方法 :调查对象是健康人、住院的肺结核病人、住院的非结核性肺疾患病人。使用的方法是在前臂内侧皮内注射酵母相组织胞浆菌素 (Histolyn -CYL)。同时在另一前臂做PPD皮试 (1∶1万 )。结果 :中南邵阳地区健康人组织胞浆菌素皮试阳性率2 2 .4 0 %。肺结核病人阳性率 31.6 0 %。非结核病肺部疾病阳性率 15 .85 %。华东南京地区健康人阳性率15 .10 %。肺结核病等阳性率 17.74 %。西南成都地区健康人阳性率 2 1.77%。肺结核病人阳性率 5 4 .4 4 %。结论 :组织胞浆菌感染率很高 ,与人文地理条件密切相关 ,差异很大。因此制订防治措施也应有所不同 ,应结合当地具体情况。     

肺结核患者组织胞浆菌感染的流行病学研究

目的 :调查肺结核患者中组织胞浆菌感染的流行情况。 方法 :196例肺结核病和53例非结核性肺部疾病住院患者 ,作酵母相组织胞浆菌素 ( Histoly- CYL ,美国 Berkeley Biologi-cals INC.生产 )皮试 ,前臂皮内注射组织胞浆菌素 0 .1ml,4 8h观察结果 ,红肿硬结直径≥ 5mm者为阳性。 结果 :肺结核患者组织胞浆菌素皮试阳性率为 33.67% ,非结核性肺部疾病患者阳性率为 2 2 . 64%。病程≥ 6个月的肺结核患者阳性率 ( 4 6.81% )明显高于病程 <6个月者( 2 1.57% ) ,有显著统计学意义 ( P<0 .0 1)。复治肺结核患者阳性率 ( 50 .67% )亦明显高于初治者( 2 3.14% ) ,二者比较 P<0 .0 1。 结论 :肺结核患者组织胞浆菌感染率较高。认为肺结核患者可能易合并组织胞浆菌感染 ,组织胞浆菌病可能误诊为肺结核病 ,对于疗效不佳的肺结核患者 ,需注意与组织胞浆菌病鉴别     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.