PERCUTANEOUS CYSTOGASTROSTOMY FOR TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS

Cystogastrostomy or cystojejunostomy at open operation has been the usual treatment for symptomatic pancreatic pseudocyst. The aim of this study was to assess prospectively the results of percutaneous cystogastrostomy (PCG) for the treatment of symptomatic pseudocysts. The technique of PCG comprised initially of drainage of the pseudocyst with a 10 Fr percutaneous, transgastric catheter. This initial drainage catheter had two components; the first, between the pseudocyst and the stomach, drained the pseudocyst and the second, between the stomach and exterior, acted as a percutaneous gastrostomy. The initial drain was left in situ for 14 days, at which time it was exchanged percutaneously for the definitive PCG; a double ended Mallecot type catheter that drained between the pseudocyst and the stomach. The latter catheter was left in situ until there was no residual pseudocyst demonstrated on computerized tomography scan and was removed endoscopically. Eleven patients with large (> 6 cm), symptomatic pseudocysts have been treated with PCG. All patients were treated successfully without the need for surgical intervention. The median time to radiological resolution was 24 days. There were four episodes of sepsis, two related to central venous line infections and two related to catheter blockage. Percutaneous cystogastrostomy blockage was managed by either replacing the initial drain or inserting a second catheter. The median follow up after successful treatment was 9 months (range 2–17). There were no symptomatic recurrences and one small (2 cm) asymptomatic recurrent pseudocyst. This preliminary experience with PCG demonstrates the efficacy of this procedure for treating symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts.     

Main pancreatic ductal anatomy can direct choice of modality for treating pancreatic pseudocysts (surgery versus percutaneous drainage)

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that pancreatic ductal anatomy may predict the likely success of percutaneous drainage of pseudocysts of the pancreas. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Various modalities are currently applied to pseudocysts, with little or no data to aid in the choice of management strategy. Pancreatic ductal anatomy was assessed and a system to categorize ductal changes was established. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst were evaluated from 1985 to 2000. Two hundred fifty-three patients have been included in this series. Pancreatic ductal anatomy was defined using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and categorized as a normal duct, a stricture, or complete cut-off of the pancreatic duct. Communication between the duct and cyst was noted. RESULTS: Among the 253 patients, 68 (27%) had spontaneous resolution. Fifty of the remaining 185 had percutaneous drainage and 148 (13 of whom failed to respond to percutaneous drainage) had surgery. There were no deaths in either group. Mean length of time with catheter drainage among all percutaneous drainage patients was 79.2 +/- 19.6 days. Patients with normal pancreatic ducts and those with strictures but no communication between the duct and the cyst who had percutaneous drainage had a much shorter length of hospital stay (6.1 +/- 4.6 days) than patients with strictures and duct-cyst communication and patients with complete cut-off of the duct (33.5 +/- 5.2 days and 39.1 +/- 7.9 days, respectively). Length of drainage also correlated with ductal anatomy. All patients with chronic pancreatitis failed to respond to percutaneous drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic ductal anatomy provides a clear correlation with the failure and successes of pseudocysts managed by percutaneous drainage as well as predicting the total length of drainage. Percutaneous drainage is best applied to patients with normal ducts and is acceptably applied to patients with stricture but no cyst-duct communication.     

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目的探讨经皮穿刺置管引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎的价值和时机。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院2007年1月至2012年3月收治的29例重症急性胰腺炎病人(男性18例,女性11例;年龄23~79岁,平均38岁)的临床资料。所有病人接受了CT引导下经皮穿刺置管(管径大小10~18F)引流治疗。结果 29例病人中,25例(86.2%)穿刺引流治疗有效,其中有19例免于外科手术,有6例于穿刺引流后14~49d(中位时间23d)接受了外科手术治疗;4例(13.8%)引流治疗无效的病人,均死于感染和器官功能衰竭。有1例发生穿刺引流后出血。结论当保守治疗重症急性胰腺炎无效时,经皮穿刺治疗引流可以有效地控制胰腺坏死、感染引起的全身脓毒症状,为择期外科手术治疗创造条件,甚至可以免于外科手术治疗。     

Percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.

Pancreatic pseudocysts represent a complication of severe pancreatic inflammatory disease. Although operative drainage is the cornerstone of therapy for pseudocysts, we have undertaken percutaneous catheter drainage in a selected group of 28 patients over a six-year period (1982-88). This represents 42 per cent of pseudocyst patients managed by the senior author and 1.7 per cent of admissions for pancreatitis at the Medical University Hospitals during that period of time. There were 26 men and two women with an age range of 26-66 years (mean = 42.1). Twenty-six patients had alcohol abuse as the cause of pancreatitis; two were due to surgical trauma. Nondilated pancreatic ducts were demonstrated in 25 patients. Six had pancreatic ascites associated with pseudocysts. Four had previous operative drainage (2 internal and 2 external drainage procedures). Five patients received octreotide acetate, a synthetic peptide which mimics the action of somatostatin, in an attempt to aid closure of external fistulas. The mean length of catheter drainage was 48 days (range 7-210 days). Eight (29%) patients developed procedure-related complications (1 pneumothorax, 1 sheared guidewire, six drain tract infections). There was no mortality. Successful resolution of pseudocysts was achieved in 26 patients (93%). Two patients subsequently had elective caudal pancreaticojejunostomy (CPJ), and one lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) to drain obstructed pancreatic ducts. One patient has required repeat external drainage. Percutaneous external drainage is successful in pseudocyst eradication. When underlying pancreatic pathology remains uncorrected, elective surgical decompression of obstructed, dilated ducts may be necessary.     

Intrahepatic abscess as a complication of long-term percutaneous internal biliary drainage

One hundred five patients with obstructive jaundice have undergone percutaneous transhepatic internal biliary drainage at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Many of these patients subsequently underwent corrective or palliative surgery, whereas other died of malignant disease after relatively short periods of catheter decompression, Seven of these patients with percutaneous internal biliary drainage, however, have been followed for over 8 months. Three of these seven patients developed intrahepatic abscesses at a mean of 16 months after catheter placement. Two of the three patients died of sepsis. In two of the patients the abscesses communicated with the biliary tree, in the third it did not. Intrahepatic abscess formation may be a common complication of long-term percutaneous transhepatic internal biliary drainage, and it should be suspected in any patient with fever or signs of sepsis who has been followed with catheter drainage for over 6 months.     

腹腔镜下外引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿合并感染

【摘要】 目的 探讨腹腔镜下外引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿合并感染的安全性和可行性。方法 回顾分析2006年1月至2013年2月在我院肝胆胰外科接受腹腔镜下感染性胰腺假性囊肿外引流术的病例资料共20例(男性15例,女性5例)。结果 全组病人平均手术时间为46.3 min,平均住院时间11.2 d。术后出现胰液外渗并腹腔感染1例、胰瘘形成3例、肺部感染2例。所有病人术后均康复出院。胰腺假性囊肿引流管放置时间平均45.5 d(36~92),拔管后有3例胰腺假性囊肿复发,需行胰腺假性囊肿内引流术。结论 腹腔镜下外引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿合并感染是一种安全可行、创伤小的手术方式。     

Comparison of treatment modalities in pancreatic pseudocyst: A population based study

BACKGROUND Current therapeutic techniques for pancreatic pseudocyst include surgical management with a laparoscopic approach or an open surgical procedure,percutaneous catheter drainage and endoscopic drainage. Yet it remains controversial whether different treatment approaches affect inpatient outcome.AIM To investigate inpatient outcome of different treatment approaches in treating pancreatic pseudocyst.METHODS Here we conducted a retrospective analysis of pancreatic pseudocyst-associated hospitalizations using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample. International Classification of Diseases 10 clinical modification and procedure codes are used.RESULTS A total of 7060 patients meeting the above criteria were identified. Our study revealed laparoscopic approach associated with the lowest rate of red blood cell transfusion(P 0.001), and it had lower short-term complications including acute renal failure(P = 0.01), urinary tract infection(P = 0.01), sepsis(P 0.001) and acute respiratory failure(P = 0.01). Laparoscopic surgical approach associated with the shortest mean length of stay(P = 0.009), and it had the lowest total charge(P = 0.03). All three modalities have similar inpatient mortality(P = 0.28).The study also revealed that percutaneous drainage associated with more emergent admission(P 0.001), rural hospital performs the most open surgical drainage(P 0.001) and patients who received laparoscopic drainage are more likely to be discharged home(P 0.001).CONCLUSION Laparoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts associated with the least shortterm complications and had better outcomes comparing to percutaneous and open surgical drainage from 2016 National Inpatient Sample database.     

Percutaneous cystogastrostomy in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of percutaneous cystogastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocysts secondary to acute or chronic pancreatitis. DESIGN: Retrospective study with prospective follow-up. SETTING: University hospital, Sweden. PATIENTS: 16 patients with symptomatic pseudocysts (10 men and 6 women, mean age 56 (36-78) years) treated during the period 1993-1999. INTERVENTION: Pseudocystogastrostomy was created under local anaesthesia and fluoroscopic control by percutaneous insertion of a double pigtail catheter. RESULTS: The underlying diagnosis was acute pancreatitis in 10 and chronic pancreatitis in 6 patients. 13 patients had one pseudocyst and 4 had 2 or more with a median diameter of 11 (5-20) cm. The procedure was successful in all but 2 patients, who were operated on. 2 patients experienced pain after the intervention that did not require specific treatment, otherwise no complications were noted. Median hospital stay was 2 days (range 1-60). The median follow-up was 45 (1-94) months. All but 2 patients had successful drainage during follow-up with resolution or regression of the pseudocyst and relief of symptoms (pain and abdominal discomfort). CONCLUSION: Pancreatic pseudocysts were treated by percutaneous cystogastrostomy with good results. Percutaneous cystogastrostomy is a safe, minimally invasive procedure that gives good results at long-term follow-up as well as in the short-term.     

Long-term outcome after nonoperative management of complete traumatic pancreatic transection in children

PURPOSE: The treatment of complete pancreatic transection (CPT) from blunt trauma remains controversial. To determine the natural history and long-term outcome of nonoperative management of CPT, we analyzed all such patients over the last 10 years at a level I trauma center. METHODS: Retrospective analysis between 1990 and 1999 was performed on 10 consecutive patients. Complete records were available for 9 patients. Data pertaining to their trauma admission, plus long-term radiologic and clinical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 6 boys and 3 girls with a median age of 8 years (range, 4 to 16 years) and a median injury severity score (ISS) of 25. All patients displayed CPT on admission computed tomography (CT) scan. Four patients (44%) had associated intraabdominal injuries, but only 2 were significant. All patients were treated nonoperatively. Four patients (44%) had pseudocysts, and 3 required percutaneous drainage. Other complications included a single drainage of subphrenic collection, 1 inadvertent removal of drainage catheter, and 2 cases of line sepsis. The duration of percutaneous drainage was 14 to 60 days. The median length of hospitalization was 24 days (range, 6 to 52 days). After median follow up of 47 months, no patients showed exocrine or endocrine insufficiency. One patient had abdominal pain not related to the pancreatic injury. Follow-up abdominal CT scans in 8 of 9 patients showed complete atrophy of the body and tail in 6 patients and 2 completely normal glands. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic transection is rare and commonly is found in isolation of other major abdominal injuries. No patients required surgery for their pancreatic transection. Pseudocysts can be managed effectively with percutaneous drainage. After a median follow-up of 47 months, no patients had endocrine or exocrine dysfunction. Anatomically, the distal body and tail usually atrophies; however, occasionally, the gland can heal and appear to recanalize. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to show the effectiveness of nonoperative management after complete pancreatic transection.     

气肿性肾盂肾炎14例诊治分析和治疗策略

目的总结气肿性肾盂肾炎病例的临床表现和诊治策略。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院泌尿外科2011年10月至2020年11月连续收治的14例气肿性肾盂肾炎患者的病例资料。男性3例, 女性11例。中位年龄59岁(范围:52～73岁)。病变位于左肾者10例, 右肾者4例。出现症状到就诊的中位时间3 d(范围:2～5 d)。所有患者均合并2型糖尿病。14例患者均有发热, 均出现脓毒性休克症状。致病菌主要为大肠埃希菌11例和肺炎克雷伯菌3例。CT检查主要表现为患侧肾实质内分叶状或气泡状积气5例、斑点状或条纹状积气者9例、积液3例, 肾周组织内积液1例。所有患者均于ICU接受抗休克、抗感染治疗, 3例患者单纯行经皮穿刺引流术, 3例患者行急诊患侧肾切除术, 8例患者先行经皮穿刺引流术, 病情稳定后再二期行患侧肾切除术。结果 3例死亡, 11例存活。中位ICU停留时间6 d(范围:3～11 d)。3例死亡患者中, 2例接受经皮穿刺引流术, 1例接受急诊肾切除术。11例治愈患者中, 1例接受经皮穿刺引流术, 10例接受肾切除术(8例先行经皮穿刺引流术)。11例存活患者出院后6个月时随访, 2...     

B 超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症

目的:探讨B超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流(PCD)治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)局部并发症的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2006年1月—2009年10月行B超引导下PCD治疗SAP局部并发症的42例患者的临床资料,其中急性液体积聚14例,无菌性胰腺坏死12例,感染性胰腺坏死9例,包裹性坏死感染1例,胰腺脓肿4例,胰腺假性囊肿2例。并检查穿刺液是否伴感染,观察引流后临床症状、引流效果和影像学的改变。结果:42例中,14例急性液体积聚均治愈(100%),但有2例发生胰周感染,1例出现肠外瘘,无死亡;无菌性胰腺坏死12例中治愈9例(75.0%),3例发生胰腺感染并手术,死亡1例;感染性胰腺坏死9例中治愈2例(22.2%),4例引流效果差而手术,死亡2例,3例放弃治疗;包裹性坏死感染1例PCD后囊内出血急诊手术后死亡;4例胰腺脓肿治愈1例(25.0%),3例中转手术,无死亡。2例胰腺假性囊肿分别于第1,2个月后治愈拔管。结论:B超引导下PCD便捷安全,在治疗SAP不同局部并发症中有着不同的意义。对部分SAP局部并发症,B超引导下PCD可避免传统外科干预。     

Minilaparoscopic transgastric cystgastrostomy

BACKGROUND: A technique combining upper endoscopy with percutaneous transgastric minilaparoscopic instrumentation for the formation of pancreatic cystgastrostomy is safe and effective for the internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. METHODS: At a tertiary-care academic medical center, 6 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts with a mean size of 19 cm (range, 16-23 cm) were selected for combined endoscopic and percutaneous transgastric minilaparoscopic (1.7-2 mm) pancreatic cystgastrostomy. All pseudocysts had been followed-up for a minimum of 5 weeks (range, 5-22 wk) and were noted to significantly displace the stomach anteriorly. RESULTS: The mean surgical time was 98 minutes (range, 45-150 min). The mean amount of fluid removed from the pseudocysts was 2167 mL (range, 1600-2600 mL). All ports were removed from the stomach without the need to suture the gastric wall or skin except for 2 gastric serosal sites that were closed with a single intracorporeal stitch. The length of hospital stay averaged 2.2 days (range, 0-6 d). All patients were discharged in good condition, tolerating a regular diet. With a mean follow-up period of 13.4 months (range, 1-30 mo), all patients remain asymptomatic from their pancreatic pseudocysts. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of combining upper endoscopy with percutaneous transgastric minilaparoscopic instruments to create a pancreatic cystgastrostomy can be used to apply well-established surgical principals for internal drainage and has the potential to be used for the management of other gastric pathology.     

Percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in children

To determine the effectiveness of percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts, we reviewed the courses of 13 children. Six pseudocysts resolved on complete bowel rest and total parenteral nutrition. Seven required further therapy. Two pseudocysts were treated operatively; five were drained percutaneously with fluoroscopic guidance. These five ranged from 5 to 15 cm in diameter and were present for 10 to 42 days (mean, 26 days). In all cases, the cyst fluid was clear, had an amylase level of greater than 40,000 IU/L, and grew no organisms. The pigtail catheters left in place in four of the five children were removed when drainage stopped. Patients were followed by ultrasound while still in the hospital and 1 month after discharge. There were no complications nor any pseudocyst recurrence. Percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in children is an effective alternative to the standard operative therapy of pseudocystenteric anastomosis.     

Conservative treatment as an option in the management of pancreatic pseudocyst

BACKGROUND: Management of pancreatic pseudocysts is associated with considerable morbidity (15-25%). Traditionally, pancreatic pseudocysts have been drained because of the perceived risks of complications including infection, rupture or haemorrhage. We have adopted a more conservative approach with drainage only for uncontrolled pain or gastric outlet obstruction. This study reports our experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 36 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts were treated over an 11-year period in one district general hospital serving a population of 310,000. This study group comprised of 19 men and 17 women with a median age of 55 years (range, 10-88 years). Twenty-two patients had a preceding attack of acute pancreatitis whilst 12 patients had clinical and radiological evidence of chronic pancreatitis. The aetiology comprised of gallstones (16), alcohol (5), trauma (2), tumour (2), hyperlipidaemia (1) and idiopathic (10). RESULTS: All patients were initially managed conservatively and intervention, either by radiological-assisted external drainage or cyst-enteric drainage (by surgery or endoscopy), was only performed for persisting symptoms or complications. Patients treated conservatively had 6 monthly follow-up abdominal ultrasound scans (USS) for 1 year. Fourteen of the 36 patients (39%) were successfully managed conservatively, whilst 22 patients required intervention either by percutaneous radiological drainage (12), by endoscopic cystogastrostomy (1) or by open surgical cyst-enteric anastomosis (9). Median size of the pancreatic pseudocysts in the 14 patients managed conservatively (7 cm) was nearly similar to that of the 22 patients requiring intervention (8 cm). The most common indications for invasive intervention in the 22 patients were persistent pain (16), gastric outlet obstruction (4), jaundice (1) and dyspepsia with weight loss (1). Although one patient required surgery for persistent pain, no other patients required urgent or scheduled surgery for complications of untreated pancreatic pseudocysts. Two of the 12 patients treated by percutaneous radiological drainage had recurrence of pancreatic pseudocysts requiring surgery. Two patients developed an intra-abdominal abscess following cyst-enteric drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and one patient had a pulmonary embolism. On the mean follow-up of 37.3 months, one patient with alcoholic pancreatitis died 5 months after surgical cyst-enteric bypass. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that many patients with pancreatic pseudocysts can be managed conservatively if presenting symptoms can be controlled.     

Secondary pancreatic infections: are they distinct clinical entities?

BACKGROUND. Infected pseudocysts, pancreatic abscesses, and infected pancreatic necroses have been proposed as distinct clinical entities in terms of treatment and outcome. To evaluate this classification, we reviewed the clinical course and bacteriologic findings of pancreatic infections. METHODS. Of 1299 patients with pancreatitis or a related complication admitted over a 7-year period, 64 (4.9%) with culture-documented secondary pancreatic infections were reviewed with regard to cause, clinical course, bacteriologic findings, and outcomes. RESULTS. Group I consisted of 23 patients with infected pseudocysts; group II, 20 patients with pancreatic abscesses; and group III, 21 patients with infected pancreatic necrosis. The causes were alcohol in 36%, biliary tract disease in 30%, and postoperative in 16%, with no significant difference between groups. Patients in group I had abdominal pain or a mass without accompanying signs of sepsis, whereas patients in groups II and III had sepsis. In group I, 15 patients were treated with internal drainage, four with percutaneous drainage, and four with external drainage. In group II, three had percutaneous drainage, 15 operative drainage, and two open packing. In group III, 19 patients had operative drainage and two had open packing. Morbidity occurred in 26% of patients in group I, 40% in group II, and 90% in group III (p less than 0.001). Mortality rates were 9% in group I, 25% in group II, and 48% in group III (p less than 0.01). Enteric organisms were present in 66% of isolates, with no difference between groups, suggesting a common mode of infection. CONCLUSIONS. Despite similar bacteriologic findings, infected pseudocysts, pancreatic abscesses, and infected pancreatic necroses have significantly different presentations, clinical courses, and outcomes, confirming that they are distinct entities. This distinction is important when therapeutic outcomes are compared.     

A national comparison of surgical versus percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: 1997-2001.

Case series results indicate that a surgical approach is superior to percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. To determine if this surgical advantage is persistent, national outcomes for both approaches were compared from 1997 through 2001. The National Inpatient Sample, a 20% sample of all nonfederal hospital discharges, was searched for patients who had a pancreatic pseudocyst diagnosis, an ICD-9 diagnosis code 577.2, and an ICD-9 procedure code of 52.01 for percutaneous drainage (PD) or 52.4 and 52.96 for the surgical approaches. Variables were compared by using either t test or chi2 analysis. Confounding variables were controlled for by linear or logistic regression models. No clinically significant demographic, comorbidity, and disease-specific severity-of-illness differences existed between the two groups. Significant differences in complications, length of stay (15+/-15 versus 21+/-22 days, P<0.0001), and inpatient mortality (5.9% versus 2.8%, P<0.0001) favored the surgical approach. In addition, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography use had a protective effect on mortality (odds ratio, 0.7), whereas percutaneous drainage had an increased risk of mortality (odds ratio, 1.4). This population-based study suggests that surgical drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts, particularly when coupled with use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, leads to decreased complications, length of stay, and mortality in comparison with percutaneous drainage.     

Early surgical débridement of symptomatic pancreatic necrosis is beneficial irrespective of infection.

In order to assess the recent trend of nonoperative management of pancreatic necrosis, we reviewed 82 variables in 73 consecutive patients with symptomatic necrotizing pancreatitis. The mortality rate for the series was 25% (18 of 73). The only preintervention variables that correlated with mortality were APACHE II score greater than 15 (p = 0.01), preintervention blood transfusion (p less than 0.001), respiratory failure (p less than 0.001), and shock (p less than 0.01). Patients who developed recurrent sepsis following the initial intervention had a significantly higher mortality rate (17 of 34) than those who did not (1 of 39) (p less than 0.001). The rate of recurrent sepsis varied widely among individual surgeons and correlated with APACHE II score. The presence of infected versus noninfected necrosis did not correlate significantly with outcome. When percutaneous radiologically guided drainage was the initial therapeutic modality (n = 6), recurrent sepsis requiring surgical drainage inevitably occurred. Patients treated with percutaneous drainage (often in combination with surgical drainage) had a longer hospital stay (82 versus 42 days, p less than 0.001), spent more days in the intensive care unit (31 versus 6 days, p less than 0.001), and required more days of total parenteral nutrition (57 versus 27 days, p less than 0.001) than those treated solely by surgical means. We conclude that aggressive initial surgical débridement should be the first step in managing symptomatic pancreatic necrosis and that the presence of infection should not be the sole determinant of intervention.     

非胰腺手术后胰腺假性囊肿的治疗

目的探讨非胰腺手术后胰腺假性囊肿的治疗方法。方法对近11年来治疗的28例非胰腺手术后胰腺假性囊肿进行回顾性临床分析。结果保守治疗4例。B超引导下经皮多次穿刺10例(其中穿刺后置管外引流3例)。手术行外引流6例,内引流8例。1例外引流无效后,改行内引流。28例均痊愈出院。结论手术后胰腺假性囊肿应采用个体化的治疗原则,早期应采取保守治疗、穿刺抽液或外引流,内引流可作为治疗的最后选择。     

Percutaneous catheter drainage of infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections

Operative drainage is the cornerstone of therapy for pancreatic abscess. Recently it has been suggested that successful percutaneous catheter drainage of infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections may serve as definitive therapy. We undertook therapeutic, computed tomography-directed percutaneous drainage in a selected group of 29 patients with infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections. Twenty-three patients (79%) were successfully treated with percutaneous drainage. Of six patients (21%) representing failures of percutaneous drainage, four died and two recovered after operative drainage. The four patients who died had a mean APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score of 23 and five of Ranson's prognostic signs. Ranson's signs and APACHE II scores were predictive of success and mortality. We conclude that in selected patients, infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections can be treated definitively with therapeutic percutaneous catheter drainage. Based on this experience, recommendations regarding patient selection are included.     

Management of pancreatic pseudocysts

Between 1969 and 1987, 68 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts were treated. The median cyst size was 10 cm (range 2-25 cm). Nine patients were managed conservatively with resolution of the pseudocyst occurring in eight patients. These patients had significantly smaller (median 4 cm) cysts compared with those in both percutaneously and surgically treated patients (P less than 0.01). In 22 patients the pseudocysts (median 9 cm) were punctured percutaneously under ultrasound guidance and the cyst fluid was aspirated or drained through a catheter. Complete resolution occurred in 13 patients after 1-4 (mean 1.8) punctures per patient, regression occurred in six patients after 1-4 (mean 2.0) puncture procedures per patient and three were unchanged. No complications were noted, except that two patients treated percutaneously required additional surgery. Thirty-seven patients were managed surgically (median cyst size 11 cm) with external drainage (12 patients), cystgastrostomy (17 patients), cystduodenostomy (three patients) cystjejunostomy (three patients) and pancreatic resection (two patients). Resolution of the cyst was noted in 29 patients, regression in five and three were unchanged. Five patients required additional surgery. Twelve complications were seen in ten patients (27 per cent), most frequently after external drainage. One patient died after surgical treatment. Mean hospital stay was 13 days among patients treated conservatively and 30 days in both percutaneously and surgically treated patients. Aspiration or catheter drainage of pseudocyst fluid guided by ultrasonography seems a safe and effective treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts and should be considered as initial therapy. If surgery is required cystgastrostomy is preferred.