Fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces in Mali: Nutrient and phytate content,genetic diversity and effect of processing

The study aimed to assess (i) the genetic diversity of fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces in Mali, (ii) the nutrient and phytate content in fonio products and (iii) the effect of processing on nutrient content of fonio products. Twelve fonio landraces were collected from farmers in central and southern regions of Mali (10 kg/farmer/landrace in paddy form), cleaned and processed in laboratory into paddy, mid wet, cooked and parboiled fonio. Proximate and nutrient composition were determined using the standard AOAC methods. Three genetic groups were identified and between-individual race variation was observed in one group using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) method. Mean iron, zinc and phytate concentrations in paddy were 34.6 mg/100 g, 3.2 mg/100 g and 513.7 mg/100 g dry weight. Processing reduced significantly iron, zinc and phytate content to 1.3 mg/100 g, 2.2 mg/100 g and 129.2 mg/100 g dry weight. [Phytate]/[iron] molar ratio in processed products was above the critical value of 1, suggesting poor iron absorption. Parboiling did not reduce iron and zinc losses due to processing.     

中国成年居民营养素摄入状况的评价

目的使用ISU方法计算营养素的日常摄入量(UI),评估中国成年居民的营养素摄入状况。方法使用"2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"数据,采用美国爱荷华州立大学(Iowa State Unirersity,ISU)方法计算43 672名成年居民的碳水化合物、蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、硒、镁、维生素B1和维生素B2的UI,并将UI与平均需要量(EAR)比较,评估这些营养素摄入不足的比例;将宏量营养素供能比的UI与可接受宏量营养素分布范围(AMDRs)或适宜摄入量(AI)比较,评估宏量营养素摄入是否合理。结果我国成年居民碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比UI均值均在推荐范围之内,脂肪供能比UI均值稍高于AI上限;碳水化合物供能比低于AI下限的比例约为40%,蛋白质供能比低于AMDRs下限的比例约为20%,脂肪供能比高于AI上限比例约为50%。我国成年居民钙、锌、硒、镁、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足比例均较高,其中钙摄入不足的比例超过95%,维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足的比例均达到了80%以上。结论我国成年居民宏量营养素供能比例不合理,膳食钙、锌、硒、镁、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足状况较为严重。     

过氧化苯甲酰对面粉中强化营养素含量的影响

为了解过氧化苯甲酰对强化面粉中营养素含量的影响 ,分别对过氧化苯甲酰含量为 0、6 0、12 0、2 4 0、6 0 0、12 0 0、180 0mg kg的营养强化面粉中的营养素进行检测 ,以确定添加不同剂量的过氧化苯甲酰对强化面粉中营养素含量的影响。结果显示 ,不同剂量的过氧化苯甲酰对Fe、Zn、Ca含量基本没有影响 ,对VB1、VB2 具有相对较弱的破坏作用 ,其损失低于 30 % ;在添加了高剂量增白剂的面粉中 ,烟酸、叶酸和VA的损失率分别在 30 %、5 0 %和 80 %以上 ,但在国家规定的增白剂使用限量 (≤ 6 0mg kg)范围内 ,增白剂对强化面粉中维生素的含量基本无影响。     

2015年中国15个省（自治区、直辖市）65岁及以上居民膳食维生素B1、维生素B2和烟酸摄入状况

目的了解中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)65岁及以上居民膳食维生素B1、维生素B2和烟酸的摄入情况和危险因素。方法利用2015年中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究资料,选择有完整连续3天24小时膳食调查数据的3222名65岁及以上的居民为研究对象,分析膳食维生素B1、维生素B2和烟酸的摄入状况和食物来源,并与中国居民膳食维生素B1、维生素B2和烟酸的推荐摄入量进行比较。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析维生素摄入不足的危险因素。结果老年居民每天摄入维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酸的中位数分别为:男性0.8、0.7和12.8 mg,女性0.7、0.6和10.9 mg。南方老年居民维生素B1摄入不足的危险性高于北方老年居民。80岁及以上老年居民维生素B1摄入不足的危险性高于65~79岁老年居民。农村教育程度低的老年居民维生素B2摄入不足的危险性高于城市教育程度高的老年居民。男性80岁及以上、教育程度低、北方、农村和收入水平低的老年居民烟酸摄入不足的危险性更高,女性教育程度低、北方和农村的老年居民烟酸摄入不足的危险性更高。结论 2015年中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)约80%以上的老年居民存在膳食维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足风险。不同年龄、教育程度、地区、城乡、收入的老年居民维生素B1、维生素B2和烟酸摄入情况不同。     

Meat and meat products consumption in Italy: contribution to trace elements, heme iron and selected B vitamins supply

This study was undertaken to estimate the contribution of meat and meat products consumption to the daily intakes of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), heme iron, and selected B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) in Italy. Meat and meat products were selected on the basis of their consumption frequency reported by the most recent nationwide dietary individual survey carried out in Italy (INN-CA study). The daily intakes of total iron and heme iron were 1.65 and 1.13 mg/person/day. Zinc intake was 3.65 mg/person/day. Beef made the main contribution to iron, heme iron, and zinc daily intakes. Copper daily intake was 107.3 microg/person/day, with meat products provided the highest contribution (40 microg/person/day). Daily intake of selenium (7.14 microg/person/day) was provided mainly by poultry consumption. Thiamine intake was 228 microg/person/day, and meat products were the main source (110 microg/person/day). Riboflavin intake was 136 microg/person/day, with both beef and meat products as the main contributors (40 microg/person/day). Niacin intake was 7.53 mg/person/day, and poultry was the main source (2.28 mg/person/day). Meat and meat products were a valuable source of micronutrients, supplying 47, 48, and 24% of zinc, niacin, and thiamin daily requirements, respectively, and over 10% of iron, copper, selenium, and riboflavin daily average requirement values of the italian RDAs calculated for the population involved in the survey (INN-CA study).     

学龄前儿童膳食营养素摄入与头发微量元素的相关性分析

目的 研究南宁市3~6岁学龄前儿童膳食营养素摄入对头发部分微量元素含量的影响,为今后评估幼儿营养状况及指导学龄前儿童合理膳食提供依据。 方法 于2016年12月对南宁市3所幼儿园201名3~6岁学龄前儿童进行营养调查,并测定幼儿头发中铜、锌、铁、钙、镁的含量。 结果 201名学龄前儿童头发中铜、铁、钙、镁和锌含量分别为(19.48±7.80)μg/g、(28.04±15.36)μg/g、(419.18±175.48)μg/g、(33.48±18.52)μg/g和(151.12±57.10)μg/g,不同性别学龄前儿童头发中铜、锌、铁、钙和镁含量差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同年龄学龄前儿童头发中铜含量存在差异(P<0.05)。膳食中的蛋白质、碳水化合物、硫胺素、尼克酸、维生素E、磷、镁、铁、锌、锰与发铜含量呈正相关(P<0.05),胡萝卜素、锰与发镁含量呈正相关,脂肪与发镁含量呈负相关(P<0.05),能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、胡萝卜素、尼克酸、维生素E、镁、铁、锌、锰与发锌呈正相关(P<0.05),脂肪、维生素C与发钙含量呈负相关(P<0.05)。 结论 膳食摄入的营养成分与3~6岁学龄前儿童头发中的微量元素存在一定相关性,头发中微量元素铜和锌易受多种膳食营养成分的影响。     

An overview of the role of bread in the UK diet

Despite being a staple food in the UK for centuries, bread consumption has fallen steadily over the last few decades. Average consumption now equates to only around 2–3 slices of bread a day. As well as providing energy, mainly in the form of starch, bread contains dietary fibre and a range of vitamins and minerals. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of adults suggests that it still contributes more than 10% of our daily intake of protein, thiamine, niacin, folate, iron, zinc, copper and magnesium; one‐fifth of our fibre and calcium intakes; and more than one‐quarter of our manganese intake. Therefore, eating bread can help consumers to meet their daily requirements for many nutrients, including micronutrients for which there is evidence of low intake in some groups in the UK, such as zinc and calcium. This paper gives an overview of the role of bread in the UK diet, its contribution to nutrient intakes and current consumption patterns in different population groups.     

Regional variations of blood pressure in the United States are associated with regional variations in dietary intakes: the NHANES-III data

Compared with other regions in the United States, the southern region has had the highest stroke mortality rate and a more prevalent and resistant hypertension. We designed this analysis of the data obtained from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III (NHANES-III), which is a community-based cross-sectional survey, to describe regional variations in blood pressure and the reported consumption of nutrients, focusing on those linked to blood pressure, in the United States. We selected the following variables from the NHANES-III data for this analysis: systolic and diastolic blood pressures, protein, carbohydrates, total fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, fiber, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, alcohol and vitamins C, E, B-6 and B-12. Of the 17,752 participants in the survey who were 18 y of age or older, the south had the highest systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P < 0.005 for each) and reported the highest consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol (P < 0.05 for all) and the least amount of fiber in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.005). The highest reported sodium consumption was in the south region (3.4 +/- 0.02 g), and the lowest was in the west (3.2 +/- 0.03 g; P < 0.05). The south also consumed the least potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, copper, riboflavin, niacin, iron and vitamins A, C and B-6 (P < 0.005). There was no difference among the four regions in frequency of "adding salt on the table." The region of the United States that includes the "stroke belt" has dietary patterns that may contribute to the high prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.     

Seasonal variations and the contribution of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) and other legumes to nutrient intakes in Anambra state,Nigeria

A four‐day weighed food intake study was carried out in the wet and dry seasons in northern Anambra State, Nigeria, on pre‐school children and (during the wet season) on pregnant women. In both seasons the energy, calcium, riboflavin and niacin of the diet of the children were low while the diet of the pregnant women was deficient in most nutrients. No difference in energy intakes was observed in the two seasons; but in the wet season, protein, calcium and vitamin C intakes were lower (P<0.05) and fat and vitamin A intakes were higher (P < 0.01). The contribution to nutrient intakes by legumes was higher in the wet season, the period of food scarcity and increased prices. This difference was significant for energy and iron (P<0.05) and for protein and thiamine (P<0.01). The contribution was especially marked for protein, iron, thiamine and niacin (31%, 24%, 35% and 21% of pre‐school intakes respectively). Some local legume dishes were analysed and found to have a high nutritive value. This study confirms the importance of legumes in the diets of low income households.     

Food groups associated with a composite measure of probability of adequate intake of 11 micronutrients in the diets of women in urban Mali

The prevalence of micronutrient deficiency is high among women of reproductive age living in urban Mali. Despite this, there are little data on the dietary intake of micronutrients among women of reproductive age in Mali. This research tested the relationship between the quantity of intake of 21 possible food groups and estimated usual micronutrient (folate, vitamin B-12, calcium, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A, iron, thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin C, and zinc) intakes and a composite measure of adequacy of 11 micronutrients [mean probability of adequacy (MPA)] based on the individual probability of adequacy (PA) for the 11 micronutrients. Food group and micronutrient intakes were calculated from 24-h recall data in an urban sample of Malian women. PA was lowest for folate, vitamin B-12, calcium, and riboflavin. The overall MPA for the composite measure of 11 micronutrients was 0.47 ± 0.18. Grams of intake from the nuts/seeds, milk/yogurt, vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV), and vitamin C-rich vegetables food groups were correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.20-0.36; P < 0.05) with MPA. Women in the highest consumption groups of nuts/seeds and DGLV had 5- and 6-fold greater odds of an MPA > 0.5, respectively. These findings can be used to further the development of indicators of dietary diversity and to improve micronutrient intakes of women of reproductive age.     

Nutritional status predicts primary subclasses of T cells and the lymphocyte proliferation response in healthy older women

Aging is often associated with a dysregulation in immune function, particularly in T-cell responses, even in the healthy elderly. Adequate nutrition is important for optimal immune function. The literature on the relation of nutritional status with immune function in the elderly offers mixed findings. Because several nutrients can influence immune response, and there are interactions among nutrients, examining the association of various nutrients measured simultaneously with tests of immune function is important. We examined the association of protein, iron, zinc, vitamin B-12, and folic acid with tests of acquired immunity in healthy older women (76.7 +/- 7.0 y; n = 130). Discriminant analysis was used to identify the predictive subset of nutrients that could correctly classify subjects into the lowest or highest quartiles (< or =25th or >75th percentile) on various immune function tests (T cells and subsets and lymphocyte proliferation in response to culture with mitogens). Protein and iron status variables were identified in the predictive subset for all immune tests; in addition, zinc emerged in the predictive model for T cells and their subsets as well as for the proliferation response to concanavalin A. The probability of correctly classifying women into the lowest or highest quartiles of immune tests by the predictive subset of nutrition variables was high, i.e., 62.8-83.5% for T cells and their subsets, and 79.3-89.7% for the proliferation response to mitogens. In conclusion, protein, iron, and zinc were significant predictors of immune function in older women. Adequate status of these nutrients may help maintain immunity in older adults.     

Low maternal dietary intakes of iron, magnesium, and niacin are associated with spina bifida in the offspring

Evidence about the preventive effects of nutrients other than folate on the occurrence of spina bifida is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the role of maternal nutritional intake and the risk of spina bifida in the offspring. In 106 cases and 181 controls, the mothers' nutrient intakes were obtained by an FFQ approximately 24 mo after conception of the index pregnancy. Energy-adjusted mean nutrient intakes were compared, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI were calculated. Although mean nutrient intakes were comparable to the Dutch food consumption survey data, fat, cholesterol, iron, and folate intakes were below the 1998 Dutch Recommended Daily Allowances. Case mothers had significantly lower intakes of plant proteins (7%), polysaccharides (4%), fiber (7%), iron (6%), magnesium (6%), and niacin (4%) than control mothers. Mono- and disaccharide intakes were significantly higher (6%) in the case mothers than in control mothers. The adjusted OR (95% CI) in the lowest quartiles for plant proteins was 5.4 (2.3-12.4), for fiber 3.1 (1.5-6.8), for iron 3.5 (1.4-8.3), for magnesium 1.9 (0.9-4.1), and for niacin 2.5 (1.2-5.2). Mono- and disaccharide and polysaccharide intakes in the highest quartile had ORs (95% CI) of 2.9 (1.4-6.3) and 0.5 (0.3-1.0), respectively. The nutritional intake of Dutch women from food groups containing iron and folate seems to be compromised. Low preconceptional intakes of plant proteins, iron, magnesium, and niacin are associated with a 2- to 5-fold increased risk of spina bifida.     

Contents of copper, zinc, iron and manganese in selected cheeses

Contents of trace elements (copper, zinc, iron, and manganese) were determined in melted cheeses, mold-ripening semi-hard and soft types purchased in 2005 at local shops. The AAS technique was used. Material for study was produced by different Dairy Centers all over Poland in Lublin, Mazowsze, Opole, Podlasie, Silesia, and Wielkopolska regions. Zinc and iron levels in melted cheeses were significantly higher (p < or = 0.05) as compared to mold-ripening soft and semi-hard cheeses. The highest zinc and iron concentrations were found in the samples of Sertop and Jal cheese. The lowest contents were found in Mabelle cheese. Rycki Edam cheese was characterized by highest level of manganese, and Mabelle--by the lowest. However, copper, iron, and manganese contents in all cheese samples could be considered as low and not hazardous for consumer's.     

REARING PRACTICE AND BEEF QUALITY

Intensive rearing of steers using rations that accelerate the rate of weight gain had no effect on the protein, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, or niacin concentration of muscle meats or on these nutrients plus vitamin B₁₂ folic acid, and vitamin A in the liver. The fat content of the muscles of the intensively reared animals was increased over that of steers raised on the range.     

Contribution of the Title III Meals Program to Nutrient Intake of Participants

This study was conducted to determine the contribution of the Title III meal program to the overall nutrient intake of participants. There were 69 participants in the study with a mean age of 74 years. Overall nutrient intake of the participants was adequate with mean intakes of all nutrients exceek 67% of the RDA. Black subjects consumed more carbohydrates, fiber, calcium, iron, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin C at lunch than did white subjects; however, these differences were due to different consumption patterns reported for "home" lunches rather than differences in lunches eaten at the meal site. Lunches supplied at least 33% of the total daily nutrient intake regardless of whether it was a meal program lunch or a home lunch.     

A comparison of micronutrient inadequacy and risk of high micronutrient intakes among vitamin and mineral supplement users and nonusers in Canada

Although supplement use is prevalent in North America, there is little information on how supplements affect the prevalence of nutrient adequacy or risk of intakes greater than the tolerable upper intake level (UL). The objectives of this study were to compare the prevalence of nutrient adequacy and percent of intakes greater than the UL from diet alone between supplement users and nonusers and determine the contribution of supplements to nutrient intakes. Dietary intakes (24-h recall) and supplement use (previous 30 d) from respondents ≥1 y in the Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2 (n = 34,381) were used to estimate the prevalence of nutrient adequacy and intakes greater than the UL. Software for Intake Distribution Evaluation was used to estimate usual intakes. The prevalence of nutrient adequacy from diet alone was not significantly higher among supplement users than nonusers for any nutrient. Based on diet alone, children 1-13 y had a low prevalence of nutrient adequacy (<30%) except for vitamin D and calcium. Among respondents ≥14 y, inadequacies of vitamins A and D, calcium, and magnesium were >30%. For other nutrients, there was a low prevalence of nutrient adequacy. There were no nutrient intakes greater than the UL from diet alone, except zinc in children. When supplements were included, ≥10% of users in some age/sex groups had intakes of vitamins A and C, niacin, folic acid, iron, zinc, and magnesium greater than the UL, reaching >80% for vitamin A and niacin in children. In conclusion, from diet alone, the prevalence of nutrient adequacy was low for most nutrients except for calcium, magnesium, and vitamins A and D. For most nutrients, supplement users were not at greater risk of inadequacy than nonusers; supplement use sometimes led to intakes greater than the UL.     

Dietary intake and thiamin, iron, and zinc status in elite Nordic skiers during different training periods.

This study evaluated how different training periods affect dietary intake and biochemical indices of thiamin, iron, and zinc status in elite Nordic skiers. Subjects were 17 skiers and 39 controls, ages 18-38 yrs. Dietary data were collected by 7-day food records at 3-month intervals. Coefficient of variation (CV) was used to indicate magnitude of seasonal changes. Energy intake for the year (28 food record days) was 3,802 kcal/day (CV 19.1%) in male skiers, 2,754 kcal/day (CV 3.7%) in male controls, 2,812 kcal/day (CV 9.1%) in female skiers, and 2,013 kcal/day (CV 5.9%) in female controls. CVs for thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc intake were 14.1-23.9% (male skiers), 2.9-15.0% (male controls), 4.8-24.5% (female skiers), and 4.3-11.5% (female controls). Seasonal changes in energy, carbohydrate, and micronutrient intakes reflected energy expenditure in male endurance athletes particularly. Erythrocyte transketolase activation coefficients and serum ferritin and zinc concentrations did not differ between skiers and controls. Seasonal variations in these biochemical indices of nutritional status were of the same magnitude in skiers and controls, despite large changes in skiers' physical activity.     

In Vitro Digestibility of Minerals and B Group Vitamins from Different Brewers’ Spent Grains

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG), the main by-product of the brewing industry, is a rich source of minerals and water-soluble vitamins such as thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, and cobalamin. Bioaccessibility through in vitro digestion is an important step toward the complete absorption of minerals and B group vitamins in the gastrointestinal system. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) together with inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the quantification of the macro- and micro-minerals. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system coupled with a diode array detector (DAD) was used for B group vitamin identification. Four different industrial BSG samples were used in the present study, with different percentages of malted cereals such as barley, wheat, and degermed corn. Calcium’s bioaccessibility was higher in the BSG4 sample composed of 50% malted barley and 50% malted wheat (16.03%), while iron presented the highest bioaccessibility value in the BSG2 sample (30.03%) composed of 65% Pale Ale malt and 35% Vienna malt. On the other hand, vitamin B1 had the highest bioaccessibility value (72.45%) in the BSG3 sample, whilst B6 registered the lowest bioaccessibility value (16.47%) in the BSG2 sample. Therefore, measuring the bioaccessibilty of bioactive BSG compounds before their further use is crucial in assessing their bioavailability.     

Dietary Intake of Nutrients Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism and Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Prospective Study

Dietary intakes of B vitamins and other components involved in one-carbon metabolism, which is necessary for DNA replication, DNA repair, and regulation of gene expression, may be associated with carcinogenesis. We investigated associations between intakes of 11 nutrients (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, biotin, folate, vitamin B12, methionine, choline, and betaine) and gastric cancer risk. A total of 159 incident gastric cancer cases were identified from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (N?=?41,513) and matched with 159 controls on year of birth, sex, and country of birth using incidence density sampling. Dietary intakes of nutrients were estimated at baseline (1990–1994) using a 121-item food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using conditional logistic regression models adjusting for Helicobacter pylori infection, and other potential confounders. We observed a positive association between intake of niacin and overall gastric cancer risk (OR?=?1.33, 95%CI: 1.01–1.75 per SD increment). For thiamine, heterogeneity by subtype (cardia and non-cardia) was found (P_het?=?0.05), with weak evidence of an inverse association with cardia cancer risk. Our results do not support increasing intakes of B vitamins or other nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism to reduce gastric cancer risk in a well-nourished population.     

Studies of the relationship between the nutritional status of lactating mothers and milk composition as well as the milk intake and growth of their infants in Beijing. Pt. 5. Essential inorganic elements and vitamins in human milk]

The contents of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin C in the breastmilk of 152 lactating mothers, as well as ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron in 132 lactating mothers were measured within 6 months of lactation. The results indicated that the breastmilk vitamin B2 and zinc contents of urban mothers in Beijing were significantly higher than those of suburban and rural mothers. However, when lactation continued, the contents of these 2 elements in breastmilk decreased. The correlation analysis of these results showed that the animal protein intakes of the mothers were highly correlated with their breastmilk, vitamin B2, and zinc contents (r=0.75, p0.01 for vitamin B2; r=0.57, p. 0.05 for zinc). The average intakes of all nutrients from breastmilk alone, with the exception of vitamin B2 and vitamin C, could not meet the Chinese RDA for these infants. This was true especially for vitamin B1, niacin, zinc, and iron intakes which were substantially below the RDA. (author's modified)