Protecting mechanism of puerarin on the brain neurocyte of rat in acute local ischemia brain injury and local cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

The present study was designed to investigate the possible properties of the injured brain neurocytes, the expression of heat shock protein70 (HSP70) and Fas protein after acute local ischemia brain injury and local cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and to investigate the protecting mechanism of puerarin on the brain neurocytes of rats in acute local ischemia brain injury and local cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. A rat model of acute local cerebral ischemia was made by ligatting the middle cerebral artery. The rat model of local cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury was made by ligatting the middle cerebral artery for 30 min then opened for 30 min. Rats of puerarin treating group were injected with puerarin in dose of 30 mg/kg(-1) by intraperitoneal injection 30 min before ischemia. HSP70 and Fas protein expressions in brain tissue were detected by SP method of histochemistry. In addition, dead brain neurocytes were counted and their morphology was observed. The results indicated that puerarin can limit the tissue injury caused by local cerebral ischemia injury through improving expression of HSP70, and limit the tissue injury caused by local cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through decreasing the Fas expression and improving expression of HSP70. On the basis of these results, it may be concluded that puerarin can protect the brain neurocytes of rats in acute local ischemia brain injury and local cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, which may be different according to the different injury mechanism.     

丙泊酚通过抑制线粒体途径的细胞凋亡保护心肌缺血再灌注损伤(英文)

目的观察丙泊酚对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注(I-R)损伤的影响,并从线粒体过氧化损伤方面探讨其可能的作用机制。方法应用Langendorff离体心脏灌流系统,全心停灌25 min,再灌注30 min建立心肌I-R损伤模型。记录各项心功能指标;测定心肌线粒体呼吸链的完整性、膜肿胀度和丙二醛(MDA)含量;流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡率及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达,免疫组化法测定半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)-3,-9和-8的表达。结果与I-R组相比,缺血前10 min开始,并于再灌注期间持续灌流丙泊酚30和60μmol·L~(-1)能明显改善I- R后的心功能;心肌线粒体呼吸链损伤有所恢复,膜肿胀度减轻,MDA生成明显减少,心肌细胞凋亡率明显降低,Bcl-2表达增加,Bax表达减少,caspase-3和caspase-9阳性细胞数明显减少。结论丙泊酚减轻I-R所致的心肌线粒体过氧化损伤,抑制线粒体途径的细胞凋亡,可能是其心肌保护作用机制之     

热休克蛋白70对幼鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的研究川芎嗪（TMP）诱导热休克蛋白（HSP）70对未成熟心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,探讨其干预心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制及合理用药途径,为临床使用提供理论依据。方法建立幼鼠在体心肌缺血再灌注模型。将96只体重60-75g SD幼鼠（〈21d）,随机分为3组：（1）假手术（SC）组,（2）缺血再灌注（IR）组,（3）TMP预处理后缺血再灌（TMP＋IR）组;每组再随机分为4个亚组：12h亚组、24h亚组、36h亚组、48h亚组,各亚组分别于腹腔药物注射[TMP＋IR组腹腔注射TMP（100mg／kg）,SC组与IR组腹腔注射等量0．9％氯化钠溶液]后12h、24h、36h、48h制作心肌缺血再灌注模型。测定血清中肌酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）两种酶的含量,测定幼鼠心肌内HSP70的含量．应用电镜观察幼鼠心肌细胞超微结构的病理改变。结果IR组和TMP＋IR组各时间点血清中CK-MB、LDH含量明显高于SC组（P〈0．01）;IR组心肌中HsP70表达量较SC组略增加,TMP＋IR组HSP70的表达明显增加;电镜心肌细胞超微结构观察：SC组心肌细胞结构基本正常,IR组损伤最严重,TMP＋IR组心肌细胞损伤较IR组有明显改善。结论HSP70的表达可以减轻未成熟心肌的缺血再灌注损伤,可以提高未成熟心肌对损伤性应激的耐受能力。     

HSP70在经热应激预处理后减少大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤过程中的作用

目的　探讨热应激预处理能够减少肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的机制,以期寻找减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的有效措施。方法　建立大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型。将42只大鼠随机分为6组:①正常对照组(N);②槲皮素组(Q):腹腔注射槲皮素(quercetin, 7mg·kg-1 );③肝脏缺血再灌注(ischemi areperfusion,I/R)组(I);④热应激预处理组(H+I):缺血再灌注前16h给予热应激预处理;⑤槲皮素+热应激预处理组(Q+H+I):缺血再灌注前16h先给予槲皮素腹腔注射(7mg·kg-1 )再给予热应激处理;⑥槲皮素+缺血组(Q+I):缺血再灌注前16h给予槲皮素腹腔注射(7mg·kg-1 )。观察以上各组大鼠在肝脏缺血再灌注6h后热休克蛋白70(Heatshockprotein70, HSP70 )的表达,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)的活性及肝脏组织形态学改变。结果　大鼠肝脏HSP70表达由高到低依次为:H+I组、I组、Q+H+I组、I+Q组、Q组、N组;而检测血清ALT、AST含量由高到低依次为:Q+I组、I组、Q+H+I组、H+I组、Q组、N组;肝脏组织形态学的改变显示与上述血中ALT、AST含量变化相对应。结论　HSP70在经热应激预处理后减少肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的过程中起重要的作用。     

黄芩苷对脑缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠神经细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响

目的:研究黄芩苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡以及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)-3、热休克蛋白(HSP)70表达的影响。方法:96只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注模型组、黄芩苷组(50,100,200 mg·kg-1),以及尼莫地平(0．4 mg·kg-1)组。利用大鼠大脑中动脉内栓线阻断法制备局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型,通过HE染色、流式细胞术、免疫组化以及RT- PCR等方法,观察黄芩苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤后脑组织病理形态学改变、神经细胞凋亡率以及caspase-3、HSP70表达的影响。结果:黄芩苷可明显改善脑缺血-再灌注损伤所致的大鼠脑组织病理形态学改变,降低神经细胞凋亡率,抑制促凋亡基因caspase-3的表达,促进抑凋亡基因HSP70的表达。结论:黄芩苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与黄芩苷抑制caspase-3表达,促进HSP70表达,从而发挥抗凋亡作用有关。     

前列腺素E_1预处理对缺血/再灌注心肌PKC及HSP70表达的影响

目的探讨前列腺素E1(PGE1)预处理对大鼠缺血/再灌组心肌PKC及HSP70表达的影响。方法 40只大鼠随机分成5组:正常对照组(C组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)和PGE1 14,42,126μg.L-1预处理组。应用Langendorff装置制备大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury,MIRI)模型,以HE染色制备病理切片观察心肌纤维病理形态学变化,Western blot技术检测心肌细胞内PKC的表达,免疫组织化学法测定HSP70的表达。结果 PKC和HSP70在PGE1预处理组的表达量较I/R组明显增加(P<0.05),且各预处理组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各PGE1预处理组大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤心肌纤维形态学变化得到不同程度的改善。结论 PGE1预处理可以改善大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤心肌纤维形态学变化,促进PKC及HSP70的表达,有效减轻离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤。     

Effects of ulinastatin on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

AIM: To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of ulinastatin on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 45-min bilateral renal ischemia, treated with intravenously 12 500 U ulinastatin at 30 min prior to ischemia and at the beginning of reperfusion, compared with a nontreated group without ulinastatin and a sham-operation group without bilateral renal ischemia. After 0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h of reperfusion, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were measured for the assessment of renal function, renal sections were used for histologic grading of renal injury, for immunohistochemical localization of Bcl-2 and heat shock protein 70. Renal ultrastructure was observed through a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Ulinastatin significantly reduced the increase in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine produced by renal ischemia-reperfusion, suggesting an improvement in renal function. Ulinastatin reduced the histologic evidence of renal     

非那雄胺对前列腺组织血管内皮生长因子的影响

目的建立SD大鼠前列腺增生模型,探讨非那雄胺对大鼠前列腺组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠40只,隔日于颈部皮下注射丙酸睾丸酮(连续28d),建立大鼠前列腺增生模型,之后将大鼠随机分为5组:A组灌胃给予安慰剂,B、C、D、E组灌胃给予非那雄胺,持续时间分别1、2、3、4周。采用免疫组织化学法检测大鼠前列腺组织中VEGF的表达。结果A组前列腺组织中VEGF的表达明显高于B、C、D、E组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组前列腺组织中VEGF的表达高于D、E组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组前列腺组织VEGF的表达高于D、E组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组与C组、D组与E组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论非那雄胺可以抑制大鼠前列腺组织中VEGF的表达,并且其抑制程度与非那雄胺的作用时间有关。     

Ischemic preconditioning protects post-ischemic renal function in anesthetized dogs： role of adenosine and adenine nucleotides

Aim: To investigate the effects of renal ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on both renal hemodynamics and the renal interstitial concentrations of adenosine and adenine nucleotides induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Renal hemodynamics responses to ischemia-reperfusion injury in mongrel dog models were determined with or without multiple brief renal ischemic preconditioning treatments, as well as the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (KW-3902), respectively. The renal interstitial concentrations of adenosine and adenine nucleotides in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury, either following 1-3 cycles of IPC or not, were measured simultaneously using microdialysis sampling technology. Results: One 10-min IPC, adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (KW-3902) also shortened the recovery time of renal blood flow (RBF) and urine flow (UF), as well as mean blood pressure (BP). Advanced renal IPC attenuated the increment of adenosine and adenine nucleotides, as well as recovery time during the 60-min reperfusion which followed the 60-min renal ischemia. All of these recovery times were dependent on the cycles of 10-min IPC. The renal interstitial concentrations of adenosine and adenine nucleotides increased and decreased during renal ischemia and reperfusion, respectively. Conclusion: A significant relativity in dog models exists between the cycles of 10-min renal IPC and the recovery time of BP, UF, and RBF during the 60-min renal reperfusion following 60-min renal ischemia, respectively. Renal IPC can protect against ischemiareperfusion injury and the predominant effect of endogenous adenosine induced by prolonged renal ischemia; renal adenosine A1 receptor activation during the renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is detrimental to renal function.     

葛根素对急性脑缺血模型大鼠脑细胞损伤后HSP70及Fas蛋白表达的干预作用研究

目的:探讨葛根素对急性脑缺血模型大鼠脑细胞损伤后热休克蛋白70(HSP70)及Fas蛋白表达的干预作用机制。方法:将12只急性脑缺血模型大鼠随机分为单纯缺血组(生理盐水)和葛根素干预组,各6只,每只大鼠再分别按缺血侧(实验组)和非缺血侧(对照组)进行自身对照,用HE染色及免疫组织化学SP法测定HSP70表达情况;另将脑缺血模型大鼠随机分为对照组(生理盐水、缺血侧)、葛根素干预组(缺血侧)、正常组(非缺血侧),各6只,用HE染色及免疫组织化学SP法测定Fas表达情况。结果:单纯缺血对照组及葛根素干预对照组HSP70呈阴性或弱阳性表达,而在单纯缺血实验组及葛根素干预实验组中HSP70均表达增强(P<0.01),葛根素干预实验组的表达则明显强于单纯缺血实验组(P<0.01);Fas蛋白在各组中均有不同程度的表达,阳性细胞绝大部分为神经元,以锥体细胞表达强度最强,各组间阳性细胞数均无显著差异(P>0.05);HE切片中,对照组和葛根素组死亡细胞数均明显多于正常组(P<0.01),且对照组明显多于葛根素组(P<0.01)。结论:葛根素对急性脑缺血损伤具有保护作用,主要通过上调HSP70的表达来实现,而与Fas蛋白的表达及细胞凋亡等相关不强。     

双苯氟嗪对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后E-选择素、P-选择素和细胞间黏附分子-1表达的影响

目的研究双苯氟嗪对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后E-选择素(E-selectin)、P-选择素(P-selectin)和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达及中性粒细胞浸润的影响。方法采用Zea-Longa线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。采用HE染色、免疫组化、流式细胞术以及生化的方法，观察双苯氟嗪对大鼠缺血再灌注后脑组织形态学、P-选择素、E-选择素和ICAM-1表达以及髓过氧化酶(MPO)活性的影响。结果双苯氟嗪可改善缺血再灌注后脑损伤的形态学表现；降低P-选择素、E-选择素和ICAM-1的表达以及MPO的活性。结论双苯氟嗪减轻缺血再灌注后炎症反应，对缺血再灌注性脑损伤具有保护作用。     

热休克蛋白27在前列腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨热休克蛋白27(HSP27)在前列腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义.方法 应用免疫组化(EnVision)法分别检测前列腺增生和前列腺上皮内瘤变各30例及前列腺癌70例组织中HSP27的表达情况.结果 HSP27表达阳性率前列腺增生组为6.67%,前列腺上皮内瘤变组中为26.67%,前列腺癌组中为60.00%,3组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).HSP27的表达水平低分化组高于高-中分化组,Ⅲ-Ⅳ组高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ组,有骨转移组高于无骨转移组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05).结论 HSP27可能参与了前列腺癌发生发展的演变过程,其过表达不仅预示患者预后差,而且也为临床的综合治疗提供理论依据.     

PKC-ERK1/2通路在臭氧预处理减轻大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的 探讨PKC介导的ERK1/2信号通路在臭氧（ozone，O₃）预处理大鼠肝缺血再灌注中的作用。方法 60只大鼠随机分成6组：对照组、缺血再灌注组、O₃预处理组、O₃预处理+ERK抑制剂组（O₃+PD98059组）、O₃预处理+PKC抑制剂组（O₃+CHE组）、缺血再灌注+PKC激活剂组（IR+PMA组）。除对照组外，其余各组均进行肝缺血再灌注手术。O₃相关组予O₃预处理，调节剂组予相应的调节剂。分别检测各组的血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶水平，进行病理学观察，Western blotting检测肝组织中的热休克蛋白70（heat shock protein 70，HSP70）、蛋白激酶C（protein kinase C，PKC）和细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2（extracellular regulated protein kinases，ERK1/2）的表达水平。结果 与对照组相比，缺血再灌注组肝组织细胞损伤明显加重（P<0.05），肝组织中PKC、ERK1/2的磷酸化和HSP70的表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）。与缺血再灌注组相比，O₃相关组肝组织细胞损伤明显减轻（P<0.05），肝组织中PKC、ERK1/2的磷酸化和HSP70的表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）。与O₃预处理组相比，当使用PKC和ERK1/2抑制剂后，肝组织细胞损伤明显加重（P<0.05），肝组织中PKC、ERK1/2的磷酸化和HSP70的表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 O₃氧化预处理可通过激活PKC介导的ERK1/2信号通路，使HSP70的表达水平明显增加，使大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤明显减轻。     

黄芩苷对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马神经元HSP70表达的影响

目的研究黄芩苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马神经元热休克蛋白质(HSP)70表达的影响。方法Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注模型组、黄芩苷组(50，100和200 mg·kg^-1)以及尼莫地平0.4 mg·kg^-1组。利用大鼠大脑中动脉内栓线阻断法制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，通过HE染色、流式细胞术、免疫组织化学以及RT-PCR等方法，观察黄芩苷对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织病理形态学改变、神经细胞凋亡率以及HSP70表达的影响。结果黄芩苷可明显改善缺血再灌注损伤所致的大鼠脑组织病理形态学改变,降低神经细胞凋亡率，促进HSP70基因的转录与翻译。结论黄芩苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用，其作用机制可能与黄芩苷促进HSP70表达、抑制神经细胞凋亡有关。     

己酮可可碱对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注及缺钙/复钙损伤的保护作用

目的探讨己酮可可碱对缺血/再灌注引起心肌损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法首先建立心肌缺血/再灌注模型,采用Langendorff灌流装置进行20min预灌注,30min缺血,30min再灌注,70只Wistar大鼠随机分为己酮可可碱4个剂量(50、100、125、150μmol·L-1)组、缺血/再灌注组、对照组以及己酮可可碱再灌注组,持续观察己酮可可碱对血流动力学指标的影响;建立缺钙/复钙模型,将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为己酮可可碱给药组、钙反常组和对照组,离体心脏预灌注20 min,无钙灌注5min,复钙灌注30min,持续观察己酮可可碱对血流动力学指标的影响。结果缺血前及灌注期己酮可可碱100μmol·L-1给药能明显恢复大鼠的缺血/再灌注前后心脏的左室发展压(P<0.05),左心室舒张末期压亦明显下降;100μmol·L-1己酮可可碱明显改善钙反常模型钙超载引起的左心室收缩功能异常,左室发展压恢复41%(P<0.05)。结论己酮可可碱提高大鼠心肌缺血缺氧后心肌收缩力的恢复水平、增强心肌缺血缺氧的耐受性;改善心肌缺血/再灌注引起的钙超载可能是其心肌保护作用的机制之一。     

间歇性低氧诱导的心肌热休克蛋白70表达增加大鼠心脏对缺血损伤的耐受(英文)

目的:定量检测暴露于间歇性低氧不同时程后心肌热休克蛋白(HSP70)表达量并探讨HSP70与大鼠心脏对缺血再灌注损伤的耐受性之间的关系。方法:结扎冠脉左前降支造成心肌缺血及再灌注模型;并以逆转录PCR方法检测大鼠心肌HSP70 mRNA的表达量。结果:间歇性低氧暴露14,28,42天后HSP70表达量分别增加2.6,3.6,3.8倍;低氧训练28天后大鼠心脏对缺血-再灌注损伤的耐受性明显增加,缺血和再灌注心律失常诱发评分(AS)显著降低;大鼠脱离低氧环境后,上述作用能够维持2周。而且HSP70的表达量与心肌耐受性的增加存在明显相关(r=0.98,0.92;P<0.01)。结论:间歇性低氧暴露后心肌对缺血-再灌注损伤耐受性的增加与HSP70的表达量有关。     

依达拉奉抑制缺血再灌注肾脏ICAM-1的表达

目的探讨依达拉奉对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注后ICAM-1表达的影响。方法将24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I组)、依达拉奉治疗组(E组),其中S组和E组大鼠均夹闭双侧肾蒂45 min、再灌注24 h制成肾缺血再灌注损伤动物模型。缺血前和再灌注即刻,E组经尾静脉给予依达拉奉3 mg/kg,S组和I组经尾静脉给予等量生理盐水。于再灌注24 h取左肾苏木精-伊红染色观察炎症细胞浸润情况,免疫组织化学观察ICAM-1表达。结果光镜下S组结构正常,I组中大量炎症细胞浸润肾间质,EB组炎症细胞浸润减少;免疫组织化学显示,I组中ICAM-1表达较S组上升,EB组则较I组下降(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉抑制大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤时ICAM-1的表达。     

An injury of the liver caused by ischemia-reperfusion in rat liver

Cellular damage of various organs by ischemia following reperfusion is assumed to be at least in part due to lipid peroxidation in biomembranes, and oxygen-derived free radicals play a major role. The level of lipid peroxides in liver tissue increased during 90-min ischemia. When reflow of hepatic blood was allowed, a greater increase in the lipid peroxides was observed. Similar increases were obtained in several serum markers (GOT, GPT and LDH) during the period of ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, levels of cytochrome p-450 and NADPH cyt. c reductase activity decreased in proportion to the decrease in microsomal proteins during ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. On the other hand, superoxide dismutase in blood was significantly increased by ischemia-reperfusion. Rats died within 2 days after liver ischemia of 90 min, while all animals subjected to 30-min ischemia survived. Histopathological examinations indicated that extensive coagulation with erythrocytes occurred and the extent was dependent on the time of ischemia. The liver injury by ischemia-reperfusion could be a useful experimental model for studying liver injury induced by free radicals, for developing hepatoprotective drugs, or for investigating liver transplantation.     

Effect of ischemia duration and nitric oxide on coronary vasoconstriction after ischemia-reperfusion

The effects of the duration of ischemia on coronary vasoconstriction after ischemia-reperfusion were analysed in rat hearts. After 15, 30 or 45 min of global zero-flow ischemia and 15 min reperfusion, the coronary response to endothelin-1 (10(-10)-10(-7) M) and the thromboxane A2 analogue 9,11-dideoxy-1a,9a-epoxymethanoprostaglandin F2alpha (U46691, 10(-8)-10(-6) M) was recorded. Vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 only increased after short 15 min periods of ischemia. In contrast, the vasoconstriction induced by U46619 remained unmodified by short ischemias but was reduced after longer periods of ischemia (30 and 45 min). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with the Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10(-4) M) augmented the vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 in non-ischemic hearts, but not following ischemia. Similarly, L-NAME increased the vasoconstriction induced by U46619 to a greater extent in non-ischemic hearts than following ischemia. These results suggest that ischemia-reperfusion inhibits nitric oxide production, causing an increased coronary response to endothelin-1 after brief ischemias. Longer ischemias may non-specifically inhibit coronary vasoconstriction and reduce nitric oxide production.     

Effects of dl-praeruptorin A on nucleus factor-kappaB and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in ischemia-reperfusion hearts.

AIM: To study the effects of dl-praeruptorin A (Pd-Ia) on nucleus factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activativity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) myocardium. METHODS: Langendorff's isolated rat heart was subjected to a 10-min ischemia followed by a 30-min reperfusion. NF-kappaB activity in nucleus was analyzed by Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). TNF-alpha level in cytoplasm was measured by radioimmunoassay. Infiltration of neutrophils was observed using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining under optical microscope. RESULTS: Pd-Ia 1.0 micromol/L with 30-min preventive perfusion decreased NF-kappaB activity from 0.98+/-0.13 to 0.65+/-0.17 (P<0.05 vs solvent) and down-regulated TNF-alpha expression from 13.7+/-6.1 microg/L to 9.4+/-2.7 microg/L (P<0.01 vs solvent) under conditions with increase of coronary flow, negative inotropic action, inhibition of creatine kinase and without chronotropic action, whereas, infiltration of neutrophils was mild. CONCLUSION: Pd-Ia inhibited NF-kappaB activativity in I/R myocardium and led to down-regulation of TNF-alpha expression, which might be one of molecular mechanisms of Pd-Ia in cardioprotection.