Maternal diet and the risk of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in the offspring

Male genital tract birth defects have been associated in previous studies with several prenatal exposures to environmental and dietary risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and the dietary habits of an agricultural population in Italy. A population-based case-control study was conducted in the Sicilian Province of Ragusa. Cases (n = 90) and controls (n = 202) included births for the period 1998-2002. Data on dietary habits of the mothers, as well as health-related social, occupational and environmental exposures prior to and during the index birth, were collected through interviews. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression after adjustment for confounding variables. Increased ORs were observed for mothers of children with hypospadias who, during pregnancy, frequently consumed fish (OR = 2.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 5.31]) and market-purchased fruit (OR = 5.10 [95% CI 1.31, 19.82]). For cryptorchidism, increased risk was observed in mothers consuming liver (OR = 5.21 [95% CI 1.26, 21.50]), and smoked products (OR = 2.46 [95% CI 1.15, 5.29]). For the two malformations pooled together, increased risk was associated with maternal consumption of liver (OR = 4.38 [95% CI 1.34, 14.26]) and with frequent consumption of wine (OR = 1.98 [95% CI 1.01, 3.86]). This study suggests that some maternal dietary factors may play a role in the development of congenital defects of the male reproductive tract. In particular, our data indicate that further research may be warranted on the endocrine-disrupting effects resulting from the bioaccumulation of contaminants (fish, liver), pesticides (marketed fruit, wine) and/or potentially toxic food components (smoked products, wine, liver).     

Maternal reproductive and demographic characteristics as risk factors for hypospadias

This study examined the association of hypospadias risk with several maternal reproductive and demographic characteristics: age, parity, body mass index (BMI), nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP), multiple pregnancy, fertility treatments and procedures, education and race-ethnicity. The study included data on deliveries with estimated due dates from October 1997 to December 2000 that were part of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multi-state case-control study of many birth defects. The analysis included 502 cases with second or third degree hypospadias (i.e. the urethra opened at the penile shaft, scrotum or perineum) and 1286 male, liveborn, non-malformed controls. Risks were estimated from a multivariable logistic regression model that included all exposures of interest. Results indicated particularly elevated risks among births to women who were primiparae, aged >or=35 years and had a BMI of >26, compared with women who were multiparae, aged <30 years and had a BMI of 相似文献   

辽宁省农村居民不同肥胖相关人体测量指数与脑卒中患病关系

  目的  在队列研究基础之上应用中国妇女体质指数（BMI）标准研究孕前超重/肥胖的妇女与婴儿不良出生结局的关系。  方法  收集武汉市2011年6月 — 2013年6月76 709名孕妇的数据,应用logistic回归模型估计妇女孕前BMI和不良出生结局之间的关系。  结果  与正常体重妇女相比,消瘦妇女顺产的比例较高（OR = 1.25,95 % CI = 1.20～1.30）,超重/肥胖妇女顺产的比例较低（OR = 0.52,95 % CI = 0.48～0.56）。超重/肥胖妇女剖腹产较多（OR = 1.94,95 % CI = 1.80～2.08）,消瘦妇女剖腹产较少（OR = 0.80,95 % CI = 0.77～0.83）。消瘦妇女阴道手术产比例较高（OR = 1.33,95 % CI = 1.02～1.73）,超重和肥胖妇女阴道手术产较少（OR = 0.56,95 % CI = 0.32～0.96）。不同BMI组与Apgar评分（1 min） < 7及Apgar评分（5 min）< 7和新生儿窒息关联没有显著性意义。与正常体重妇女相比,超重/肥胖妇女孩子早产的比例较高（OR = 1.29,95 % CI =1.14～1.46）,消瘦妇女与早产也呈正相关（OR = 1.37,95 % CI = 1.24～1.51）。超重/肥胖妇女与生产巨大儿也有阳性相关（OR = 2.36,95 % CI = 2.15～2.59）;消瘦妇女与生产巨大儿呈负相关 （OR = 0.51,95 % CI = 0.46～0.56）。不同BMI组与低出生体重的关联没有显著性差异。  结论  基于中国成人BMI标准,孕前超重/肥胖对顺产、剖宫产、早产及巨大儿都有显著影响。     

产前BMI及孕期BMI增幅与分娩方式及新生儿体重的关系

目的:探讨孕妇产前BMI及孕期BMI增幅对分娩方式、新生儿体重的影响。方法:选取单胎初孕妇360人作为研究对象,产前BMI≥28为肥胖组、产前BMI28为正常组及孕期BMI增幅4为Ⅰ组,4≤BMI≤6为Ⅱ组,6为Ⅲ组。以分娩方式、新生儿出生体重为观察指标,对各组进行随访。结果:产前肥胖组剖宫产、新生儿体重明显增加(P0.05);孕期BMI增幅≥4孕妇剖宫产增加、孕期BMI增幅6孕妇巨大儿明显增加(P0.05)。结论:产前BMI及孕期BMI增幅与妊娠结局有关,控制孕期体重过度增长,可降低母婴并发症。     

孕前体重指数和孕期体重增长与新生儿体重的关系

目的探讨孕妇孕前体重指数（bodymassindex,BMI）和孕期体重增长与新生儿体重的关系。方法2006年7月1日至2007年6月30日,2734例于四川I大学华西第二医院住院分娩且病历资料完整孕妇,按孕前体重指数分组。体重指数〈16．75kg／m2,纳入低BMI组（n=51）,体重指数为（16．75～23．71）kg／m2纳入正常BMI组（n=2330）,体重指数〉23．71kg／m2,纳入高BMI组（n=353）。根据四川大学华西第二医院推荐的孕期适宜体重增长模式,将孕期体重增长分为三类：体重增长〈13．13kg,体重增长为（13．13～20．25）kg和体重增长≥20．25kg。将正常BMI组与高BMI组孕妇分别按体重增长进一步分为三个亚组,分析孕妇孕前体重指数和孕期体重增长与新生儿体重的关系。结果低BMI组、正常BMI组和高BMI组孕妇孕前体重指数与新生儿体重的相关系数（r）分别为0．128（P〉0．05）,0．138（P〈0．01）和0．126（P〈0．05）。低BMI组、正常BMI组和高BMI组孕妇孕期体重增加与新生儿体重的相关系数分别为0．629（P〈0．001）,0．236（P〈0．001）和0．195（P〈0．001）。正常BMI组孕妇孕期体重增加〈13．13kg亚组1与正常BMI组体重增加为（13．13～20．25）kg亚组1比较,巨大儿发生的OR=0．617,95％CI：0．424～0．864（P〈0．01）。正常BMI组孕妇孕期体重增加〉20．25kg亚组1与体重增加为（13．13～20．25）kg亚组1比较,巨大儿发生的OR=1．622,95％CI：1．116～2．356（P〈0．01）。正常BMI组中,各体重增长亚组比较,低体重儿发生率差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。高BMI组中,各体重增长亚组比较,低体重儿、巨大儿发生率差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。结论孕妇孕前体重指数及孕期体重增加与新生儿出生体重呈正相关。为降低巨大儿发生率,正常体重指数组孕期体重增加不宜超过20．25kg。     

孕前体重指数及孕期增重对围生结局的影响

目的 分析孕前体重指数(BMI)及孕期体重增长对围生结局的影响,为孕期保健、孕前和孕期体重管理提供依据。方法 采用历史性队列研究方法,将深圳市龙岗区2014-2017年26家助产医院95 849例单胎足月产妇按孕前BMI及孕期增重情况分组,观察各组围生结局。结果 95 849例孕妇平均孕前BMI为(20.49±2.83) kg/m²,平均孕期增重(14.49±5.89) kg。相比孕前正常BMI 和孕期增重适宜的孕妇,孕前消瘦(BMI<18.5kg/m²)和孕期增重不足是低出生体重儿发生的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.80(1.61~2.00)、1.83(1.63~2.05);孕前超重(BMI≥24 kg/m²)是妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期/子痫、巨大儿、剖宫产、出生窒息发生的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.84(1.68~2.02)、2.40(1.90~3.04)、3.07(2.39~3.96)、2.70(2.49~2.92)、1.89(1.81~1.97)及1.33(1.05~1.67);孕期增重过度是巨大儿、剖宫产、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期/子痫、胎膜早破、产后出血发生的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为2.59(2.40~2.79)、1.45(1.40~1.50)、2.83(2.21~3.62)、2.18(1.69~2.81)、1.26(1.13~1.40)及1.26(1.07~1.48)。结论 孕前BMI和孕期增重均是剖宫产、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期/子痫、低出生体重和巨大儿发生的影响因素,因此将孕前BMI、孕期增重控制在合理范围有利于获得良好的围生结局。     

妊娠期间增重及妊娠晚期体质量指数对产后泌乳的影响

目的 探讨妊娠期间增重状况及妊娠晚期体质量指数对产后泌乳的影响.方法 选取2012年7月至2015年9月在温州市中心医院妇产科分娩的产妇623例,依据泌乳水平分为A组(泌乳量>45mL,泌乳始动时间≤48h)和B组(泌乳量≤45mL,泌乳始动时间>48h),比较两组产妇分娩后24h泌乳素、泌乳量及泌乳始动率,对两组产妇的临床资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 A组产妇的泌乳素、泌乳量均显著高于B组(t值分别为2.357、2.093,均P<0.05),且泌乳始动率显著高于B组(χ2=6.108,P<0.05).两组产妇的年龄、分娩孕周、分娩方式、妊娠晚期体质量指数、妊娠期增重、妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病比较均有显著性差异(χ2=3.893~8.324,均P<0.05),而产次、新生儿体重比较无显著性差异(χ2值分别为0.687、2.451,均P>0.05).对单因素分析中有统计学意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示产妇年龄大、妊娠晚期体质量指数高、妊娠期增重过多是影响产妇泌乳水平的独立危险因素(OR值分别为2.942、2.012、3.522,均P<0.05).结论 妊娠晚期体质量指数过高、增重过多是影响产妇泌乳水平的独立危险因素,产妇应在妊娠期加强锻炼,避免肥胖.     

孕前体质指数和孕期增重与子痫前期及其临床亚型的关系

目的 探讨孕前BMI和孕期增重与子痫前期（PE）及其临床亚型的发生风险的关系。方法 选取2012年3月至2016年9月在山西医科大学第一医院妇产科分娩的孕妇,根据纳入排除标准,共纳入9 274例孕妇,901例PE孕妇作为病例组,8 373例非PE孕妇作为对照组。收集一般人口学特征、孕前身高和体重、孕期生活方式、生育史和疾病史等资料,计算孕前BMI及孕期增重。采用非条件logistic回归分析孕前BMI和孕期增重与PE及其临床亚型的关系。结果 PE中早发型PE （EOPE）401例、晚发型PE （LOPE）500例,轻度PE （MPE）178例、重度PE （SPE）723例。PE孕妇和非PE孕妇在年龄、居住地、产次、妊娠期糖尿病及高血压家族史等方面差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。调整以上因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示,孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m²和孕期增重不足是PE的保护因素（OR=0.74,95%CI：0.56~0.98;OR=0.78,95%CI：0.62~0.99）,孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m²和孕期增重过多是PE的危险因素（OR=1.82,95%CI：1.54~2.14;OR=1.82,95%CI：1.54~2.15）。对PE临床亚型分析后结果显示,孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m²是EOPE和MPE的保护因素（OR=0.52,95%CI：0.32~0.83;OR=0.47,95%CI：0.23~0.97）,孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m²和孕期增重过多是PE临床亚型的危险因素。按孕前BMI分层后,孕前18.5 kg/m² ≤ BMI<24.0 kg/m²和孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m²的孕妇中孕期增重过多（OR=1.86,95%CI：1.51~2.30;OR=1.90,95%CI：1.39~2.60）均是PE的危险因素;孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m²的孕妇中孕期增重不足（OR=0.55,95%CI：0.34~0.89）是PE的保护因素。孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m²的孕妇中孕期增重过多（OR=4.05,95%CI：1.20~13.69）是EOPE的危险因素;孕前18.5 kg/m² ≤ BMI<24.0 kg/m²的孕妇中孕期增重过多是PE各临床亚型的危险因素;孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m²的孕妇中孕期增重不足是EOPE和MPE的保护因素（OR=0.39,95%CI：0.19~0.80;OR=0.29,95%CI：0.11~0.77）,孕期增重过多是EOPE、LOPE和SPE的危险因素（OR=1.60,95%CI：1.06~2.42;OR=2.20,95%CI：1.44~3.37;OR=2.28,95%CI：1.58~3.29）。结论 孕前BMI和孕期增重影响PE及其临床亚型的发生风险,且不同孕前BMI人群孕期增重对PE的影响有差异,提倡同时关注孕前BMI和孕期体重变化,从而减少PE发生。     

农村地区妊娠期糖尿病的高危因素及妊娠结局的研究分析

目的 对新诊断标准下农村地区妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)高危因素进行分析和研究.方法 收集2015年6月至2015年12月在河北省廊坊市文安县医院就诊并诊断为GDM的284例孕妇作为病例组,同时随机抽取同期284例糖代谢正常的孕妇作为对照组,进行问卷调查,对两组孕妇在妊娠年龄、孕前体质量指数、孕期增重、糖尿病家族史、喜爱甜食、喜爱肉食、体力劳动情况及妊娠结局情况进行回顾性分析,找出GDM的高危因素,并总结GDM对妊娠结局的影响.结果 病例组的妊娠年龄、孕前体质量指数、孕期增重均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为6.365、4.820、4.935,均P＜0.01);病例组的糖尿病家族史、喜爱甜食、喜爱肉食的发生率均高于对照组(x2值分别为15.218、22.899、30.093,均P＜0.01),而参与体力劳动则少于对照组(x2=16.970,P＜0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析显示:妊娠年龄、孕前体质量指数、孕期增重、糖尿病家族史、喜爱甜食、喜爱肉食为GDM高危因素(OR值分别为1.182、1.138、1.053、2.140、1.729、2.099,均P＜0.05),而体力劳动为保护性因素(OR=0.177,均P＜0.05).GDM组与对照组相比剖宫产率明显增高(GDM组63.7％,对照组32.7％,x2=54.603,P＜0.01),新生儿中巨大儿的发生率也明显高于对照组(GDM组14.4％,对照组3.5％,x2=20.702,P＜0.01).结论 高妊娠年龄、高孕前体质量指数、孕期增重过多、有糖尿病家族史、喜爱甜食、喜爱肉食为GDM的高危因素,而参与体力劳动为GDM的保护因素.GDM孕妇的剖宫产率及巨大儿发生率明显高于对照组.     

末次月经时间对孕期增重干预效果的影响初探

目的：研究现有营养干预手段下末次月经时间对孕妇孕期增重（ GWG）和孕晚期血脂水平的影响,为改善孕期体重控制的营养干预手段提供依据。方法以在重庆市北碚区妇幼保健院营养门诊接受干预的272例孕妇为研究对象,根据末次月经时间所在月份分为4个季度组,通过问卷和膳食调查,制定孕期增重标准和食谱。比较各组体重增加值、符合美国医学研究院（IOM）孕期增重标准的体重控制率以及孕晚期血脂水平。结果根据IOM 2009年标准272名孕妇中117人（41．9％）体重控制良好,末次月经时间在不同季度的孕妇间孕期体重控制率和孕晚期甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平差异无统计学意义（χ2＝6．398,F值分别为1．073、1．314和0．170,均P＞0．05）,而第一季度组孕期增重高于其余3个季度（F＝2．981,P＝0．032,LSD均P＜0．05）,孕晚期血清TG和LDL-C增长幅度组间差异无统计学意义（F值分别为0．521和0．464,均P＞0．05）。结论末次月经时间对孕期增重干预效果有影响,末次月经时间在第一季度的孕妇是孕期体重管理的重点人群。     

单纯性尿道下裂发病影响因素病例对照研究

目的了解单纯性尿道下裂发病的影响因素,为预防和减少单纯性尿道下裂的发病提供理论依据。方法采用以医院为基础的1:1病例对照研究方法对2010年5月—2011年4月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院住院的85例先天尿道下裂患儿及同期住院的85例其他疾病患儿父母进行面访调查。结果病例组父亲高中及以上文化程度、母亲高中及以上文化程度、胎儿低出生体重、母亲孕前月经不调、孕前用药、孕早期摄入蛋白质、孕早期服用叶酸、孕期出现异常情况、孕前及孕早期接触化学物及父亲职业接触化学物和家庭从事农牧业生产的比例分别为23.5%、28.2%、32.9%、28.2%、32.9%、47.1%、20.0%、50.6%、42.4%、68.2%和49.4%;对照组分别为50.6%、47.1%、5.9%、15.3%、18.2%、63.5%、36.5%、25.9%、16.5%、42.4%和32.9%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Lo-gistic回归分析结果表明,胎儿低出生体重(OR=2.12,95%CI=1.18,4.14)、母亲孕期出现异常情况和孕前(OR=3.09,95%CI=1.41,6.80)及孕早期接触化学物是单纯性尿道下裂发病的危险因素;父亲高中及以上文化程度(OR=2.12,95%CI=1.18,4.14)是单纯性尿道下裂发病的保护因素。结论胎儿低出生体重、母亲孕期出现异常情况和母亲孕前及孕早期接触化学物的儿童更易患单纯性尿道下裂。     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors among young adult Asian Indians

Metabolic syndrome has a high prevalence within the U.S population. Asian Indians have a greater prevalence of the chronic diseases associated with this syndrome compared to Caucasians. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of risk factors of metabolic syndrome in young adult Asian Indians. Behavioral risk factors, dietary intake, and anthropometric measurements were assessed on all study participants (n = 50). The mean BMI was 23.2 and 20.4, waist circumference was 87 and 79 cm, and percent body fat was 16 and 26% for males and females, respectively. Macronutrient contributions to the total energy intake were: carbohydrate 55% for males and females, protein 14 and 12% for males and females respectively, and total fat 31 and 33% for males and females, respectively. Using the definition of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III, ATP III), these Asian Indians did not appear to be at high risk for developing metabolic syndrome. However, using the newly proposed recommendations for Asian Indians, the results suggest that this group may be at risk for developing metabolic syndrome.     

Maternal Body Mass Index and Self-Reported Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

Objectives: The association between extremes of body mass index (BMI) and depression in women has been documented, yet little is known about the relationship between obesity and postpartum depression (PPD). This study seeks to characterize the association between BMI and PPD. Methods: The 2000–2001 Utah data from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were used to determine the proportion of women, stratified by prepregnancy body mass index, reporting postpartum depressed mood and stressors during pregnancy. Results: The prevalence of self-reported moderate or greater depressive symptoms was 27.7% (S.E. ±2.2) in underweight, 22.8% (±1.2) in normal weight, 24.8% (±2.9) in overweight and 30.8% (±2.5) in obese women. After controlling for marital status and income, normal BMI (19.8–25.9) was associated with the lowest rate of self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms. There was a two-fold increase in self-reported depressive symptoms requiring assistance among overweight and obese women compared to normal weight women (1.53% normal, 2.99% overweight, and 3.10% obese [p < 0.001]). Obese women were significantly more likely to report emotional and traumatic stressors during pregnancy than normal weight women. Conclusion: This population-based survey suggests a potential association between prepregnancy body mass index and self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms. Prospective studies of association between obesity and PPD, with improved diagnostic precision are warranted.     

母亲孕前体重指数及孕期增重与儿童哮喘的相关性研究

目的 探讨母亲孕前体重指数(BMI)及孕期体重增加与儿童哮喘发生的相关性。方法 共收集2014年1月-2016年1月在本院产科分娩的产妇170例,根据孕前BMI分为正常体重组 (对照组,88例)和肥胖组(82例)。记录其孕前BMI、孕期增重、新生儿情况等用于统计学分析。每年定期进行随访,比较儿童哮喘发生的情况。结果 1)与对照组相比,肥胖组孕期增重正常的比例显著降低,增重超标的比例显著升高(χ²＝12.61、16.94,P<0.01);2)与对照组相比,肥胖组的剖宫产率、巨大儿比例及新生儿BMI均显著升高(P<0.05);3)与对照组相比,肥胖组的总哮喘发生率显著升高,且肥胖组中增重超标的产妇所孕育的儿童哮喘发生率显著升高(χ²＝5.725,5.067;P<0.05)。结论 母亲孕前肥胖且孕期增重超标是诱发儿童哮喘的危险因素,也是导致剖宫产及巨大儿比例升高的主要原因。合理控制孕前BMI及孕期增重,有利于改善妊娠结局并有效控制儿童哮喘的发生率。     

母亲孕前体重指数及孕期增重与儿童哮喘的相关性研究

目的 探讨母亲孕前体重指数(BMI)及孕期体重增加与儿童哮喘发生的相关性。方法 共收集2014年1月-2016年1月在本院产科分娩的产妇170例,根据孕前BMI分为正常体重组 (对照组,88例)和肥胖组(82例)。记录其孕前BMI、孕期增重、新生儿情况等用于统计学分析。每年定期进行随访,比较儿童哮喘发生的情况。结果 1)与对照组相比,肥胖组孕期增重正常的比例显著降低,增重超标的比例显著升高(χ²＝12.61、16.94,P<0.01);2)与对照组相比,肥胖组的剖宫产率、巨大儿比例及新生儿BMI均显著升高(P<0.05);3)与对照组相比,肥胖组的总哮喘发生率显著升高,且肥胖组中增重超标的产妇所孕育的儿童哮喘发生率显著升高(χ²＝5.725,5.067;P<0.05)。结论 母亲孕前肥胖且孕期增重超标是诱发儿童哮喘的危险因素,也是导致剖宫产及巨大儿比例升高的主要原因。合理控制孕前BMI及孕期增重,有利于改善妊娠结局并有效控制儿童哮喘的发生率。     

The association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors among adults

Background Although current dietary guidelines recommend limiting foods high in fat and saturated fat, such as high‐fat dairy, the effect of cheese consumption on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors is largely unknown. Methods Participants from a US population‐based survey, NHANES III, aged 25–75 years who completed a food frequency questionnaire and had measures of body composition and cardiovascular risk factors were included (n = 10 872). Linear regression was used to compare anthropometrics, blood lipids, blood pressure and blood glucose across categories of cheese consumption (combined full and low‐fat). Results In women, more frequent cheese consumption was associated with higher HDL‐C and lower LDL‐C (p for trend, < 0.05). However, in men, more frequent cheese consumption was associated with a higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, HDL‐C and LDL‐C, and diastolic blood pressure (p for trend, < 0.05). Men consuming 30 + servings/month had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure compared to nonconsumers (P < 0.05). Conclusions More frequent cheese consumption was associated with less favourable body composition and cardiovascular risk profile in men, but with a more favourable cardiovascular risk profile in women. However, the type of cheese consumed by men and women may have differed resulting in opposing trends on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors.     

Impact Of Maternal Alcohol Intake On Birth Weight

Alcohol abuse during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and congenital malformations. Alcoholism prior to conception, even with abstinence during pregnancy, decreases birth weight.