腹腔镜膀胱全切术治疗极高龄肌层浸润性膀胱癌临床效果观察

目的探讨腹腔镜膀胱全切术治疗80岁以上极高龄肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床疗效与安全性。方法选取2014年7月至2016年7月收治的80岁以上浸润性膀胱癌患者32例,所有患者均行腹腔镜膀胱全切术。观察并记录手术时间、术中失血量、术后住院时间及并发症发生情况等。结果 32例患者手术均获成功,无死亡,其中,4例中转开腹;平均手术时间为(181.0±40.3)min;平均术中出血量为(325.0±88.9)ml;平均术后住院时间为(10.0±2.8)d;术后发生肺部感染2例、下肢静脉血栓2例、应激性溃疡1例、切口感染1例。结论腹腔镜膀胱全切术治疗80岁以上极高龄肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者安全有效,可在临床推广应用。     

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的诊断与治疗（附11例临床分析）

目的：总结膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的诊治特点,探讨治疗方法与预后的关系。方法：回顾性分析11例膀胱非上皮肿瘤临床资料。男7例。女4例。年龄32—65岁。其中血尿6例,尿频2例,排尿困难1例,排尿晕厥2例。超声及CT检查发现11例膀胱占位病变,均行膀胱镜检查及活检。结果：9例良性肿瘤行单纯肿瘤剜除术或膀胱部分切除术;2例恶性肿瘤均行膀胱全切术。恶性肿瘤术后辅助化疗、放疗。随访3个月-3年。良性肿瘤均无复发,恶性肿瘤2例死于术后3年内,平均存活13个月。结论：膀胱非上皮性肿瘤临床上少见,病理类型复杂,恶性居多,预后较差。误诊率高,深部活检可提高其诊断率。膀胱部分切除术或膀胱全切术是本病的主要治疗方法．良性肿瘤应完整切除．恶性肿瘤应争取广泛切除．结合其病理特点辅助放化疗可提高疗效。     

膀胱全切乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术的护理

目的探讨腹腔镜膀胱全切乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术的护理要点。方法对7例浸润性膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜膀胱全切乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术,观察患者的术前准备、术后护理及新膀胱功能训练的效果。结果所有手术均取得成功,术中无并发症发生,随访3～18个月,所有患者白天可完全控制排尿,2例夜间偶有尿失禁。结论术前充分的肠道准备、术后保持各引流管通畅及早期缩肛训练新膀胱是保证手术疗效、减少并发症的护理关键。     

节段性盲结肠去带可控膀胱术8例

1997年 2月～ 2 0 0 0年 1月 ,对 8例全膀胱切除患者施行节段性盲结肠去带可控膀胱术 ,疗效满意 ,报告如下。1　资料和方法1 1　临床资料　本组 8例 ,男 7例 ,女 1例。年龄 4 0～ 68岁 ,平均 5 6 5岁。膀胱移行细胞癌 7例 ,其中膀胱部分切除术后复发 2例 ,前列腺癌 1例。病理报告 1例为前列腺低分化腺癌 ,7例为移行上皮细胞癌 (Ⅱ～Ⅲ级 )。1 2　手术方法　膀胱癌根治切除术后 ,游离并截取 2 0～2 5ｃｍ盲升结肠 ,于距回盲瓣 8～ 10ｃｍ处切断回肠 ,分离系膜 ,形成带血循的回盲升结肠段。其两端之回结肠行端端吻合 ,恢复肠道连续性。将游离…     

前列腺摘除术后膀胱痉挛的诱因分析及预防对策

膀胱痉挛是前列腺摘除手术后常见并发症之一,表现为频繁的排尿感、难以耐受的膀胱强烈收缩、疼痛及尿道外口反射痛[1]。其疼痛程度远远大于切口痛。如何预防和减少膀胱痉挛,减轻患者痛苦,使之顺利渡过手术期是护理工作的关键。1　临床资料1988～1998年我科共行前列腺摘除术750例,发生膀胱痉挛80例,年龄55～91岁,平均70.5岁,行经耻骨上前列腺摘除术65例,前列腺电切术15例,术后均留置导尿管并外用盐水持续膀胱冲洗,冲洗时间4～8ｄ,平均6ｄ。2　诱因分析及预防对策前列腺电切术中电灼刺激、膀胱伤口的疼痛、尿管刺激膀胱粘膜,发生膀胱痉挛…     

经腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术18例

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术中的应用价值。方法本组18例均为膀胱尿路上皮癌,TNM分期为T2a N0M011例、T3a N0M05例、T3b N0M02例,麻醉选择气管插管全身麻醉,采用5点穿刺法置入腹腔镜,手术方式为根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术。结果全组18例均手术顺利,无一例中转行开放手术。手术时间为5⁷.5(6.4±0.8)h;出血1507.5(6.4±0.8)h;出血150⁴00(292.2±79.0)ml;术后肠道功能恢复时间为2400(292.2±79.0)ml;术后肠道功能恢复时间为2⁴ d,2例出现漏尿,均在14 d内消失。术后随访时间为64 d,2例出现漏尿,均在14 d内消失。术后随访时间为6¹2(9.4±1.8)个月,所有病例控尿情况均较理想,超声检查均未发现输尿管扩张、肾积水,3例代膀胱残余尿>100 ml,均未发现复发及转移。结论根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种有效的微创手术方法。     

钬激光联合羟喜树碱治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌

目的探讨经尿道钬激光切除术联合羟喜树碱膀胱灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法47例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者在局麻下经尿道钬激光切除膀胱肿瘤,术后给予羟喜树碱膀胱灌注治疗,并定期随访,3个月复查膀胱镜1次。结果手术均一次成功,术中无膀胱穿孔、闭孔神经反射及术后继发性出血等并发症。术后随访平均13个月（4—25个月）,7例复发（14．9％）,均再次行钬激光切除。结论钬激光切除术联合羟喜树碱膀胱灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌安全,创伤小,效果满意,值得在临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜输尿管膀胱再植术治疗膀胱输尿管反流的疗效分析

 目的 探讨腹腔镜输尿管膀胱再植术治疗膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteral reflux, VUR)的手术技巧与临床疗效。方法 2010-01至2014-06,北京军区总医院共收治膀胱输尿管反流9例,其中男4例,女5例,年龄16～43岁,平均(27.0±3.2)岁。所有患者均为单侧病变,3例为原发性反流,6例为继发性反流。所有患者均按照膀胱外黏膜下隧道法行腹腔镜输尿管膀胱再植术,术后随访。结果 9例手术均获成功,无中转开放。手术持续时间70～180 min,平均(117±27.5) min。术中出血量为20～60 ml,平均(36±12.4)ml。术后住院时间为4～9 d,平均(6.3±2.1)d。所有患者均无漏尿,1例术后发生膀胱痉挛,余患者无并发症。所有患者均获随访,随访时间9～36个月。术后3个月排泄性膀胱尿道造影提示Ⅰ级反流2例,术后半年Ⅰ级反流1例。术后所有患者输尿管、肾盂扩张情况均无进行性加重。结论 腹腔镜输尿管膀胱再植术具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快等优势,是治疗VUR可选择的微创方法,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

医源性输尿管膀胱损伤的预防与处理

目的探讨妇产科手术引起的医源性输尿管膀胱损伤的原因、预防与处理。方法回顾性分析1996-2006年笔者所在医院妇产科传统手术引起的31例医源性输尿管膀胱损伤的病因及相应处理的临床资料。结果良性疾病全子宫切除术输尿管损伤2例,膀胱损伤3例;子宫癌前病变扩大子宫切除术输尿管损伤3例,膀胱损伤2例;恶性肿瘤根治性子宫切除术输尿管损伤5例,膀胱损伤7例;剖宫产术损伤输尿管1例,膀胱损伤8例。术中发现输尿管损伤7例给予断端缝合,膀胱损伤15例给予修补;术后发现输尿管损伤4例,包括输尿管下段梗阻伴患侧肾积水2例,输尿管阴道瘘2例,尽早行输尿管下段膀胱再植术;术后发现膀胱阴道瘘5例,术后3个月行经膀胱瘘管切除修补术。术后随访5个月～10年,全部痊愈。结论妇产科手术医源性损伤重在预防,及早发现并采取积极有效的措施,可减少并发症的发生。     

回肠膀胱术围手术期护理

利用肠道行膀胱替代是根治性膀胱全切术的重要环节。目前,各种可控和不可控的肠道代膀胱术种类繁多,Bricker回肠膀胱术相对来说是一种比较简单和安全的尿路改道手术。自1999年至2004年应用该术式对7例因膀胱癌行膀胱全切的病人行回肠膀胱术,随访效果满意。1资料与方法1.1一般资料7例,男6例,女1例。年龄52~73岁,平均56岁。病程3个月~3年。均有间歇性无痛性全程肉眼血尿。所有患者均行经腹B超,IVU,CT及膀胱镜检查加活检,发现多发性乳头状瘤2例,多发性原位癌1例,浸润性肿瘤4例,伴单侧输尿管扩张、肾中度积水2例。病理检查均为移性细胞癌。W…     

腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念治疗浸润性膀胱癌临床效果研究

目的探讨腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年12月收治的56例浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床资料,其中,采用传统开放性膀胱癌根治术进行治疗的28例患者作为A组,采用腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念进行治疗的28例患者作为B组。比较两组患者手术平均时间、术中平均失血量、术后首次排气时间、术后疼痛持续时间、术后切口感染率及术后平均住院时间。对两组患者随访6~12个月,记录并发症发生例数并计算发生率。结果 B组手术平均时间、术中平均失血量、术后首次排气时间、术后疼痛持续时间、术后切口感染率及术后平均住院时间均明显低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者治愈出院后随访6~12个月,B组随访6个月、12个月的并发症发生率均明显低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术联合快速康复外科理念治疗浸润性膀胱癌安全有效,可加速患者术后康复,与传统开放性膀胱癌根治术比较,具有一定的优势,值得临床推广应用。     

机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切术联合回肠原位新膀胱术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌临床研究

目的探讨机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切术联合回肠原位新膀胱术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果与安全性。方法回顾性分析2014年3月至2017年2月收治的11例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床资料,其中,男性9例,女性2例。所有患者均行机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切术联合回肠原位新膀胱术。记录手术时间、出血量、住院时间、术后并发症等临床指标。结果 11例手术均获成功,无中转开腹,无死亡;平均手术时间(420.0±37.5)min;平均术中出血量(295.5±116.3)ml;平均术后住院时间(14.5±0.7)d;术后发生下肢静脉血栓1例,淋巴漏1例,复发1例。结论机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切术联合回肠原位新膀胱术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌具有创伤小、操作精细、术后恢复快等特点,是一种安全可行的手术方式。     

Percutaneous incision of stenotic uroenteric anastomoses with a cutting balloon catheter: long-term results

PURPOSE: To describe the technique and results of incision of strictures in anastomotic urinary diversions with a commercially available cutting balloon catheter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven stenoses were treated in 32 patients. Most (28 [88%]) of the patients had undergone surgery for bladder cancer 17.7 months +/- 17.4 (SD) (range, 3-72 months) before incision. Thirteen patients had undergone ileal conduit diversion, and nineteen had undergone enterocystoplasty. All stenoses were shorter than 3 cm. The presence of adjacent ileal loops and/or iliac vessels was assessed with computed tomography before incision. The cutting wire was oriented anteriorly or anterolaterally, and the balloon was inflated with diluted contrast material during the incision. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was constructed to illustrate the success rates over time. RESULTS: No major complications occurred. Twelve (32%) stenoses recurred in nine patients 15 months +/- 10 (range, 6-36 months) after stent removal; the failure rate was 53% (eight of 15 stenoses) for ileal conduits and 18% (four of 22 stenoses) for enterocystoplasties. Late failure (>12 months) was observed in four patients. The patency of the other 25 stenoses (23 patients) was checked 25 months +/- 11 after stent removal (range, 5-43 months). The actuarial patency rate was 77% at 1 year, 68% at 2 years, and 62% at 3 years. CONCLUSION: Cutting balloon incision is a safe and simple alternative to surgery, particularly when the urinary diversion is enterocystoplasty.     

The double wire technique: an improved method for treating challenging ureteroileal anastomotic strictures and occlusions

Up to 10% of patients who undergo ileal conduit urinary diversion may go on to develop ureteroileal anastomotic stenosis (UIAS); this can lead to recurrent urinary tract infections and deterioration in renal function. Classical management has been open revision of the anastomosis. We describe a novel technique that allows balloon dilatation and ureteral stent placement in a retrograde fashion. All patients in this study had undergone radical cystectomy and ileal conduit formation with Wallace type end-to-end refluxing uretero-intestinal anastomosis. After initial retrograde loopogram, a 6F MPA-1 catheter and an 0.035 inch extra stiff guide was passed to the distal ostium. Subsequently, a customised 8F bright tip MPA-1 guiding catheter was advanced over the guide wire which allowed effective splinting of the equipment to facilitate greater control of a second catheter and guide wire combination to access the stenotic or occluded anastomosis. Results show that a total of ten anastomoses were treated; nine anastomoses were successfully treated with a primary retrograde approach with no intra or post-procedural complications. After a mean follow-up of 19 months (5-33 months), as assessed by ascending loopograms, all anastomoses remained open. In conclusion, morbidity of open surgery has resulted in the popularization of endourological techniques in treating anastomotic stenoses. However, key to these endourological techniques is access to the anastomosis; typically, this has been via a percutaneously placed nephrostomy. The ideal route to the anastomosis is via a retrograde approach; we have illustrated a safe and successful novel technique that utilized two guidewires and a guiding catheter, allowing retrograde ureteral access.     

The results of the percutaneous treatment of obstructed ureteral diversions. The technic and personal experience in 46 cases

The ureteral diversions performed in the treatment of mainly malignant lesions of the pelvis with ureteral or bladder involvement may be complicated by strictures and cause hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis and lithiasis. Personal experience and technique are described as applied in the percutaneous antegrade drainage of different urinary diversions (cutaneous ureterostomy, ileal conduit, colon conduit, ureterosigmoidostomy, ureterocolostomy) in 46 patients. The good results obtained (70% success rate), the absence of major complications, the low cost and the little patient discomfort confirm the leading role of percutaneous treatment versus surgery in obstructed urinary diversions.     

钬激光在泌尿外科的应用——附226例报告

目的 探讨钬激光在泌尿系疾病治疗中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年4月钬激光结合膀胱镜、输尿管镜经尿道或经皮肾穿刺通道治疗226例患者的临床资料.结果 18例膀胱结石,2例尿道结石,7例回肠代膀胱结石均一次性碎石成功.124例输尿管结石单次手术结石粉碎率为92.5%(115/124).39例肾结石采用微刨经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石成功率为92.3%(36/39).输尿管狭窄、息肉2例,尿道狭窄、息肉2例,浅表性膀胱肿瘤18例,前列腺增生14例均治愈.发生并发症12例,占5.3%(12/226).所有结石患者术后随访1～2个月,结石排净率为97.9%(186/190).结论 钬激光在碎石、切割组织、凝固止血等方面具有非常明显的优势,结合各种泌尿内腔镜治疗泌尿系疾病具有安全、有效、出血少、恢复快,应用范围广等优点.     

Organ-Sparing Treatment of Advanced Bladder Cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) and radiochemotherapy with cisplatin achieve high rates of bladder preservation and survival figures identical to radical cystectomy in muscle-invasive bladder cancers. The authors have investigated the potential use of paclitaxel in a radiochemotherapy protocol for patients with inoperable bladder carcinomas and mainly contraindications to cisplatin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between October 1997 to August 2004, 42 patients (median age 71 years) suffering from muscle-invasive (n=32) or recurrent (n=10) bladder cancers were treated with a paclitaxel-containing radiochemotherapy (paclitaxel 25-35 mg/m(2) twice weekly) after TUR-BT (R0/1/2/x in n=18/4/14/3) or cystectomy with residual tumor (n=3). Five patients received additional cisplatin. Radiation treatment was administered to a total dose of 45-60 Gy. RESULTS: 76.2% completed the planned regimen. Adaptations of treatment were mainly required due to diarrhea. Grade 3/4 toxicities occurred in 15/1 patients. Severe renal toxicities did not occur. 28 patients underwent restaging TUR-BT 6 weeks after radiochemotherapy (complete remission/partial remission/progressive disease: n=24/3/1). Three patients developed a local recurrence and four distant metastases. Seven patients died from tumor, six of other reasons. CONCLUSION: Radiochemotherapy with paclitaxel was feasible and this bladder approach needs further investigation to evaluate whether paclitaxel could become a substitute for cisplatin.     

Skeletal muscle metastasis from transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: clinicoradiological features

AIM: To define the clinicoradiological characteristics of skeletal muscle metastasis from transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients with skeletal muscle metastasis was undertaken between January 1999 to December 2001. Patients suspected of having a metastasis on radiological examinations, and subsequently proven to have metastatic disease on histological examination were included in study. The clinical presentation and radiological features of five patients with skeletal muscle metastasis from bladder tumours were reviewed from hospital records. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients had skeletal muscle metastasis from various primaries. Of these five patients had previous or concurrent primary tumours in the bladder. Patients were aged between 27-70 years (mean 52 years), and all had persistent, localized pain with or without accompanying swelling. The muscles involved were psoas in three patients, adductor muscles of thigh in one and rectus abdominis in one. Four patients had radical cystectomy with urinary diversion (two ileal conduit and two orthotopic sigmoid neobladder). One patient presented with bladder tumour and concomitant muscular metastasis. All patients underwent helical computed tomography (CT) before confirmation of diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or biopsy. The typical appearance of low-density enhancing lesions on CT was mistaken for abscess in two patients and failure to respond to conservative treatment led to suspicion of metastasis. Diagnosis was proven histologically in all patients (FNA in three and biopsy in two). All patients had palliative chemotherapy (Mitomycin, Vincristine, Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide). Two patients had local palliative 3500 rad radiotherapy for persistent pain. Mean survival was 8 months (range 6-12 months). CONCLUSION: Muscular metastasis from urothelial tumours typically presents with persistent localized pain with or without swelling. The characteristic low-density, ring-enhancing lesions on CT in a patient with previous or concomitant urothelial tumours should raise the suspicion of metastasis until proven otherwise. Prognosis is dismal.