大学生自杀可能性与人格五因素的关系

目的:探讨自杀可能性与人格五因素的关系。方法:采用自杀可能性量表(SPS)和大五人格问卷(NEO-FFI)对6154名大学新生进行测查。结果:①自杀可能性和人格五因素均存在显著的性别差异;高、低自杀可能性组之间的人格特征存在显著差异。②相关分析结果表明,自杀可能性与神经质呈正相关,与其他人格因素呈负相关。③人格五因素对自杀可能性的逐步回归分析结果表明,4种人格因素进入回归方程,能预测自杀可能性的56.7%。其中,神经质对自杀可能性具有正向的预测作用;宜人性、外倾性和严谨性对自杀可能性具有负向的预测作用。结论:大学生自杀可能性与人格五因素关系密切。     

罪犯人格障碍症状与人格特征的相关研究

目的:探讨人格障碍症状与人格特征的关系.方法:采用人格障碍诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)大五人格量表(BFI)对420名罪犯进行调查,并与普通人群进行比较.结果:①罪犯人格障碍症状显著高于普通人群.②罪犯在大五人格量表中的神经质因素与12种类型的人格障碍及总分存在极显著的正相关,宜人性因素与除强迫型以外的11种类型人格障碍及总分存在极显著的负相关.结论:罪犯群体存在比较严重的人格异常,需要及时矫正治疗.各类人格障碍与人格五因素模型各维度存在不同程度的相关关系.     

儿童人格特质对孤独感的影响:友谊质量的中介效应

目的:探讨小学儿童的孤独感与人格、友谊质量之间的关系。方法:采用青少年小五人格问卷、友谊质量问卷、儿童孤独感问卷对560名4~6年级小学生施测。结果:1人格、友谊质量与儿童孤独感之间存在显著相关,其中外向性、宜人性、尽责性、开放性与孤独感呈显著负相关,与友谊质量呈显著正相关;神经质与孤独感呈显著正相关,与友谊质量呈显著负相关;2儿童的友谊质量分别在外向性、宜人性、尽责性、开放性、神经质与孤独感之间起部分中介作用。结论:友谊质量在人格对儿童孤独感的影响中起中介作用。     

人格偏常大学生的人格特征

目的:探讨大学生人格偏常的特点。方法:采用自编一般资料调查表,人格障碍诊断问卷第4版(PDQ+4),大五人格问卷(NEO)简版,对2227名大学本科和高职院校学生施测,分析大学生偏常人格的检出率,比较不同分组大学生的人格差异。结果:1大学生人格偏常检测的阳性率最高为回避型人格障碍(27.0%),最低是反社会人格障碍(6.1%),同时具有3种以上人格偏常比例最大(26.9%);2多种人格偏常在性别、家庭结构、家庭收入,父母亲文化中均有显著性差异;3人格偏常阳性组与非阳性组在NEO的神经质(t=-15.22,P0.01),随和性(t=2.54,P0.05)和尽责性(t=-2.44,P0.05)3个维度上有显著性差异。结论:人格偏常大学生在大五特质中的神经质,随和性和尽责性维度上与人格正常大学生差异明显。     

大学生人格因素与自杀意念的关系

目的 探讨大学生人格因素与自杀意念的关系.方法 采用大五人格问卷(NEO—FFI)和自杀可能性量表(SPS)对6154名大学生进行测查.结果 ①有无自杀意念者之间的人格特征存在显著差异(t=26.28,P＜0.001);②相关分析表明,自杀意念与神经质呈正相关(r=0.41,P＜0.001),与其他人格因素呈负相关(r=-0.35,P＜0.001);③逐步回归分析表明,神经质、宜人性、外倾性和开放性等4种人格因素进入自杀意念的回归方程.结论 大学生的自杀意念受其人格因素的影响.其中神经质对自杀意念具有正向的预测作用;宜人性和外倾性对自杀意念具有负向的预测作用.     

研究生与本科生应对方式与大五人格关系

目的探讨本科生与研究生应对方式与大五人格的关系。方法采用应对方式问卷和大五人格量表中文简化版对184名研究生和343名本科生进行测查。结果本科生与研究生在应对方式的使用上没有显著差异,两群体都更多地使用解决问题和求助的应对方式;本科生的外向性、开放性和尽责性得分显著高于研究生(t=-2.099,-2.391,-2.478;P0.05);研究生与本科生应对方式与人格特质的相关同中有异;外倾性、开放性都能预测两群体的成熟应对方式,本科成熟应对方式还受神经质影响。结论研究生与本科生大五人格特质存在差异,研究生成熟防御机制受人格因素影响更大。     

驾驶员人格对驾驶愤怒的影响

目的:探索驾驶员人格对驾驶愤怒的影响。方法:采用驾驶愤怒问卷(DAQ)和大五人格问卷(BFI)对406名驾驶员进行测试。结果:男女驾驶员在驾驶攻击,发泄报复,不文明驾驶和轻度厌恶上得分差异显著(F=9.471,-10.228,5.435,-7.308;P0.05)。回归分析发现,在愤怒认知上,大五人格的外倾性和神经质具有正向预测作用(β=0.153,0.133;P0.05)。在愤怒行为上,大五人格的宜人性具有负向预测作用(β=-0.185,P0.05),外倾性和神经质具有正向预测作用(β=0.134,0.167;P0.05)。结论:驾驶员人格对驾驶愤怒认知和驾驶愤怒行为均有影响。     

大学生寝室氛围与大五人格的关系研究

研究大学生寝室氛围与大五人格的关系。采用《寝室氛围量表》和《大五人格问卷》对武汉市七所部属高校255名学生进行调查。结果显示：①大学生寝室氛围普遍较好，性别、年级与寝室氛围各维度存在相关关系。②大学生寝室氛围与大五人格多维度存在相关。③逐步回归分析表明：大五人格中的宜人性、外倾性对大学生寝室氛围有显著正向预测作用，神经质有显著负向预测作用。大五人格中的宜人性、神经质和外倾性对大学生寝室氛围有显著的影响。     

大学生人格特征对其博客行为的Logistic回归分析

目的:探讨大学生人格特征与博客创作行为的关系。方法:采用自编的大学生博客行为调查表和NEO-FFI大五人格问卷对401名在校大学生进行调查。结果:通过Logistic回归分析显示,大五人格中的经验开放性(β=0.414,wald=6.627,P<0.05)和尽责性(β=0.509,wald=5.226,P<0.05)特质对大学生博客行为具有显著的正向预测作用。结论:人格特征可以作为是否参与博客行为的有效预测变量。     

部队医院护士的人格特征对心理健康状况的影响

目的探讨人格特征对部队医院护士心理健康状况的影响。方法采用自制的一般情况问卷、大五人格量表、抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表对部队医院的1266名在职护士进行调查。结果①部队医院护士大五人格量表中的神经质维度平均得分为(48.33±9.64)分、外向性维度(51.84±6.41)分、开放性维度(48.78±6.62)分、宜人性维度(54.99±9.54)分、尽责性维度(54.51±6.94)分;②焦虑、抑郁标准分均高于中国常模(t=65.06,62.21;P0.01);③人格特征的神经质维度、开放性维度与焦虑抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.297,0.348,0.189,0.201;P0.01),外向性、宜人性、尽责性维度与焦虑抑郁呈显著负相关(r=-0.226,-0.280,-0.272,-0.361,-0.191,-0.324;P0.01)。结论部队医院护士的心理健康状态较差,人格方面倾向于乐于助人、富有同情,做事有计划,并能持之以恒;心理状态与人格特征之间存在相关性,且人格特征的一些维度可以预测焦虑抑郁的发生。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.