股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流的解剖学研究

目的 :为探讨Legg Perthes病的发病机理及临床治疗提供形态学依据。 方法 :采用巨微解剖、血管透明、组织切片、造影、扫描电镜等方法对 45例胎儿、新生儿及儿童的股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流途径、骨内微血管构筑特点进行观察。结果 :(1 )髋关节骨外静脉包括 :旋股内、外侧静脉 ,闭孔静脉 ,臀上、下静脉 ,颈后静脉 ,髂腰静脉 ,股骨头韧带静脉 ,颈升静脉 ;骨内静脉包括 :前、后、上、下骺静脉 ,内骺静脉 ,前、后、上、下干骺静脉。关节囊内存在丰富的滑膜下静脉网 ,髋关节周围形成两个彼此有吻合的环状结构。(2 )一条微动脉一般有两条微静脉伴行 ,微静脉间有丰富的横行吻合支 ,在微动脉移行为毛细血管的部位 ,常可见到环形缩窄。结论 :(1 )Legg Perthes病与股骨头、颈静脉回流障碍密切相关。 (2 )根据股骨头、颈骨内外静脉回流特点 ,Legg Perthes病可以设计骨内、外双重介入治疗 ,骨内、囊内静脉搭桥的显微外科治疗方案     

髋关节的静脉回流及其临床意义

20侧新鲜髋部标本经盐酸腐蚀静脉瓣后逆行灌注观察。髋关节的静脉回流经施股内、外侧静脉,臀上、下静脉,闭孔及髂腰静脉。它们在髋关节周围形成近、远侧静脉环。股骨头内静脉回流为22～25对以其最高点为中心辐射状走向头、颈交界处的辐射静脉,主干与其深、浅属支组成犹如以股骨头中轴为中心的隔板,在头、颈交界处形成2～3个立体静脉环,再经10余条股骨颈颈升静脉下行汇入髋关节远侧静脉环。     

股骨近端的血管构筑及其临床意义

<正>股骨近端的血管构筑极为复杂,其动脉血供及静脉引流对髋关节疾病如股骨头缺血性坏死的发生、发展及转归均有重要影响.众多文献表明任何一方面的功能紊乱和解剖异常均能引起股骨头缺血性坏死.本文就国内外研究现状作一总结.1 动脉血供股骨近端的血供来源于旋股内、外侧动脉,臀上、下动脉,闭孔动脉,第一穿动脉和股骨滋养动脉.依其分布部位分为骨内及骨外两个方面.1.1 骨外动脉1 .1.1 囊外动脉环 主要由旋骨内、外侧动脉在股骨颈基部构成,臀下动脉和臀上动脉     

股骨近侧端动脉的分布与吻合

通过动脉灌注,对100侧不同年龄(新生儿～67岁)尸体的股骨近侧端的血液供应进行了研究。囊外动脉环围绕股骨颈基部,由旋股内、外侧动脉组成,完整者占71％;囊内动脉环位于关节软骨缘滑膜下,由内侧、后、外侧和前颈升动脉组成,多见此环前部、后部和前、后部合并缺损,占74％。外骺动脉向关节软骨发出多级动脉弓,分布于股骨头的上、内、中央和外侧区。内侧颈升动脉分布于股骨头下后区。内骺动脉分布于有限的股骨头凹下区。关节软骨游离面由接近关节软骨缘和股骨头凹周缘的滑膜血管网及滑液营养,它的深部近骨—软骨接合处,由骺毛细管襻供给营养。上干骺部动脉分布于股骨颈外2/3,内侧颈升动脉和前、后颈升动脉短支分布于股骨颈相应区。在骺软骨骨化过程中,骺动脉与内侧颈升动脉在骨骺中建立一定的吻合弓。骺软骨板在成年骨化后消失,干骺部动脉穿入骨骺,与骺动脉建立广泛吻合。本文对股骨近侧端动脉的形态、行经、分布及其与临床的意义进行了讨论。     

胎儿和婴儿股骨近端的静脉及其临床意义

对54侧8个月胎儿至1岁儿童股骨近端的静脉进行了研究。股骨近端的静脉与其动脉伴行。骨内静脉先以静脉网套在小动脉外周,再汇集成一或二条静脉与动脉伴行引流至骨外。骨外回流途径包括前、后、内侧和外侧颈升静脉,股骨头韧带静脉,闭孔静脉,臀上、下静脉,旋股内、外侧静脉。结合静脉分布特点,对髋部某些疾病的发病机制进行了讨论。     

股骨头血供来源的应用解剖学研究

<正> 作者对61具髋关节囊内、外动脉的分布进行了剖察,并报告了剖察和测量结果。结果表明,股骨头的血液供应来自囊外动脉环上发出的前、后、内侧和外侧颈升动脉以及股骨头韧带动脉。前后颈升动脉和股骨头韧带动脉较细小,内侧颈升动脉只供应股骨头的后下部,故均较次要。外侧颈升动脉是营养股骨头的最重要的血管,58例是旋股内侧     

吻合血管腓骨修复股骨颈骨折与股骨头坏死的解剖学

目的：对吻合血管腓骨移植修复股骨颈骨折与股骨头缺血性坏死进行解剖学再探讨。方法：成人下肢标本,观测供区、受区血管的解剖学。结果：(1)观测了腓动脉及其伴行静脉起点的位置和外径及腓骨滋养动脉的分布。(2)观测了旋股外侧动脉及其升支的起点位置、干长和外径及其伴行静脉的外径。结论：旋股外侧血管升支为术式首选的受区血管,将腓动脉与旋股外侧血管的升支吻合,有利于重建股骨头颈的血供。     

股骨髓内钉进针点对股骨近端血供影响的解剖学研究

目的　推导股骨髓内钉进针点对股骨近端血供的影响。 方法 正常成人防腐髋关节标本68侧,观测旋骨外侧动脉、旋骨内侧动脉、臀上动脉和臀上动脉在股骨近端的分布、位置及与肌肉的关系,以及在股骨近端的血管吻合情况。 结果 10.3%（7侧）在臀小肌附着处旋股外侧动脉升支与旋股内侧动脉深支吻合, 89.7%（61侧）旋股内侧动脉深支与臀下动脉相吻合,70.6%（48侧）旋股内侧动脉深支与臀上动脉相吻合。 结论 当旋股内侧动脉损伤时其血供可由臀上、臀下动脉吻合补偿,而并非为旋股外侧动脉代偿。     

胎儿和婴儿股骨近端的血供及其临床意义

对54侧8个月胎儿至1岁儿童股骨近端的血供进行了研究。骨外以前、后、外侧、内侧颈升动脉和股骨头韧带动脉,骨内以前、后、上、下、内骺动脉和前、后、上、下于骺动脉分布于股骨头颈部。对动脉分布特点与股骨头缺血性坏死的关系进行了讨论。     

经旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的应用解剖

对 50例成人下肢标本的旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支的起源、起点、外径、走行、分布以及经这二支血管介入有关的结构进行观测 ,为介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死提供更接近病变部位及可进行插管的血管。结果表明 ,旋股外侧动脉升支与横支共干起自旋股外侧动脉者占 68% ,升支单独起自旋股外侧动脉占 2 6 % ;旋股内侧动脉深支由旋股内侧动脉主干延续而来。旋股内、外侧动脉深支或升支起点外径分别为 3 0± 0 8mm、 2 8± 0 7mm。从股动脉的起点 ,经股深动脉、旋股外侧动脉至其升支长度为 7 1± 1 1cm ;经股深动脉、旋股内侧动脉至其深支长度为 5 6± 1 4cm。旋股内侧动脉与其深支间约呈 90 。 角 ;旋股外侧动脉与其升支间约呈 1 33。 角。旋股内、外侧动脉深支 (升支 )为营养股骨头和颈的血管 ,这二支血管符合导管插入要求     

静脉蒂股骨外侧髁骨膜瓣修复膝关节软骨缺损的应用解剖

目的　为修复膝关节软骨缺损提供一个新的骨膜瓣供区。方法　在 5 0侧成人下肢标本上 ,解剖观察了膝上外侧血管的起始、行径、分支、分布及与周围血管的吻合 ;对另 3例进行了摹拟手术及静脉逆行灌注。结果　膝上外侧血管在股骨外侧髁上方 (2 5± 0 5 )cm处起自于血管 ,分出升支、横支、降支及浅支。横支、降支分布于股骨外侧髁。横支与膝降血管吻合 ,吻合率为 10 0 % (5 0侧 ) ;浅支与髌周血管环吻合 ,吻合率为 10 0 % (5 0侧 ) ;升支与旋股外侧血管降支吻合 ,吻合率为 92 %(4 6侧 )。上述血管束及分支均包含一条动脉、二条静脉。结论　在股骨外侧髁可以切取以膝上外侧血管横支、浅支或升支静脉为蒂的骨膜瓣 ,转移修复膝关节软骨缺损     

Classification of persistent left superior vena cava considering presence and development of both superior venae cavae, the anastomotic ramus between superior venae cavae, and the azygos venous system

Subjects with persistent left superior vena cava were classified on the basis of the presence and thickness of both superior venae cavae, the anastomotic ramus between the superior venae cavae (anastomotic ramus), and the presence of both azygos veins. Among subjects with persistent left superior vena cava, the percentage of those with weak development of the anastomotic ramus (41.5?%) or absence of an anastomotic ramus (35.8?%) was 77.3?%. In addition, 54.7?% of subjects had a left azygos vein. However, 88.7?% of subjects had a right azygos vein. In this classification, the most frequently observed types included the presence of both superior venae cavae, an anastomotic ramus, and both azygos veins (20.8?%). During student dissection practice sessions performed on 337 cadavers that were carried out from 2002 through 2010, a subject having a left superior vena cava (in 2002) and a subject having both superior venae cavae (in 2003) were detected. The former case was reported previously. The latter case is reported in this paper. The incidence of persistent left superior vena cava was 0.59?% (2/337 cadavers).     

The effect of haemorrhage on venous return and regional blood flow in the anaesthetized cat

1. In cats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, a venous long-circuit technique was used to measure the blood flows in the superior vena cava and the hepatic, renal and iliac segments of the inferior vena cava. The sum of these flows gave the venous return (minus coronary and bronchial flows).2. In these preparations, the mean venous return was 130 ml./kg. Of this 28% came from the superior vena cava and 37% from the hepatic, 23% from the renal and 12% from the iliac segments of the inferior vena cava.3. After haemorrhage, the flows from all the venae cavae segments decreased. The quantitative changes varied with the particular cat, the degree and duration of the haemorrhage and whether the animal had been subjected to a previous haemorrhage.4. The proportion of the reduced venous return draining from the superior vena cava and the hepatic segment increased, that draining from the renal and iliac segments decreased. Vasoconstriction occurred in all vascular beds, but was greatest in the kidney and hind limbs. Thus the blood flow through the head and liver was partially maintained at the expense of that through the kidneys and hind limbs.5. Autoregulation of blood flow in the kidneys was usually seen immediately after the first removal of blood but with the onset of renal vasoconstriction it was reduced or abolished for the remainder of the experiment.     

The cranial venous system in the rat: anatomical pattern and ontogenetic development

Summary The anatomical pattern and development of the venous system of the cranial base in the rat is described. The anatomy of the venous system was determined from observations of vascular casts in adult ratss; the development of the vascular system was established by examination of ink-injected embryos. A transverse sinus system was found to be present in the basal venous system. The sinus connects the posterior facial veins; its middle section transverses the cranial base through the basisphenoid canal, and it receives the venae ophthalmicae within the basisphenoid bone. The venae ophthalmicae in turn are connected to the perioptic veins and to the sinus interperiopticus intracranially. Dorsally, the venae ophthalmicae anastomose with the paired sinus cavernosus. The term sinus transversus basalis is proposed for the venous connection between the posterior facial veins within the basisphenoid bone of the rat. The anlage of the sinus transversus basalis is established by vascular networks during the final prenatal period, its formation, however, is only completed postnatally. The anlages of the venae periopticae, the venae ophthalmicae, the sinus cavernosus and the rami intercavernosi are already established at early developmental stages. The characteristic pattern is formed before birth.On leave from the First Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis OTE Budapest, Hungary     

A case of a persistent left vena cava superior with atresia of the right atrial ostium of the coronary sinus

A persistent left vena cava superior with an atretic ostium of the coronary sinus was found during the routine dissecting course in the embalmed cadaver of an 83-year-old woman who had died from cardiac infarction. The left vena cava superior was very narrow in diameter (4 mm), originated at the lateral part of the left vena brachiocephalica and ran down between the venae pulmonales sinistrae and the auricula sinistra. The vena cava opened into the sinus coronarius of the heart, which terminated as a blind sac due to an atretic ostium. The vena coronaria sinistra as well as the vena interventricularis posterior drained into the sinus coronarius. Congenital atresia of the coronary opening is a rare malformation and is usually associated with other anomalies. The congenital ostial atresia could be the cause of a persistent left vena cava superior, which then takes over the drainage of the cardiac veins.     

Specific response of ovarian and uterine veins of mice to sex hormones

Pellets of glass (control), progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and estradiol-17β (E) were placed on the mesentery or subcutaneously in the flank in ovariectomized (O) and ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) mice, insuring that all or most of the hormone would pass through the superior mesenteric or circumflex iliac veins. After 21 days the diameters of these and of the ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and inferior vena cava were measured at autopsy. T and E caused significant enlargement of the uteri; E was also responsible for bladder distention. The ovarian and uterine veins enlarged significantly in mice treated with T and E as compared to the controls. All other veins failed to respond to P, T, and E. The evidence demonstrates a specific response of ovarian and uterine veins in O and OH mice to T and E.     

The endothelial surface of large veins of rabbit: scanning electron microscopic observations

The following veins of the rabbit were fixed by perfusion and studied systematically by scanning electron microscopy: sagittal sinus, confluence of sinuses, external jugular vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, greater saphenous, and femoral veins. One result is that the shape and arrangement of endothelial cells of the veins are obviously influenced by hemodynamic shear forces. Two types of subendothelial fibres were demonstrated: "cross-fibers" which correspond to the circular inner muscle cells of the media, and "longitudinal fibers" which correspond to the intimal meshwork of connective tissue fibers. Regional differences are demonstrated in the occurrence of these fibres. Moreover, five morphologically different venous valve types are observed. The functional significance of these different valve types is not yet known.     

Duplication of the inferior vena cava associated with other variations

Multiple vascular variations, including duplication of the inferior vena cava, double renal arteries and anomalies of the testicular blood vessels, were observed during dissection of the retroperitoneal region of a cadaver of an 87-year-old Japanese man. The right inferior vena cava arose from the union of right common iliac veins and a thinner interiliac vein. This interiliac vein ascended obliquely from right to left and joined the left common iliac veins to form the left inferior vena cava. The right and left inferior venae cavae were of approximately equal width. The right testicular vein consisted of medial and lateral venous trunks. The two venous trunks coalesced to form a single vein, which drained into the confluence of the right inferior vena cava and right renal vein. The left testicular vein was composed of the medial and lateral testicular veins, which drained into the left renal vein. Double renal arteries were seen bilaterally, which originated from the lateral aspects of the abdominal aorta. The right testicular artery arose from the right inferior renal artery and accompanied the lateral trunk of the right testicular vein running downwards. The left testicular artery arose from the ipsilateral inferior renal artery and ran downwards accompanied by the left lateral testicular vein. In addition, the bilateral kidneys showed multicystic changes.