登革病毒Ⅱ型E基因片段在大肠杆菌中的表达及免疫原性分析

目的分析登革病毒Ⅱ型（DEN2）重组包膜蛋白的免疫原性，为登革Ⅱ型亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法扩增DEN2E基因片段（254—395AA），与表达载体pET-30a连接，构建重组表达载体，在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达重组蛋白。重组蛋白经高效液相色谱（HPLC）柱纯化后，进行阻断DEN2感染C6／36细胞试验，同时用重组蛋白免疫小鼠，采用中和实验法测定血清中和抗体效价。结果该基因片段在大肠杆菌中高效表达重组蛋白，重组蛋白可被抗DEN2多克隆抗体识别，纯化后的重组蛋白能有效地抑制DEN2感染C6／36细胞，经重组蛋白免疫的小鼠可产生中和抗体。结论表达的DEN2重组包膜蛋白具有良好的免疫原性，能诱导中和抗体的产生。     

果蝇polycomblike蛋白多克隆抗体的制备及纯化

目的构建、表达并纯化polycomblike(Pcl)6×His融合蛋白,制备该融合蛋白的大鼠多克隆抗体,纯化并鉴定该多克隆抗体。方法通过PCR反应从野生型果蝇W1118成虫cDNA中扩增Pcl基因部分片段,构建pRSETA-Pcl重组质粒。重组质粒转化大肠杆菌,IPTG诱导表达,Ni-NTA superflow层析柱纯化该融合蛋白,Western-blotting分析检测。用纯化的融合蛋白免疫SD大鼠,制备抗Pcl的多克隆抗体,溴化氰活化琼脂糖凝胶4B偶联法纯化多克隆抗体,Western-blotting检测该抗体的效率及特异性。结果成功构建原核表达质粒pRSETA-Pcl,大量表达并纯化Pcl融合蛋白。免疫大鼠获得多克隆抗体并纯化,Western-blotting及免疫组织化学染色结果表明该抗体可以检测Pcl全长蛋白及内源性蛋白。结论本研究获得了纯化的Pcl融合蛋白,成功制备并纯化了特异性较高的抗Pcl多克隆抗体,为进一步研究Pcl基因的功能奠定了基础。     

人脂联素球状结构域基因的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

目的:构建人脂联素球状结构域(gAd)基因的原核表达载体PET-28a(+)-gAd,诱导表达并纯化重组gAd蛋白,制备多克隆抗体。方法:以人基因组为模板,用PCR方法扩增人脂联素球状结构域(gAd)基因,构建原核表达载体PET-28a(+)-gAd,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导蛋白表达,经SDS-PAGE,免疫印迹法检测并鉴定表达产物,表达的目的蛋白用镍亲和层析柱纯化后免疫新西兰大白兔,制备多克隆抗体。结果:原核表达载体PET-28a(+)-gAd转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达,获得gAd重组蛋白,免疫印迹证实能与抗his标签检测抗体结合,制备的多克隆抗体经间接ELISA法测得效价为1∶32 000。免疫印迹证实,抗血清不仅能特异性地识别gAd蛋白,还能识别脂联素蛋白,而不与非特异性蛋白结合。结论:成功构建原核表达载体PET-28a(+)-gAd,并表达、纯化重组蛋白gAd,制备的多克隆抗体特异性好,效价较高,为进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

小鼠PTA1/CD226分子参与杀伤性T细胞(CTL)的分化

目的 阐明小鼠VIA1（mFFA1）/mCD226对杀伤性T淋巴细胞（CTL）分化的影响。方法 构建小鼠PTA1-hIgFc真核表达载体，表达并纯化mPTA1融合蛋白，免疫家兔，获得抗mPTA1的多克隆抗体，并用偶联mPTA1-Fc融合蛋白的Sepharose-4B亲和层析柱纯化多克隆抗体。间接免疫荧光染色后经流式细胞术鉴定多克隆抗体的特异性。通过混合淋巴细胞培养（MLC）诱导产生CTL效应细胞，以^51Cr释放试验检测mPTA1多克隆抗体在MLC中对T淋巴细胞分化及杀伤功能的影响。结果 获得了mPTA1-hIgFc融合蛋白和针对mPTA1胞膜外区的多克隆抗体，该抗体能与转染细胞表面天然mPTA1分子结合。mPTA1多克隆抗体对MLC诱导的CTL的杀伤有明显的抑制作用，并呈剂量依赖关系，mPTA1多抗加入的时间愈早，抑制杀伤作用的效果愈明显。结论 抗小鼠PTA1的多克隆抗体可在小鼠混合淋巴细胞培养中明显抑制CTL的分化。     

小鼠双尾C蛋白Bicc1多克隆抗体的制备及细胞内定位的初步研究

目的:制备小鼠双尾C蛋白Bicc1的多克隆抗体并确定其在细胞内定位.方法:根据生物信息学分析结果, PCR扩增小鼠Bicc1编码61E-199A的cDNA片段.将该片段克隆到GST融合蛋白表达载体上, 在IPTG诱导下产生Bicc1-N抗原.纯化目的蛋白并制备兔抗Bicc1蛋白多克隆抗体.Western blot鉴定抗体特异性, 并以间接免疫荧光法初步分析该蛋白在细胞内定位.结果:成功构建Bicc1-N片段原核表达载体, 在大肠杆菌中实现可溶性表达, 制备小鼠Bicc1蛋白的多克隆抗体, 并证实该蛋白主要表达于细胞质内.结论:成功制备了高效价并特异的兔抗Bicc1多克隆抗体, 为进一步研究Bicc1基因产物的生物功能奠定了基础.     

小鼠TIM-3原核表达载体的建立及多克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:克隆小鼠TIM-3基因,构建原核表达载体,制备相应的多克隆抗体并初步鉴定。方法:以小鼠脾细胞总RNA为模板,用RT-PCR方法,扩增得到TIM-3基因编码区,构建pRSET-B-TIM-3原核表达载体;经IPTG诱导表达并纯化重组蛋白;然后常规免疫家兔,制备多克隆抗体;用ELISA方法检测抗体的效价,用Western blot、免疫组化、流式细胞术检测抗体的特异性。结果:成功构建的原核表达载体pRSET-B-TIM-3在大肠杆菌中诱导后可以高效表达TIM-3蛋白;免疫获得的多克隆抗体经过ELISA检测,抗体效价为1∶320 000,经Western blot、免疫组化和流式细胞术等鉴定,抗体的特异性较好。结论:成功克隆出小鼠的TIM-3基因,构建了原核表达载体,制备的兔抗小鼠TIM-3多克隆抗体具有较高的效价和良好的特异性。     

德国小蠊细胞色素P450 CYP4G19基因的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

目的构建细胞色素P450 CYP4G19基因部分片段的原核表达载体并诱导其表达,纯化表达的融合蛋白并制备CYP4G19多克隆抗体。方法应用RT-PCR扩增CYP4G19基因部分片段,产物经T-A克隆、测序鉴定,亚克隆入原核表达载体pET-28a,在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中诱导表达,镍离子亲和层析法纯化重组蛋白后,免疫小鼠,获得多克隆抗体,ELISA及Western-blot检测多抗的效价及特异性。结果从德国小蠊cDNA中克隆出一段771bp的亲水性基因片段,在大肠杆菌中诱导表达出约32000Mr、以包涵体形式存在的P450重组蛋白。将纯化、复性的重组蛋白免疫小鼠。得到了滴度高于1：10^6的高效价多克隆抗体。Western-blot显示此多抗能与32000Mr的重组蛋白特异结合,并能识别天然的德国小蠊微粒体P450蛋白。结论利用原核表达的CYP4G19融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。制备出效价高、特异性强的抗德国小蠊CYP4G19多克隆抗体,为下一步关于德国小蠊CYP4G19蛋白表达特性及其抗药性功能的深入研究提供了重要的实验工具。     

兔抗mLAIR-1胞外区抗体的制备、纯化和鉴定

目的:表达并纯化小鼠白细胞相关免疫球蛋白样受体-1(mLAIR-1)胞膜外区与人IgGFc段的融合蛋白,制备兔抗mLAIR-1胞膜外区的抗体。方法:构建真核表达载体,表达并纯化mLAIR-1-Fc融合蛋白。以mLAIR-1-Fc融合蛋白免疫家兔,用偶联mLAIR-1-Fc融合蛋白的Sepharose-4B亲和层析柱纯化多克隆抗体。用间接免疫荧光染色和流式细胞术鉴定多克隆抗体的特异性。结果:表达并纯化了mLAIR-1-hIgFc融合蛋白。以其免疫家兔,用亲和层析的方法纯化得到兔抗mLAIR-1胞膜外区的抗体,能与转染细胞和细胞表面天然mLAIR-1分子结合。结论:成功地构建了mLAIR-1胞膜外区基因的真核表达载体,表达并纯化了mLAIR-1-Fc融合蛋白。用偶联mLAIR-1-Fc融合蛋白的Sepharose-4B亲和层析柱纯化的兔抗mLAIR-1胞外区抗体,具有高特异性和高效价,为进一步研究mLAIR-1分子的结构和功能提供了新的手段。     

Orai2蛋白的表达纯化与多克隆抗体制备及初步应用

目的:原核表达跨膜蛋白Orai2的GST融合蛋白,获得高敏感性、高特异性的兔抗Orai2多克隆抗体,用于Orai2条件性基因敲除小鼠鉴定及Orai2蛋白功能研究.方法:PCR扩增Orai2 CDS编码序列,亚克隆到编码GST的pGEX-6p-1原核表达载体上,将编码Orai2的pGEX-6p-1-Orai2重组质粒化学转化BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,IPTG诱导GST-Orai2融合蛋白表达,经固化的谷胱苷肽琼脂糖珠亲和纯化,透析浓缩,获得用于免疫的高纯度GST-Orai2融合蛋白.SDS-PAGE鉴定后,将纯化的融合蛋白辅以弗氏佐剂,按常规方法免疫新西兰大白兔以制备多克隆抗体.Western blot检测抗体效价和特异性,并进行Orai2条件性基因敲除小鼠和同窝野生型小鼠脑组织鉴定.结果:经亲和纯化后的GST-Orai2融合蛋白纯度较高,BCA蛋白定量检测试剂盒测定蛋白浓度约0.35 mg/ml.抗Orai2多抗抗体效价达1:10 000.能特异性识别转染真核细胞获得的过表达Orai2,以及小鼠脑组织内源性的Orai2蛋白,而不与Orai1发生交叉反应.同时,用自制的Orai2多克隆抗体检测发现,与同窝野生型小鼠相比,Orai2条件性基因敲除小鼠脑组织中Orai2蛋白表达明显降低.结论:成功表达并纯化了GST-Orai2融合蛋白,获得了高敏感度、特异性的抗Orai2蛋白的多克隆抗体,该抗Orai2多抗能特异性识别过表达的和小鼠脑组织内源性Orai2蛋白,能对Orai2条件性基因敲除小鼠和同窝野生型小鼠脑组织进行鉴定,且与Orai1没有交叉反应,为进一步研究Orai2功能奠定了基础.     

人IL-37在大肠杆菌表达及多克隆抗体的制备与鉴定北大核心CSCD

目的原核表达白细胞介素37(IL-37)及制备其多克隆抗体。方法 PCR扩增IL-37b成熟肽编码区基因,克隆至表达载体pET28a,转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达,Ni2+-NTA琼脂糖凝胶柱亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,以纯化的重组蛋白IL-37为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠制备其特异性抗体,用ELISA、Western blot法和免疫组织化学染色检测抗体的效价和特异性。结果原核表达了重组蛋白IL-37b成熟肽,并获得高效价的小鼠抗IL-37抗体,能特异性识别天然的IL-37抗原。结论成功制备效价高、特异性好的小鼠抗IL-37抗体。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.