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Higher Incentive Payments in Medicare Advantage's Pay‐for‐Performance Program Did Not Improve Quality But Did Increase Plan Offerings 下载免费PDF全文
Objective
To evaluate the effects of the size of financial bonuses on quality of care and the number of plan offerings in the Medicare Advantage Quality Bonus Payment Demonstration.Data Sources
Publicly available data from CMS from 2009 to 2014 on Medicare Advantage plan quality ratings, the counties in the service area of each plan, and the benchmarks used to construct plan payments.Study Design
The Medicare Advantage Quality Bonus Payment Demonstration began in 2012. Under the Demonstration, all Medicare Advantage plans were eligible to receive bonus payments based on plan‐level quality scores (star ratings). In some counties, plans were eligible to receive bonus payments that were twice as large as in other counties. We used this variation in incentives to evaluate the effects of bonus size on star ratings and the number of plan offerings in the Demonstration using a differences‐in‐differences identification strategy. We used matching to create a comparison group of counties that did not receive double bonuses but had similar levels of the preintervention outcomes.Principal Findings
Results from the difference‐in‐differences analysis suggest that the receipt of double bonuses was not associated with an increase in star ratings. In the matched sample, the receipt of double bonuses was associated with a statistically insignificant increase of +0.034 (approximately 1 percent) in the average star rating (p > .10, 95 percent CI: −0.015, 0.083). In contrast, the receipt of double bonuses was associated with an increase in the number of plans offered. In the matched sample, the receipt of double bonuses was associated with an overall increase of +0.814 plans (approximately 5.8 percent) (p < .05, 95 percent CI: 0.078, 1.549). We estimate that the double bonuses increased payments by $3.43 billion over the first 3 years of the Demonstration.Conclusions
At great expense to Medicare, double bonuses in the Medicare Advantage Quality Bonus Payment Demonstration were not associated with improved quality but were associated with more plan offerings. 相似文献3.
Jessica Greene Ph.D. 《Health services research》2013,48(4):1415-1432
Objective
This study examines the impact of Australia''s pay-for-performance (P4P) program for general practitioners (GPs). The voluntary program pays GPs A$40 and A$100 in addition to fee-for-service payment for providing patients recommended diabetes and asthma treatment over a year, and A$35 for screening women for cervical cancer who have not been screened in 4 years.Design
Three approaches were used to triangulate the program''s impact: (1) analysis of trends in national claims for incentivized services pre- and postprogram implementation; (2) fixed effects panel regression models examining the impact of GPs'' P4P program participation on provision of incentivized services; and (3) in-depth interviews to explore GPs'' perceptions of their own response to the program.Results
There was a short-term increase in diabetes testing and cervical cancer screens after program implementation. The increase, however, was for all GPs. Neither signing onto the program nor claiming incentive payments was associated with increased diabetes testing or cervical cancer screening. GPs reported that the incentive did not influence their behavior, largely due to the modest payment and the complexity of tracking patients and claiming payment.Implications
Monitoring and evaluating P4P programs is essential, as programs may not spark the envisioned impact on quality improvement. 相似文献4.
Tisamarie B. Sherry 《Health economics》2016,25(5):637-644
Pay‐for‐performance (P4P) is a widely implemented quality improvement strategy in health care that has generated much enthusiasm, but only limited empirical evidence to support its effectiveness. Researchers have speculated that flawed program designs or weak financial incentives may be to blame, but the reason for P4P's limited success may be more fundamental. When P4P rewards multiple services, it creates a special case of the well‐known multitasking problem, where incentives to increase some rewarded activities are blunted by countervailing incentives to focus on other rewarded activities: these incentives may cancel each other out with little net effect on quality. This paper analyzes the comparative statics of a P4P model to show that when P4P rewards multiple services in a setting of multitasking and joint production, the change in both rewarded and unrewarded services is generally ambiguous. This result contrasts with the commonly held intuition that P4P should increase rewarded activities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Hui‐Min Hsieh Ph.D. Shu‐Ling Tsai Ph.D. Lih‐Wen Mau Ph.D. Herng‐Chia Chiu Ph.D. 《Health services research》2016,51(2):667-686
Objective
Taiwan''s National Health Insurance (NHI) Program implemented a Diabetes Pay‐for‐Performance Program (P4P) based on process‐of‐care measures in 2001. In late 2006, that P4P program was reformed to also include achievement of intermediate health outcomes. This study examined how the change in design affected patient risk selection.Designs/Study Populations
Study populations were identified from a 2002 to 2003 period (Phase 1) and a 2007 to 2008 period (Phase 2), spanning pre‐ and postimplementation of reforms in the P4P incentive design. Phase 1 had 74,529 newly enrolled P4P patients and 215,572 non‐P4P patients, and Phase 2 had 76,901 newly enrolled P4P patients and 299,573 non‐P4P patients. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of changes in design on P4P patient selection.Principal Findings
Patients with greater disease severity and comorbidity were more likely to be excluded from the P4P program in both phases. Furthermore, the additional financial incentive for patients'' intermediate outcomes moderately worsened patient risk selection.Conclusions
Policy makers need to carefully monitor the care of the diabetes patients with more severe and complex disease statuses after the changes of P4P financial incentive design. 相似文献7.
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Rachel M. Werner M.D. Ph.D. R. Tamara Konetzka Ph.D. Daniel Polsky Ph.D. 《Health services research》2013,48(4):1393-1414
Objective
Pay-for-performance (P4P) is commonly used to improve health care quality in the United States and is expected to be frequently implemented under the Affordable Care Act. However, evidence supporting its use is mixed with few large-scale, rigorous evaluations of P4P. This study tests the effect of P4P on quality of care in a large-scale setting—the implementation of P4P for nursing homes by state Medicaid agencies.Data Sources/Study Setting
2001–2009 nursing home Minimum Data Set and Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting (OSCAR) datasets.Study Design
Between 2001 and 2009, eight state Medicaid agencies adopted P4P programs in nursing homes. We use a difference-in-differences approach to test for changes in nursing home quality under P4P, taking advantage of the variation in timing of implementation across these eight states and using nursing homes in the 42 non-P4P states plus Washington, DC as contemporaneous controls.Principal Findings
Quality improvement under P4P was inconsistent. While three clinical quality measures (the percent of residents being physically restrained, in moderate to severe pain, and developed pressure sores) improved with the implementation of P4P in states with P4P compared with states without P4P, other targeted quality measures either did not change or worsened. Of the two structural measures of quality that were tied to payment (total number of deficiencies and nurse staffing) deficiency rates worsened slightly under P4P while staffing levels did not change.Conclusions
Medicaid-based P4P in nursing homes did not result in consistent improvements in nursing home quality. Expectations for improvement in nursing home care under P4P should be tempered. 相似文献9.
George M. Holmes PhD George H. Pink PhD Sarah A. Friedman MSPH 《The Journal of rural health》2013,29(2):140-149
Purpose: To compare the financial performance of rural hospitals with Medicare payment provisions to those paid under prospective payment and to estimate the financial consequences of elimination of the Critical Access Hospital (CAH) program. Methods: Financial data for 2004‐2010 were collected from the Healthcare Cost Reporting Information System (HCRIS) for rural hospitals. HCRIS data were used to calculate measures of the profitability, liquidity, capital structure, and financial strength of rural hospitals. Linear mixed models accounted for the method of Medicare reimbursement, time trends, hospital, and market characteristics. Simulations were used to estimate profitability of CAHs if they reverted to prospective payment. Findings: CAHs generally had lower unadjusted financial performance than other types of rural hospitals, but after adjustment for hospital characteristics, CAHs had generally higher financial performance. Conclusions: Special payment provisions by Medicare to rural hospitals are important determinants of financial performance. In particular, the financial condition of CAHs would be worse if they were paid under prospective payment. 相似文献
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The Impact of Nursing Home Pay‐for‐Performance on Quality and Medicare Spending: Results from the Nursing Home Value‐Based Purchasing Demonstration 下载免费PDF全文
David C. Grabowski Ph.D. David G. Stevenson Ph.D. Daryl J. Caudry M.A. A. James O'Malley Ph.D. Lisa H. Green Ph.D. Julia A. Doherty M.H.S.A. Richard G. Frank Ph.D. 《Health services research》2017,52(4):1387-1408
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Administrative reform and pay‐for‐performance methods of primary health service delivery: A comparison of 3 health districts in Cambodia, 2006‐2012 下载免费PDF全文
Keovathanak Khim Rohan Jayasuriya Peter Leslie Annear 《The International journal of health planning and management》2018,33(2):e569-e585
Since 1999, performance‐based financing or pay‐for‐performance (P4P) methods have been piloted in the Cambodian public health sector, first as one part of external contracting approaches with international nongovernment organizations and from 2009 as a part of internal contracting arrangements between units within the Ministry of Health under a wider public sector administrative reform. This study analyses these reforms and compares outcomes in 3 health districts. The study analysed routine quantitative data for primary care service delivery by using the interrupted time series method. Qualitative data were collected from key informant interviews. Both the level and the trend line of key service delivery indicators during earlier contracting/P4P models were at least maintained and in most cases increased with the move to internal contracting. The results of the interrupted time series analysis were mixed, mainly due to contextual issues. Qualitative results indicated an increased sense of local ownership and financial sustainability. Despite the gains, the management of personnel and the implementation and the integrity of contract monitoring were found to be compromised in this case. To be fully effective, contracting and P4P approaches must be accompanied by changes in the structure and culture of government administration. 相似文献
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THE COST‐EFFECTIVENESS OF USING FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO IMPROVE PROVIDER QUALITY: A FRAMEWORK AND APPLICATION 下载免费PDF全文
Despite growing adoption of pay‐for‐performance (P4P) programmes in health care, there is remarkably little evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of such schemes. We review the limited number of previous studies and critique the frameworks adopted and the narrow range of costs and outcomes considered, before proposing a new more comprehensive framework, which we apply to the first P4P scheme introduced for hospitals in England. We emphasise that evaluations of cost‐effectiveness need to consider who the residual claimant is on any cost savings, the possibility of positive and negative spillovers, and whether performance improvement is a transitory or investment activity. Our application to the Advancing Quality initiative demonstrates that the incentive payments represented less than half of the £13m total programme costs. By generating approximately 5200 quality‐adjusted life years and £4.4m of savings in reduced length of stay, we find that the programme was a cost‐effective use of resources in its first 18 months. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Objective
To test whether receiving a financial bonus for quality in the Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration (HQID) stimulated subsequent quality improvement.Data
Hospital-level data on process-of-care quality from Hospital Compare for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and pneumonia for 260 hospitals participating in the HQID from 2004 to 2006; receipt of quality bonuses in the first 3 years of HQID from the Premier Inc. website; and hospital characteristics from the 2005 American Hospital Association Annual Survey.Study Design
Under the HQID, hospitals received a 1 percent bonus on Medicare payments for scoring between the 80th and 90th percentiles on a composite quality measure, and a 2 percent bonus for scoring at the 90th percentile or above. We used a regression discontinuity design to evaluate whether hospitals with quality scores just above these payment thresholds improved more in the subsequent year than hospitals with quality scores just below the thresholds. In alternative specifications, we examined samples of hospitals scoring within 3, 5, and 10 percentage point “bandwidths” of the thresholds. We used a Generalized Linear Model to estimate whether the relationship between quality and lagged quality was discontinuous at the lagged thresholds required for quality bonuses.Principal Findings
There were no statistically significant associations between receipt of a bonus and subsequent quality performance, with the exception of the 2 percent bonus for AMI in 2006 using the 5 percentage point bandwidth (0.8 percentage point increase, p < .01), and the 1 percent bonus for pneumonia in 2005 using all bandwidths (3.7 percentage point increase using the 3 percentage point bandwidth, p < .05).Conclusions
We found little evidence that hospitals'' receipt of quality bonuses was associated with subsequent improvement in performance. This raises questions about whether winning in pay-for-performance programs, such as Hospital Value-Based Purchasing, will lead to subsequent quality improvement. 相似文献15.
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Robert S. Williams MD James Graham MD James C. Helmkamp MS PhD Rhonda Dick MD Tonya Thompson MD Mary E. Aitken MD MPH 《The Journal of rural health》2011,27(3):255-262
Purpose: All‐terrain vehicle (ATV) injury is an increasingly serious problem, particularly among rural youth. There have been repeated calls for ATV safety education, but little study regarding optimal methods or content for such education. The purpose of this study was to determine if an ATV safety video was effective in increasing ATV safety knowledge when used in a community‐based statewide hunter education program. Methods: During the baseline phase, surveys focusing on ATV safety were distributed to students in the Arkansas hunter safety program in 2006. In the intervention phase a year later, an ATV safety video on DVD was provided for use in required hunter education courses across Arkansas. The same survey was administered to hunter education students before and after the course. Findings: In the baseline phase, 1,641 precourse and 1,374 postcourse surveys were returned and analyzed. In the intervention phase, 708 precourse and 694 postcourse surveys were completed. Student knowledge of ATV safety after watching the video was higher than in preintervention classes. Knowledge of appropriate helmet usage increased from 95% to 98.8% (P < .0001). Awareness of the importance of not carrying a passenger behind the driver increased from 59.5% to 91.1% (P < .0001). Awareness of importance of hands‐on ATV rider training increased from 82.1% to 92.4% (P < .0001). Conclusions: A brief ATV safety video used in a hunter education course increased ATV safety knowledge on most measures. A statewide hunter education program appears to be a useful venue for ATV safety education. 相似文献
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Early Impact of the Affordable Care Act Coverage Expansion on Safety‐Net Hospital Inpatient Payer Mix and Market Shares 下载免费PDF全文
Vivian Y. Wu Ph.D. M.S. Kathryn R. Fingar Ph.D. MPH H. Joanna Jiang Ph.D. Raynard Washington Ph.D. Andrew W. Mulcahy Ph.D. M.P.P. Eli Cutler Ph.D. Gary Pickens Ph.D. 《Health services research》2018,53(5):3617-3639
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Julia Adler‐Milstein Ph.D. Jordan Everson M.P.P. Shoou‐Yih D. Lee Ph.D. 《Health services research》2015,50(6):1751-1771