经皮冠状动脉介入术相关并发症的诊治现状与思考

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)不可避免地会发生某些并发症,甚至危及患者的生命。大型医疗中心的PCI并发症发生率为5.53%;严重的并发症包括冠状动脉穿孔、急性冠状动脉闭塞、冠状动脉无再流及急性冠状动脉内血栓形成等。PCI围手术期应注重预防和避免并发症的发生。     

文摘

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗( PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)都可选择用于治疗多支血管冠状动脉病变;以往研究显示:多支血管冠状动脉病变实施CABG或PCI实施气囊血管成形术或金属裸支架后,心绞痛发作频率和生活质量均明显改善;但PCI应用药物洗脱支架或实施CABG后的疗效比较尚不清楚,现就心绞痛缓解与否、生活质量是否改善进行比较研究.     

冠状动脉钙化患者血浆骨桥蛋白的水平变化及介入治疗对其影响

目的:研究冠状动脉钙化患者血浆骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)的水平变化及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对其影响.方法:①根据冠状动脉造影结果将120例入选患者分为3组:正常对照组(40例),冠状动脉狭窄组(43例),冠状动脉钙化组(37例),分析3组OPN水平的差异;②对行PCI的50例患者术前、术后24 h、术后2周的血浆OPN的水平变化进行比较.结果:①冠状动脉钙化组血浆OPN水平高于正常对照组及冠状动脉狭窄组(P＜0.05).②PCI后24 h的OPN水平较术前、术后2周显著增高(P＜0.05).结论:OPN水平升高可能是冠状动脉钙化标志之一,PCI可能会增加OPN的表达.     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变研究最新进展

<正>冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(chronic total occlusion,CTO)是指,闭塞时间>3个月的病变。CTO病变约占全部冠状动脉造影的30%以上,目前接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)者<8%,仅占全部PCI病例的10%～20%,与非闭塞冠状动脉病变相比,[1-2]     

老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者急诊介入治疗中冠状动脉内应用替罗非班的临床观察

目的探讨对于行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的老年急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者,冠状动脉内应用替罗非班的有效性及安全性。方法选择行急诊PCI的老年ACS患者118例,随机分为对照组(静脉内使用替罗非班负荷量)和研究组(冠状动脉内使用替罗非班负荷量),每组各59例患者。比较两组PCI术后即刻冠状动脉造影结果,PCI术后7、30 d时主要不良心血管事件(MACEs)发生率间的差异。结果 PCI结束后共有115例患者入选。研究组(58例)与对照组(57例)比较,患者PCI术后梗死相关血管血栓积分(0.7±0.2比1.6±0.5,P<0.01)、TIMI血流分级(TIMI 3级:51%比41%,P<0.05)及TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMPG 3级:49%比38%,P<0.05)均明显改善,远端血管栓塞的发生率也明显降低(1.7%比14%,P<0.05)。PCI术后30 d时研究组患者的左心室射血分数较对照组明显改善[(67.4±6.2)%比(60.7±4.6)%,P<0.05]。研究组PCI术后7 d时总MACEs的发生率明显低于对照组(3.5%比17.5%,P<0.05),但PCI术后30 d时两组总MACEs的发生率之间比较差异无统计学意义(1.7%比7.0%,P>0.05)。两组患者用药后出血并发症的发生率之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于行急诊PCI的老年ACS患者,与静脉内使用替罗非班相比,冠状动脉内应用安全,且更有利于改善PCI术后冠状动脉血流、心肌灌注,7 d时MACEs发生率低于对照组,30 d时无明显差别。     

PCI应用药物洗脱支架与CABG术后生活质量改善的比较

011 PCI应用药物洗脱支架与CABG术后生活质量改善的比较[Cohen DJ,van Hout B,Serruys PW,et al.N Engl J Med,2011,364(11):1016-1026(英文)]经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)都可选择用于治疗多支血管冠状动脉病变;以往研究显示:多支血管冠状动脉病变实施CABG或PCI实施气囊血管成形术或金属裸支架后,心绞痛发作频率和生活质量均明显改     

老年急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI后短期发生冠状动脉夹层的影响因素

目的 探讨老年急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)后短期发生冠状动脉夹层的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析85例老年急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死PCI后短期发生冠状动脉夹层患者的临床资料,将其纳入发生组;另外收集同期收治的85例老年急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死PCI后短期未发生冠状动脉夹层患者的临床资料,将其纳入未发生组。统计入组患者的临床资料,纳入所有可能的影响因素,经单因素及多因素分析找出老年急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者PCI后短期发生冠状动脉夹层的影响因素。结果 经Logistic回归结果显示,急诊PCI、病变血管数多、氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平高、Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽(PⅢNP)水平高、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)水平高、小而密低密度脂蛋白水平高、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平高是老年急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI后短期发生冠状动脉夹层的影响因素(OR>1,P<0.05,P<0.001)。结论 老年急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者PCI后短期发生冠状动脉夹层受急诊PCI、病变血管数多及高水平NT-proBNP、PⅢNP、PCⅢ、小而密...     

CD4＋T淋巴细胞异常表达程序性细胞死亡因子4在不稳定型心绞痛患者PCI围术期的作用及意义

目的探讨CD4+T淋巴细胞异常表达程序性细胞死亡因子4(PDCD4)在不稳定型心绞痛患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)围术期的作用及意义。方法入选住院并行择期PCI的不稳定型心绞痛患者33例,同时选取29例只行冠状动脉造影检查而不行PCI的不稳定型心绞痛患者为对照组。分别于冠状动脉造影前或PCI术前、冠状动脉造影后或PCI术后18 h~24 h抽取新鲜外周血,免疫磁珠法分选出CD4+T淋巴细胞,荧光定量PCR检测PDCD4 mRNA表达,免疫印迹法检测PDCD4蛋白表达,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度。结果与对照组相比,PCI组术后PDCD4 mRNA和蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05)。PCI组术后血清TNF-α浓度较术前进一步升高(16.11±1.45 ng/L比7.60±0.75 ng/L;P<0.05),对照组无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论不稳定型心绞痛患者PCI术后CD4+T淋巴细胞PDCD4表达上调,从而增加PCI术后心肌的炎症反应。     

冠状动脉介入治疗中“门卫”导丝技术应用的安全性及可行性

目的分析冠状动脉口部病变行冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)或冠状动脉口部存在病变(无需PCI)而在该冠状动脉远端病变严重行PCI术中,应用"门卫"导丝技术的安全性及可行性。方法选取2011年10月~2015年11月平顶山市第一人民医院心内科冠状动脉口部病变行PCI术的患者41例,其中男性23例,女性18例,随机分为A组(21例)、B组(20例);同时选取冠状动脉口部存在病变(无需PCI)而在该冠状动脉远端病变严重需行PCI术的患者52例,其中男性27例,女性25例,随机分为C组(28例)、D组(24例)。A组及C组应用"门卫"导丝技术,导丝放置后行PCI术;B组及D组采用标准术式,通过靶病变血管放置指引导丝后,行球囊扩张和支架置入术。分别统计X线曝光时间、对比剂用量、PCI总时间、压力嵌顿次数、恶性心律失常例数、手术失败例数等相关指标。结果 B组X线曝光时间、对比剂用量、PCI总时间、压力嵌顿比例较A组增加,差异具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。A组患者未发生恶性心律失常及PCI失败情况,B组患者发生恶性心律失常5例,PCI失败4例。D组对比剂用量、PCI失败比例较C组增多,差异具有统计学意义(P均0.01)。结论冠状动脉口部病变行PCI术或冠状动脉口部存在病变(无需PCI)而在该冠状动脉远端病变严重行PCI术中,应用"门卫"导丝技术有较好的安全性及可行性。     

77例冠心病PCI术前后C反应蛋白水平变化

目的探讨C反应蛋白(CRP)水平与冠心病的相关性以及行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后的变化。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定经冠状动脉造影确诊的77例冠心病患者及78例冠状动脉造影正常者的血清CRP水平,并比较77例冠心病患者PCI术前后的血清CRP水平变化。结果冠心病患者血清CRP水平明显高于冠状动脉造影正常者,另外冠心病患者PCI术后血清CRP水平明显高于术前。结论CRP与冠心病发生密切相关;PCI能导致冠心病患者的内皮损伤,加重炎症反应,从而引起管腔再狭窄,因此PCI术后应加强抗炎治疗。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.