三种临床评分方法对急性肺栓塞预测价值的比较

目的 以CT肺血管造影(CTPA)为金标准,评价临床普遍应用的三种国外急性肺栓塞评分方法 的预测效能,探讨适用于我国人群的评分方法.方法 连续纳入570例(男321例,女249例,年龄18～75岁,平均55岁)行CTPA检查的临床疑似急性肺栓塞的住院或门诊患者.分别采用Wells、Geneva和改良Geneva评分法评价每例患者,并预测其急件肺栓塞发生的可能性.先由2名中年资影像学医师分别独立盲法评价CTPA,评价结果 不一致时由1名高年资医师决定.应用受试者工作特征曲线分析评价二种评分方法 的预测价值.结果 570例中169例患者确诊为急性肺栓塞.三种临床评分方法 两两一致性榆验结果 显示K值为0.269～0.374,P<0.05;其中Geneva评分和改良Geneva评分的一致度较好.三种评分方法 两两存在正相关关系,Geneva评分和改良Geneva评分之间的相关关系较密切.Wells评分、Geneva评分和改良Geneva评分对评估APE的评估的阳性预测值分别为83.8%、53.3%和61.3%,阴性预测值分别为85.0%、80.6%和80.0%.三者的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为:Wells评分0.823,Geneva评分0.677,改良Geneva评分0.661,三者比较,除了Geneva评分和改良Geneva评分相比差异无统计学意义(u=0.352,P>0.05)外,其余两两之间的差异均有统计学意义(u=3.535,4.285,均P<0.01).结论 三种临床评分方法 均可以对急性肺栓塞作出较为准确的预测,但是Wells评分的预测价值最高,比较适合于我国人群.     

3种量表在心内科病房肺血栓栓塞症诊断的临床预测价值

目的:探讨目前临床较公认的3种临床评估量表在心内科肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)患者人群中的预测价值。方法:回顾性地收集以各种主诉收入我院心内科病房,并在住院期间经螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)明确诊断PTE的患者40例,对急性肺栓塞的各危险因素和临床特点进行分析,采用Wells量表、Geneva量表和修正的Geneva量表进行临床PTE的可能性评估。结果:Wells量表显示PTE中、高度可能性患者占77.5%,低度可能性者占22.5%;而修正的Geneva量表结果中、低可能性患者约各占50%,高度可能性者为0;Geneva量表结果介于中间。除量表中指标外,25%患者合并有心肺疾病,有晕厥者9例(22.5%),D-二聚体升高(70%)、心电图SⅠQⅢTⅢ(50%)、右束支传导阻滞(35%)等阳性率亦较高。结论:由于PTE临床表现的非特异性与心血管疾病的相似性,对于以不明原因呼吸困难和/或胸痛收入心内科病房的患者,应警惕PTE可能。3种临床评估量表可以作为临床PTE的基本筛查方法,对有中、高度可能性的患者应进一步行CTPA或有创检查明确;对低度可能性者不能轻易排除PTE,建议进一步行相关化验检查,评估行CTPA或有创检查确诊PTE的必要性。对不具备CTPA等检查的基层医院,3种量表在PTE诊断中的临床预测价值可能更大。     

三种急性肺栓塞评分预测价值比较分析

目的 回顾性分析Wells评分、Geneva评分和修改后Geneva评分对急性肺栓塞的临床可能性预测价值.方法 选择2004年1月至2006年6月宁夏医学院附属医院和2005年9月至2006年10月北京朝阳医院的可疑急性肺栓塞行CT肺血管造影(CTPA)检查的患者,分别采用Wells评分、Geneva评分和修改后Geneva评分对肺栓塞疑似患者患肺栓塞的风险度进行分级,将患者分为低度可能、中度可能和高度可能3组.以CTPA结果为标准,分析各组患者的肺栓塞确诊率.结果 共688例肺栓塞疑似患者入选本研究,CTPA诊断急性肺栓塞198例.所有患者均行Wells评分和修改后Geneva评分,490例行Geneva评分.低、中、高度可能组的肺栓塞确诊率为:Wells评分14.2%、53.9%、75.9%;Geneva评分17.2%、40.0%、47.1%;修改后Geneva评分17.1%、36.4%、62.9%.研究结果显示,随着预测风险的增加,各组患者的肺栓塞确诊率升高.Wells评分的ROC曲线下面积最大(0.8195),与Geneva评分(0.6869)和修改后Geneva评分(0.6895)相比,差异有统计学意义.Geneva评分和修改后Geneva评分的ROC曲线下面积差异无统计学意义.结论 在对住院患者的肺栓塞临床可能性预测方面,与Geneva评分和修改后Geneva评分相比,Wells评分的价值最高.     

多层螺旋计算机断层摄影术对肺栓塞诊断价值探讨

目的:评价多层螺旋计算机断层摄影术(CT)对急性肺栓塞(PE)的诊断价值。方法:22例临床确诊的PE病人,先行多层螺旋CT平扫,后经肘静脉注入100ml碘海醇,延迟15～20s和25～30s再行两次扫描。结果:平扫的间接征像:肺纹理稀疏11例,肺梗死灶形成9例,肺动脉高压2例,胸膜肥厚3例,胸腔积液8例。增强后的直接征像:充盈缺损(附壁性30支,部分性26支,完全性83支和中心性即轨道征15支)和动脉面细小11支。结论:螺旋CT肺动脉造影是急性PE安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

CT肺动脉造影在老年急性肺栓塞疗效评估中的价值

目的探讨CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)在老年急性肺栓塞(PE)疗效评估中的价值。方法入选2009年1月至2016年1月期间在复旦太学附属华东医院诊断及治疗的急性PE患者75例,分为老年组(≥60岁,n=41)和非老年组(60岁,n=34)。对41例老年组患者进行亚组分析:(1)休克组(n=21)和非休克组(n=20);(2)溶栓组(n=28)、介入取栓组(n=8)和手术取栓组(n=5)。比较不同分组模式下患者治疗前后右/左心室最大短轴径比(RV/LV)、肺主动脉最大直径(MPA)和左、右肺动脉主干直径(LPA、RPA)、上腔静脉直径(SVC)以及栓塞指数。结果在治疗前,老年组与非老年组患者的MPA、LPA和RPA值间,以及休克组与非休克组患者的RV/LV、MPA、LPA、RPA、SVC和栓塞指数间差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前相比:老年组患者治疗后肺动脉栓塞指数显著降低(P0.05);非休克组患者治疗后的MPA和栓塞指数显著降低(P0.05);非老年组、休克组、溶栓组、介入取栓组和手术取栓组患者治疗后的RV/LV、MPA、LPA、RPA、SVC以及栓塞指数均显著降低(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示脑钠肽和肌钙蛋白I与RV/LV呈显著正相关(P0.05),栓塞指数和RV/IV与PaO_2呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论 CTPA可以对老年急性PE的疗效做出准确评估。     

改良Geneva量表及其联合血浆D−二聚体对老年肺栓塞诊断价值的探讨

目的 评价改良Geneva量表及其联合血浆D?二聚体对老年患者肺栓塞（PE）的快速床旁诊断及排除价值。方法 2009年1月至2014年4月在北京大学人民医院因胸痛、呼吸困难等症状被疑诊PE的患者276例,分为老年组（≥60岁）和非老年组（＜60岁）,以CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）为确诊金标准。按照改良Geneva量表分为PE低度可能性、中度可能性及高度可能性,同时检测血浆D?二聚体。分析两组患者临床特征,比较改良Geneva量表、血浆D?二聚体、改良Geneva量表联合血浆D?二聚体在两组患者中的诊断及排除诊断价值,其诊断预测价值用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）进行评价。结果 276例疑诊PE患者,经CTPA确诊PE 80例（≥60岁52例,＜60岁28例）。运用ROC曲线评价改良Geneva量表对PE的诊断价值,老年组与非老年组AUC分别为0.974（95% CI：0.940～0.992）,0.981（95% CI：0.924～0.998）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。老年组血浆D?二聚体、改良Geneva量表联合血浆D?二聚体诊断PE的阴性预测值分别为93.8%,100.0%;非老年组分别为88.9%,100.0%。结论 老年PE患者临床特征不典型;改良Geneva量表对老年PE患者的诊断价值低于非老年患者;对于老年及非老年疑诊PE患者,改良Geneva量表联合血浆D?二聚体均可安全排除PE,其价值优于单独检测血浆D?二聚体。     

多层螺旋CT在老年急性肺栓塞诊断及疗效评估中的价值

目的 探讨CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）对老年急性肺栓塞（PE）的诊断及疗效评估价值。方法 入选2009年1月至2015年1月在复旦大学附属华东医院心内科住院的老年急性PE患者55例,分为严重组（n＝24）和非严重组（n＝31）。比较两组患者在溶栓治疗前后右/左心室短轴最大径比（RV/LV）、上腔静脉最大径、肺动脉最大径及栓塞指数等指标。结果 与溶栓治疗前相比,严重组患者的RV/LV、上腔静脉最大径、肺动脉最大径及栓塞指数在治疗后均显著降低,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;非严重组患者的肺动脉最大径和栓塞指数在治疗后显著降低,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 CTPA可用于PE的诊断,并能对溶栓后疗效进行评价,具有快速、有效、无创的优势。     

老年肺栓塞的螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断研究

目的探讨螺旋CT肺动脉造影在老年肺动脉栓塞(PE)诊断中的临床应用价值。方法采用螺旋CT对66例老年PE患者行肺动脉增强扫描,其中多层、单层螺旋CT(MSCT,SCT)肺动脉造影检查者各为21和45例。结果分析66例老年PE患者的2728支肺动脉,MSCT、SCT肺动脉造影共显示926支肺动脉受累。直接征象为中心型充盈缺损、部分型充盈缺损、完全性阻塞、附壁性充盈缺损,约占33.9%;1206支段以上肺动脉中,依据直接征象MSCT、SCT分别检出240支/384支(62.5%)和481支/822支(58.5%),共721支/1206支,两者检出率无明显差别(P=0.037);1522支亚段肺动脉中,MSCT、SCT分别检出121支/484支(25.0%)和84支/1038支(8.1%),共205支/1522支,前者检出率明显高于后者(P=0.632)。平扫示间接征象共125例次。结论MSCT、SCT对段以上PE的诊断二者均有较高的准确度,MSCT对亚段PE的诊断有其优势。     

Wells评分与修正的Geneva评分对肺栓塞的预测价值研究

目的评价Wells评分与修正的Geneva评分对肺栓塞的预测价值。方法连续选择2009年12月—2012年12月在我院住院的疑诊肺栓塞患者153例,均进行Wells评分与修正的Geneva评分,以肺动脉造影(CTPA)检查结果作为诊断肺栓塞的"金标准"。结果经CTPA检查确诊肺栓塞78例,Wells评分预测低度、中度、高度可能肺栓塞的符合率分别为0、49.5%、82.1%,修正的Geneva评分预测低度、中度、高度可能肺栓塞的符合率分别为33.3%、55.3%、90.9%。绘制ROC曲线发现,Wells评分预测肺栓塞的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.770〔95%CI(0.696,0.844)〕,修正的Geneva评分为0.733〔95%CI(0.653,0.813)〕,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Wells评分预测肺栓塞的最佳临界值为3.5分,此时的灵敏度为76.9%,特异度为66.7%;修正的Geneva评分预测肺栓塞的最佳临界值为5.5分,此时的灵敏度为60.3%,特异度为82.7%。结论 Wells评分与修正的Geneva评分均对肺栓塞有良好的预测价值,可根据患者情况选用或联合应用。     

Comparison of the Wells and Revised Geneva Scores for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: an Australian experience

Background/Aims: Clinical prediction rules form an integral component of guidelines on the diagnostic approach to pulmonary embolism (PE). The Wells Score is commonly used but is subjective, while the newer Revised Geneva Score is based entirely on objective variables. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Wells and Revised Geneva Scores for the diagnosis of PE. Methods: Patients presenting to the emergency department with clinically suspected PE and referred for CT pulmonary angiogram or ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy were evaluated. The Wells and Revised Geneva Scores were calculated on the same cohort of patients and dichotomized into low and intermediate/high probability groups. The sensitivities and specificities were compared using McNemar's test. Overall accuracy was determined using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Results: A total of 98 consecutive patients was included. The overall prevalence of PE was 15.3%. The frequency of PE in the low, intermediate and high probability groups was similar for both clinical prediction rules. Compared with the Revised Geneva Score, the Wells Score showed a lower sensitivity with borderline significance (46.7% vs 80.0%, P= 0.06) and a significantly higher specificity (67.5% vs 47.0%, P= 0.002). The overall accuracy of both rules was similar (P= 0.617). Conclusion: Using the accepted guidelines in which a high pretest probability leads to further imaging and a low probability leads to a D‐dimer blood test, use of the more specific Wells Score could safely reduce the number of unnecessary scans. This would need to be confirmed with larger, prospective trials.     

修正Geneva评分与Daniel心电图评分对肺栓塞的诊断价值比较

目的评价修正Geneva评分与Daniel心电图评分对肺栓塞的诊断价值,并探讨两者联用后对肺栓塞诊断的敏感度及特异度的影响。方法疑似肺栓塞患者41例,分别获得修正Geneva评分分值与及Daniel心电图评分分值,再进行肺动脉CTA检查以确诊。应用ROC曲线比较两者对肺栓塞的诊断价值,并观察联合应用后诊断肺栓塞的敏感度及特异度。结果修正Geneva评分对肺栓塞的最佳诊断分值为5分,以≥5分预测肺栓塞,敏感度85.7%,特异度92.3%。Daniel心电图评分对肺栓塞诊断的最佳分值为2分,以≥2分预测肺栓塞,敏感度83.1%,特异度76.9%。修正Geneva评分的AUC为0.870±0.060（P＜0.001,95%CI：0.752～0.987）。Daniel心电图评分诊断肺栓塞的AUC为0.875±0.065（P=0.002,95%CI：0.748～1.002,Z=1.016,P＞0.05）。结论修正Geneva评分与Daniel心电图评分对肺栓塞均有良好的诊断价值（AUC均在0.7～0.9）,但无差异,两者合用可提高肺栓塞诊断的敏感度。     

修正的Geneva评分对肺栓塞相关的慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床预测价值

目的 了解肺栓塞相关的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(PE-COPD)的患病率和发病特点,重点探讨Gevena评分预测PE COPD的临床价值.方法 回顾性地分析天津医科大学总医院2009年2月至2011年12月诊治的急性肺栓塞患者的临床资料,并对每例PE-COPD患者进行Geneva评分,应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价Geneva评分对PE-COPD的预测价值,同时分析该评分与肺功能、血气指标的相关性.结果 127例急性肺栓塞患者中,基础疾病为COPD的患者1 6例,患病率为12.6％(95％ CI 6.8％～18.4％);Geneva评分用于预测PE COPD的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.759(P＜0.05),95％ CI为0.654～0.873,最佳临界值为5.5,≥5.5灵敏度和特异度分别为81.3％和63.1％,且患者的FEV1 ％pred、PaO2与Geneva分数呈负相关(P＜0.05),FEV1/FVC％、pH、PaCO2与Geneva分数无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 Geneva评分对PE COPD有一定的预测价值,尤其是肺功能较差、严重低氧血症的COPD患者,有较高发生肺栓塞的临床概率.     

Comparison of two clinical prediction rules and implicit assessment among patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: Two prediction rules for pulmonary embolism have been described recently: the Wells' rule, which was derived from both outpatients and inpatients, and which includes a subjective element; and the Geneva rule, which is entirely standardized and is suitable only for emergency department patients. We compared the predictive accuracy and the concordance of the two methods, as well as the Geneva score overridden by implicit clinical judgment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied 277 consecutive patients admitted to the emergency departments of three teaching hospitals. Clinical probability was assessed prospectively with the Geneva score and the Geneva score overridden by implicit clinical judgment in case of a disagreement. The Wells' score was calculated retrospectively. RESULTS: The three methods classified similar proportions of patients as having a low (53% to 58% of patients), intermediate (37% to 41% of patients), or high (4% to 10% of patients) probability of pulmonary embolism. The actual frequencies of pulmonary embolism in each category were also similar (5% to 13% in the low, 38% to 40% in the intermediate, and 67% to 91% in the high clinical probability categories). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed no difference between the two prediction rules, but the Geneva score overridden by implicit evaluation had a marginally higher accuracy. Concordance between the two prediction rules was fair (kappa coefficient = 0.43). Clinicians disagreed with the Geneva score in 21% of patients (n = 57). CONCLUSIONS: The two prediction rules had a similar predictive accuracy for pulmonary embolism among emergency department patients. The Geneva rule appears to be more accurate when combined with clinical judgment, although it does not apply to inpatients.     

多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值（附15例报告）

目的 评价多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在诊断肺动脉栓塞(PE)中的价值.方法 对15例经MSCT确诊肺动脉栓塞患者进行回顾性分析.结果 多发肺动脉栓塞10例,其中双侧多发7例,左侧多发1例,右侧多发2例;单发肺动脉栓塞5例,其中肺动脉干2例,叶动脉1例,段动脉2例.肺动脉栓塞的直接征象包括肺动脉主干或其分支的充盈缺损、肺动脉段面细小及管腔内不均匀密度减低;间接征象可以有肺内"马赛克征"、楔形影或索条状影、胸腔积液或胸膜肥厚.结论 多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影是诊断肺动脉栓塞的快速、有效、无创伤的诊断方法,尤其对亚段肺动脉栓塞是一种先进的方法,可以代替肺动脉造影,成为诊断肺动脉栓塞的首选方法.     

Tenecteplase to treat pulmonary embolism in the emergency department

Tenecteplase, a mutant form of alteplase, possesses pharmacological properties that might favor its use for emergent fibrinolysis of acute pulmonary embolism. Contemporaneous search of the World’s literature reveals 14 humans with acute pulmonary embolism treated with tenecteplase. Here, we summarize those cases and report the presentation features, dosing details and outcomes of eight additional patients with acute pulmonary embolism treated with tenecteplase in an academic emergency department. None of our eight patients had a significant hemorrhagic event after tenecteplase, and the outcomes of all eight appear to be acceptable. Taken together, we submit that the present case report and prior case reports are sufficient to comprise a phase I study of the safety and efficacy of tenecteplase to treat acute pulmonary embolism.