计算机导航--听觉评估系统儿童汉语语音词表测试结果分析

目的通过对计算机导航-聋儿听觉评估学习系统-儿童汉语语音词表进行识别测试,证实儿童汉语语音词表在“计算机导航-听觉言语评估学习系统”中运用的可行性,通过对不同年龄段儿童言语最大识别得分的标准化研究,使测试结果能够真实表达不同年龄段儿童的听觉言语识别能力。方法在正常幼儿园随机选取90名儿童,其中大班儿童(平均年龄5岁9个月)、中班儿童(平均年龄4岁9个月)、小班儿童(平均年龄3岁10个月)各30名。应用计算机导航-听觉评估学习系统,分别对不同年龄组的儿童进行声母识别、韵母识别测试。结果韵母测试词表在大班、中班、小班正确通过率分别为:99.8%、99.2%、99.3%;声母测试词表在大班、中班、小班正确通过率分别为:99.9%、99.2%、99.3%。声母及韵母单一测试词在不同年龄组的测试通过率均在93%以上。结论所有声母、韵母词表通过标准化测试结果分析,不同年龄组儿童对声母及韵母的总体通过率都在99%以上,均达到标准化测试目标。说明“计算机导航-聋儿听觉评估学习系统”中的语音识别词表图片具有可行性、准确性,能够真实地表达儿童听觉言语识别水平。     

听障儿童言语识别能力评估标准的修订

目的通过评估健听儿童的言语识别能力,修订听障儿童单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力的评估标准。方法采用听觉语言识别能力评估词表分别对300名健听儿童进行单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力评估,采用描述性统计方法对单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力评估标准进行修订。结果单音节词、双音节词和短句识别率随年龄的增长而提高。2岁1个月～2岁12个月健听儿童的单音节词、双音节词和短句识别率都低于90％,3岁以上健听儿童的单音节词、双音节词和短句识别率均≥90％。结论①制定了2岁听障儿童单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力评估标准。②对于3岁及以上各年龄段听障儿童可以用实际测试得分代表单音节词、双音节词和短句识别能力。     

噪声对低龄正常儿童言语感知的影响

目的探讨言语谱噪声(speech spectrum-shaped noise,SSN)和多人谈话噪声(babble noise,BN)对低龄正常儿童普通话词汇相邻性测试(Mandarin lexical neighborhood test,MLNT)言语感知的影响。方法 34例3~6岁正常听力儿童分为SSN组(21例)和BN组(13例),使用噪声下普通话词汇相邻性测试系统对两组儿童行声场下的言语测试,以听说复述方法获得不同信噪比下的言语识别率,比较两组两类噪声下的单音节易词表、难词表和双音节易词表、难词表的识别率-信噪比函数曲线(P-SNR曲线)和言语识别阈(SNR50)。结果 SSN组双音节易词表和难词表的SNR50阈值分别为-3dB、-0.5dB,单音节易词表和难词表的SNR50分别为-1dB、3.5dB;BN组双音节易词表和难词表的SNR50分别为-3dB、2dB,单音节易词表和难词表的SNR50分别为0.5dB、10dB。两组除双音节易词表SNR50相同外,其余各类词表BN组的SNR50均比SSN组高。词汇学因素对正常听力儿童噪声下的开放式言语识别的影响仍表现出易词识别率高于难词,双音节词识别率高于单音节词。结论对3~6岁正常听力儿童BN的掩蔽效应比SSN强,词汇学因素在噪声下仍然影响儿童的言语识别。     

低年龄段语前聋儿童人工耳蜗植入后汉语声调识别变化的分析

目的:探讨低年龄段经人工耳蜗植入的语前聋儿童经过开机一段时间后声调识别的变化特点。方法:选择29例已经接受人工耳蜗植入的低年龄语前聋儿童,按植入时年龄分为2组,即A组:3.0~4.5岁,B组:5.0~6.5岁,植入后平均开机时间为1.5~2.0年。采用聋康系统的《聋儿听觉言语康复评估词表》中主要反映声调识别的相应评估内容进行封闭项测试。结果:A组:同音单音节声调识别率为(63.00±16.75)%,双音节声调识别率为(75.60±11.18)%,单音节词识别率为(72.38±11.39)%。B组:同音单音节声调识别率为(49.46±13.91)%,双音节声调识别为(64.71±9.64)%,单音节词识别率为(55.71±8.59)%。所有正确识别率结果均大于机会水平。人工耳蜗植入后不同年龄组患儿有关声调识别的三项测试内容,低年龄组患儿均好于高年龄组,结果均差异有统计学意义。结论:对于语前聋行人工耳蜗植入的低年龄儿童,植入时年龄仍是影响植入后声调识别的重要因素之一,而在更能反映汉语声、韵、调特点的单音节词中差异更为明显,因此植入年龄是术后汉语学习的重要影响因素之一。     

多人谈话噪声及年龄对儿童言语识别中词汇学效应的影响

目的 探讨引入多人谈话噪声(babble noise,BN)后,词汇学效应在竞争性噪声环境下对正常听力儿童言语识别能力的影响及其随年龄增长的发展特性.方法 以212例3~6岁的正常听力儿童为研究对象,使用普通话词汇相邻性测试(Mandarin lexical neighborhood test,MLNT)材料(含双音节易词、双音节难词、单音节易词、单音节难词四类词表),在安静条件下给声强度70 dB SPL,多人谈话噪声下信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)为4 dB,对所有对象进行开放式言语测试,分别获取四类词表在安静和噪声条件下的言语识别率,并比较3、4、5、6岁组儿童的结果.结果 在安静条件下正常听力儿童双音节易、难词及单音节易、难词的识别率分别为96.45%±5.17%、88.87%±7.73%、91.90%±7.31%、82.38%±7.95%,噪声下四类词表言语识别率分别为85.34%±11.23%、66.42%±11.08%、68.81%±15.99%、48.58%±12.81%,在噪声下的各词表言语识别率显著低于安静条件下(P<0.05).在安静和噪声条件下对词汇学效应的影响显示易词的识别率高于难词(P<0.05),双音节词言语识别率高于单音节词(P<0.05),且在噪声下比安静环境下影响更明显.噪声下不同年龄组中3岁组四类词表言语识别率分别为80.83%±12.65%、60.63%±9.13%、58.54%±12.98%、41.88%±11.69%,6岁组分别为92.38%±6.64%、71.90%±10.66%、76.90%±14.53%、57.14%±12.61%,3~6岁听力正常儿童噪声下言语识别能力随年龄增长显著提高(P<0.05).结论 在噪声下词汇学效应对听力正常儿童词汇提取的影响较安静环境下更明显,双音节词和易词更易获取,单音节词和难词更难获取;3~6岁听力正常儿童噪声下的言语识别能力随年龄增长而提高,且在6岁时仍未达到平台期.     

普通话词汇相邻性词表在人工耳蜗植入儿童中的等价性验证

目的 在人工耳蜗植入(cochlear implant,CI)儿童中进一步验证四类普通话词汇相邻性测试词表(Standard-Chinese lexical neighborhood test,M-LNT)的表间等价性,同时比较词汇学特征对词汇识别的影响.方法 应用四类普通话词汇相邻性词表,在隔声室内对30名语前聋人工耳蜗植入儿童进行声场下的言语测试,按循环播放顺序获得各个测试词表的言语识别率,通过球形检验及方差分析,验证四类词表各表内的表间等价性,同时分析词汇学效应对各类词表识别率的影响.结果 3张双音节易词表识别率均值分别为80.00%±14.80%、83.00%±14.54%和80.50%±12.69%,3张双音节难词表识别率均值分别为65.33%±13.13%、68.83%±14.24%、66.33%±13.83%;3张单音节易词表识别率均值分别为72.33%±13.24%、74.50%±12.75%、72.33%±14.72%;3张单音节难词表识别率均值分别为53.33%±14.58%、58.17%±14.71%和57.83%±12.98%.各表间言语识别得分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.5,α=0.05).词汇学因素对CI儿童言语识别有显著影响,易词表识别率高于难词表(P<0.01),双音节词表识别率高于单音节词表(P<0.01).结论四类普通话词汇相邻性测试词表各表间具有等价性,其言语识别率可提供CI儿童语言辨识的基本过程,难易词表及单双音节词表间的识别率差异可反映CI儿童言语识别能力的词汇学发展是从易词到难词,从简单到复杂.     

人工耳蜗植入儿童听觉发展个案分析

目的通过对1例5岁听障儿童植入人工耳蜗后进行阶段性言语听觉反应评估（Evaluation of Auditory Response to Speech,EARS）,纵向比较、动态评价听障儿童在不同阶段的听觉发展情况,从而为制订康复训练计划提供依据。方法使用EARS评估词表及标准评估程序对该儿童进行评估,对评估成绩进行分析。结果该儿童的听觉言语发展水平整体上呈现出不断进步的趋势,尤其是在开放式单音节词、问句、语言细节句子3项测试上进步明显;听觉发展、音节、封闭式单音节词3项测试第一次测试成绩已较好,因而进步不明显;封闭式句子、声调成绩不稳定。结论EARS评估可动态监测听障儿童听觉发展的过程,为制订教学计划提供依据;经过人工耳蜗术后9个月的训练,该听障儿童具备了听觉识别能力,听觉理解能力也在逐步发展。     

双侧人工耳蜗植入对儿童听觉识别能力影响的个案研究

目的考察双侧和单侧配戴人工耳蜗对儿童听觉识别的影响。方法本研究采用实验法和观察法。通过实验法在安静环境下使用听觉评估导航系统对幼儿的双耳和单耳进行测试。识别材料主要选择韵母识别、声母识别、单音节词声调识别、双音节词识别、短句识别。言语信号的强度为70dB SPL。通过观察法观察儿童在日常生活中双耳和单耳的表现，考察双耳与单耳在日常生活中的差异。结果实验结果表明，在声调识别和双音节词识别方面，该儿童识别率都达到100％。在韵母方面，双侧略好于单侧。在声母识别和短句识别方面，双侧人工耳蜗的语音识别率远高于单侧。在日常生活中，儿童双侧配戴人工耳蜗比单侧的言语识别率．听觉定向都要好。结论双侧人工耳蜗提高了患者的言语识别率，尤其体现在声母识别和短句识别方面。     

人工耳蜗植入儿童听觉康复效果跟踪评估

目的 通过对633例2～6岁听力障碍儿童植入人工耳蜗后的听觉康复效果跟踪评估,分析人工耳蜗植入年龄、性别及康复时间对康复效果的影响,探讨听障儿童听觉发展的规律性.方法 听觉能力评估方案采用全国聋儿康复系统通用的听力障碍儿童听觉能力评估标准及方法,评估内容包括声母识别、韵母识别.声调识别、双音节词识别、短句识别及在噪声环境中的言语识别等6项.本研究采用三因素混合实验设计,因变量为儿童听觉康复评估结果,自变量为儿童的年龄、性别、康复时间.应用统计学软件SPSS 16.0进行数据分析.结果 人工耳蜗植入儿童的听觉能力随康复时间延长,听觉能力显著提高(P＜0.001),其变异系数越来越小,2岁年龄组康复12个月评估时的CV系数为0.25,其余各年龄段的CV系数均小于0.2.听觉评估时间和儿童的年龄对听觉能力交互效应显著(P＜0.001),年龄段越小的儿童进步幅度越大.人工耳蜗植入儿童性别对听觉能力的主效应不显著(P＞0.05).结论 人工耳蜗术后听觉能力随康复训练的时间延长得到快速发展,儿童年龄越小提高幅度越大.听觉强化训练时间至少要经过12个月,听觉能力才相对稳定,2岁年龄组的听觉强化训练时间要超过1年.     

92例人工耳蜗术后不同阶段康复评估效果分析

目的通过对92例7岁以下植入人工耳蜗的语前聋儿童进行分阶段的听觉、言语康复效果评估,探讨7岁以下儿童植入人工耳蜗后在不同阶段的听觉、语言康复效果及其影响因素。方法本研究采用评估词表及标准评估程序,对测试对象进行听觉能力及语言能力评估。结果听觉言语识别率:术后3个月平均达到46%,6个月达到71%,9个月达到84%,12个月达到89%;语言能力:术后3个月语言年龄平均达到1.3岁,6个月平均达到2.0岁,9个月平均达到2.5岁,12个月平均达到2.9岁。结论人工耳蜗能够帮助重度听力障碍者改善听力,术后经过一年系统康复训练,在听觉识别和语言能力上较术前有显著提高。     

3～7岁儿童筛查性言语测听方法初探

目的设计一组快速简易的儿童言语测听词表，验证此词表作为听力测试辅助项目之一的可行性。方法选取杭州某幼儿园中班教材词汇，在隔声室内由中文播音员录音，再用Spectrogram软件分析音频并筛选出特定频率范围的字，最后验证词表的有效性。结果健听组儿童不同年龄段之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05），听力障碍组儿童也无显著性差异（P〉0．05），言语词表低频得分最低。结论该言语词表适用于3～7岁儿童，并在≤50dB（A）的安静环境中以45～50dBSPL的强度给声达到80％以上的得分率者，可视其听力在正常范围。该词表对学龄前儿童的言语测听具有一定的参考意义。     

汉语普通话语句测听句表的编辑与评估

目的编辑人工耳蜗评估和日常言语测听亟需的汉语普通话测听词汇表（mandarin speech test materials，MSTM）中的语句材料，并进行初步等价性评估。方法首先建立由各方专家组成的专家组和实验组，遵循言语测听、汉语语句规律、临床应用的原则，制定出具体的语句测听材料编辑原则。共编辑了30组、300个普通话日常会话语句。经过预实验和专家评议后，调整句表排列、部分语句的增删，最后录制合成为盒式磁带。选择听力正常的54例（54耳）评估各句表之间的等价性，以便将来用于各不同阶段的评估。结果通过言语测听和统计学分析，初步认定2套共29组语句表分别具有等价性。结论经过严格制定选句原则、言语听力测试和统计学处理，初步选定2套共29组具有等价性的普通话语句测试材料，共290个长短不同的日常会话语句，期望能够代表日常会话的整体样本并能进一步实际应用于临床。     

语前聋儿童人工耳蜗植入效果的评估

目的探索语前聋儿童人工耳蜗植入效果的评估方法.方法受试者为18名接受人工耳蜗植入的语前聋儿童,耳蜗植入时平均年龄6岁.按人工耳蜗使用时间长短分为四个阶段进行评估:第一阶段18名患儿,使用人工耳蜗1～12个月;第二阶段12名,使用人工耳蜗13～24个月;第三阶段8名,使用人工耳蜗25～36个月;第四阶段6名,使用人工耳蜗在36个月以上.描述性分析,以问卷的形式了解儿童在人工耳蜗植入后声音接受、言语表达及行为等方面的变化;言语测试,进行言语识别能力和发声能力测试.结果第一阶段患儿,能够感知和辨别来自家庭和环境中的声音;第二阶段患儿,封闭项词识别率是51%,开放项词识别开始启动;第三阶段患儿,封闭项词识别率达到72%,开放项词识别率是40%,能正确发出的单词数是42%;第四阶段患儿,封闭项词识别率和开放项词识别率分别达到84%和53%,能正确发出的单词数达62%,部分患儿已有自发的口语表达.结论人工耳蜗植入对语前聋患儿的言语发育有帮助,患儿的言语能力随着人工耳蜗使用时间的推移不断进步.     

Comb-filtered speech as a tool to demonstrate difficulties of speech perception and the importance of auditory training in cochlear implant users

There are parallels between speech recognition by users of cochlear implants (CIs) and recognition of comb-filtered speech by normal hearing persons. We have found it possible to train inexperienced subjects to recognize spectrally deprived speech and we routinely demonstrate this process to relatives of implanted children to help them understand the complexities of CI auditory perception and training. We tested the understanding of filtered speech by 38 normally hearing listeners, before and after a 15-minute training period. The original speech recording was comb filtered to retain only three spectral bands of 50 Hz width spaced over the range of 200-6250 Hz. Standard speech audiometry word lists were presented through headphones to one ear at the most comfortable level. The mean score on the initial (baseline) test was 17% (range 0-37%). Training involved presenting each of the original test words after first informing the subject of the word's identity. The same word lists were then re-presented after the training period and produced a mean score of 57% (37-73%). A third test was then performed using a different word list, producing a mean score of 52% (37-70%). The variability of results on the first test is analogous to speech recognition differences among newly implanted patients. The high results of the second and third test can be used to show parents that it is possible to learn new skills and improve speech recognition with CIs through training. Parents experiencing the process described here are better able to understand the initially unclear auditory experience of CI users and how this can be improved through training.     

中度和重度聋儿助听后早期听觉能力及言语可懂度发育

目的：评价耳聋儿童助听后1年内听觉及言语能力发展变化趋势,探讨耳聋程度对聋儿的听觉及言语发育水平的影响,为聋儿的有效康复提供临床参考资料。方法：患儿29例,男19例,女10例。助听器选配年龄3～8岁,平均5．6岁。根据听力损失程度将患儿分为中度听力损失组（14例）和重度听力损失组（15例）。分别使用听觉行为分级（CAP）和言语可懂度分级（SIR）问卷在助听前及助听后1、3、6、9、12个月时对患儿的听觉能力及言语可懂度发育情况进行评估。结果：经单因素方差分析,中度和重度聋患儿CAP平均得分在助听前差异有统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在助听后1、3、6、9、12个月均差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。同样中度和重度聋患儿SIR平均得分在助听前差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。在助听后1、3、6、9、12个月均差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。中度聋患儿cAP平均得分助听前与助听后6、9、12个月差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。中度聋患儿SIR平均得分助听前与助听后6、9、12个月差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;助听后1个月与12个月差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。重度聋患儿CAP平均得分助听前与助听后3、6、9、12个月差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,助听后1个月与9、12个月差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。重度聋患儿SIR平均得分助听前与助听后3、6、9、12个月差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,助听后1个月与6、9、12个月差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：中度和重度聋组患儿助听后1年内早期听觉及言语能力有显著提高,但各自有不同的发育特点和规律。     

Cochlear implantation outcome in prelingually deafened young adults. A speech perception study

The outcome of cochlear implantation in patients with deafness of prelingual onset is largely unpredictable due to high individual variability. This study evaluated speech perception performances in a group of 18 prelingually deafened subjects (aged 13-30 years) which was homogeneous with respect to duration of deafness, hearing aid use before cochlear implantation, mode of communication and administration of auditory-oral speech therapy. Word discrimination length, word and sentence identification, phoneme identification and word and sentence recognition were tested before cochlear implantation and at 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years of cochlear implant use. Scores on all tests significantly improved after cochlear implantation, although mean values were lower compared to those achieved by postlingually deafened patients. Speech performances on both word and sentence recognition continued to increase over time also beyond 1 year after cochlear implantation. Moreover, scores on sentence recognition tests were significantly higher compared to disyllabic words at 3 years of cochlear implant use. The presence of an auditory input delivered by hearing aids before cochlear implantation associated with auditory-oral therapy and a good level of education may positively influence the cochlear implant outcome in prelingually deafened adults.     

早期言语－语言发育的客观评估

本文回顾了用于客观评估听障儿童（经早期诊断和干预配戴助听器或植入人工耳蜗）言语感知能力的测试工具的研发、验证和使用的英文期刊文章。重点介绍了既有英文版又有相应中文版的评估工具。在使用这些评估工具进行测试时需要考虑诸多方面的问题。首先是研究健听儿童的言语一语言发育规律，这是评估听障儿童的基准。儿童言语和语言在最初几年的迅速发展使得相关研究的进行较为复杂和困难。使用一系列评估方法对以英语为母语的儿童进行言语感知能力测试的有效性已经得到证明。该套评估工具包括早期语前听觉发育测试、简单的闭合式单词识别测试、在安静或存在竞争性声音环境下进行的闭合式句子识别测试、在安静或噪声环境下进行的开放式句子识别测试。本文将对这套评估工具及其已经研发成功并开始应用于临床的中文版本进行介绍。这两套评估工具的使用能够客观地评估经过干预后听障儿童的康复效果，从而更好地评估康复策略，给予家长建议以及确认和解决出现的问题。同时，这套评估工具的中文普通话版和英文版所具有的共同特征有助于来源于不同语言环境的研究结果进行相互交流，从而使听力保健专业人士在世界各国研究结果的基础上确立最好的、规范的临床实践方法。     

Evaluation of speech intelligibility for children with cleft lip and palate by means of automatic speech recognition

OBJECTIVE: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) may cause functional limitations even after adequate surgical and non-surgical treatment, speech disorders being one of them. Interindividually, they vary a lot, showing typical articulation specifics such as nasal emission and shift of articulation and therefore a diminished intelligibility. Until now, an objective means to determine and quantify the intelligibility does not exist. METHOD: An automatic speech recognition system, a new method, was applied on recordings of a standard test to evaluate articulation disorders (psycholinguistic analysis of speech disorders of children PLAKSS) of 31 children at the age of 10.1+/-3.8 years. Two had an isolated cleft lip, 20 a unilateral cleft lip and palate, 4 a bilateral cleft lip and palate, and 5 an isolated cleft palate. The speech recognition system was trained with adults and children without speech disorders and adapted to the speech of children with CLP. In this study, the automatic speech evaluation focussed on the word accuracy which represents the percentage of correctly recognized words. Results were confronted to a perceptive evaluation of intelligibility that was performed by a panel of three experts. RESULTS: The automatic speech recognition yielded word accuracies between 1.2 and 75.8% (mean 48.0+/-19.6%). The word accuracy was lowest for children with isolated cleft palate (36.9+/-23.3) and highest for children with isolated cleft lip (72.8+/-2.9). For children with unilateral cleft lip and palate it was 48.0+/-18.6 and for children with bilateral cleft lip and palate 49.3+/-9.4. The automatic evaluation complied with the experts' subjective evaluation of intelligibility (p<0.01). The multi-rater kappa of the experts alone differed only slightly from the multi-rater kappa of experts and recognizer. CONCLUSION: Automatic speech recognition may serve as a good means to objectify and quantify global speech outcome of children with cleft lip and palate.     

Evaluating the benefit of speech recoding hearing aids in children

Children with significant high-frequency hearing loss may be difficult to fit with hearing aids using conventional amplification. Frequency-lowering hearing aids using dynamic speech recoding (DSR) technology have been proposed as a possible means to achieve full speech audibility. The current study investigated 78 children from ages 1.3 to 21.6 years (M = 10.6 years) who wore DSR hearing aids. These hearing aids provided significant improvements in pure-tone average (PTA; mean improvement for the aided versus unaided condition of 49 dB) and high-frequency PTA (mean improvement for the aided versus unaided condition of 56 dB). A subgroup of 19 children were previous users of conventional hearing aids. These participants demonstrated a mean improvement of 11 dB in PTA and 12.5% in word recognition scores for DSR versus conventional amplification. However, DSR hearing aids required repair 3 times as often as conventional hearing aids. The greatest benefit was observed in children whose word recognition scores were poorest using conventional hearing aids.     

Comb-filtered speech as a tool to demonstrate difficulties of speech perception and the importance of auditory training in cochlear implant users

Abstract

There are parallels between speech recognition by users of cochlear implants (CIs) and recognition of comb-filtered speech by normal hearing persons. We have found it possible to train inexperienced subjects to recognize spectrally deprived speech and we routinely demonstrate this process to relatives of implanted children to help them understand the complexities of CI auditory perception and training.

We tested the understanding of filtered speech by 38 normally hearing listeners, before and after a 15-minute training period. The original speech recording was comb filtered to retain only three spectral bands of 50 Hz width spaced over the range of 200–6250 Hz. Standard speech audiometry word lists were presented through headphones to one ear at the most comfortable level.

The mean score on the initial (baseline) test was 17% (range 0–37%). Training involved presenting each of the original test words after first informing the subject of the word's identity. The same word lists were then re-presented after the training period and produced a mean score of 57% (37–73%). A third test was then performed using a different word list, producing a mean score of 52% (37–70%).

The variability of results on the first test is analogous to speech recognition differences among newly implanted patients. The high results of the second and third test can be used to show parents that it is possible to learn new skills and improve speech recognition with CIs through training. Parents experiencing the process described here are better able to understand the initially unclear auditory experience of CI users and how this can be improved through training.