核分裂指数在胃肠平滑肌肿瘤良恶性鉴别和预后判断中的价值

目的 探讨棱分裂指数（MI)在胃肠平滑肌肿瘤(GISMT)良恶性鉴别和预后判断中的作用。方法 收集159例GISMT的临床病理资料。取病理科存挡的石蜡包埋组织块，重新切片和染色。对每一肿瘤，随机地无重复地选择50个高倍镜视野，观察其棱分裂像。分析MI与肿瘤性质和预后的关系。结果 平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤的棱分裂指数分别为0．31±0.15／10HPF和5．77±2．30/10HPF(P<0．001)。在平滑肌肉瘤中．肝转移和复发的MI值明显高于未发生肝转移和复发(7．85±2．65／10HPF vs 3．44±1．62／10HPF．P<0．001)。结论 MI是区分良恶性GISMT的重要指标，MI高的GISMT可能预后较差。     

胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤微血管密度的测定及其临床意义

目的　探讨微血管密度(MVD)与胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤(GISMT)良恶性、恶性程度、转移及预后的关系。　方法　采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测86例GISMT中MVD。　结果　MVD按平滑肌瘤、低度恶性平滑肌肉瘤、高度恶性平滑肌肉瘤的顺序依次明显增高,差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0.01)。同时,MVD与肿瘤良恶性生长方式、肿瘤大小、肿瘤中心有无坏死亦有明显关系,差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0.01)。MVD低表达组的5年生存率明显高于高表达组,差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0.01)。　结论　MVD是反映GISMT生物学特性的良好标志物,其测定可以作为判断GISMT良恶性、恶性程度、转移及预后的客观指标。     

微血管密度和血管内皮生长因子在胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤中的表达及其临床病理意义

目的探讨微血管密度(MVD)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达与胃肠道平滑肌肿瘤(GISMT)的性质、恶性程度、转移及预后的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测86例GISMT中MVD及VEGF的表达情况。结果MVD、VEGF的表达按平滑肌瘤、低度恶性平滑肌肉瘤、高度恶性平滑肌肉瘤的顺序依次明显增高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。同时,MVD、VEGF的表达与肿瘤良、恶性的生长方式、肿瘤大小、肿瘤中心有无坏死亦有明显关系(P<0.01或P<0.05)。MVD低表达组的5年生存率明显高于高表达组(P<0.01)。而VEGF高表达组的5年生存率则明显低于低表达组(P<0.01)。此外,VEGF阳性表达组的MVD明显高于VEGF阴性表达组的MVD(P<0.01)。结论MVD、VEGF是反映GISMT生物学特性的良好标志物,联合测定可以互补作为判断GISMT性质、恶性程度、转移及预后的客观指标。     

消化道平滑肌肿瘤的诊断与处理

报告了消化道平滑肌肿瘤(SMT)149例,其中平滑肌瘤60例,平滑肌肉瘤86例,上皮样平滑肌瘤3例。肿瘤分布依次为胃63例(占42.3％)、小肠37例(24.8％)、食管16例(10.8％)、直肠15(10.1％)、十二指肠及结肠各为9例(6.0％)。临床表现与肿瘤的部位、大小、生长方式及有无并发症有关。食管SMT主要表现为吞咽困难及胸骨后不适(占75％),胃肠SMT常表现为腹痛、消化道出血及腹部包块。食管SMT多为良性,胃SMT良恶性比例相近,肠道则恶性多于良性。核分裂数是鉴别良恶性平滑肌瘤的重要指标。平滑肌肉瘤的复发和肝转移与手术切除范围无明显的关系,而与核分裂数有关。核分裂数高的病例,术后应密切随访。对于肝转移和术后复发的病例,应积极给予治疗。     

胃间质瘤临床病理及预后分析

目的探讨胃间质瘤临床病理特征及与预后相关的因素。方法收集中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1986年3月至2001年12月收治的98例有完整资料的位于胃的间质瘤、平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、平滑肌母细胞瘤、许旺细胞瘤和神经纤维瘤患者的临床和病理资料.复阅切片(苏木精-伊红染色)、重新诊断,肿瘤两点取材构建组织微阵列;免疫组织化学染色检测CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、desmin、S-100及Ki-67蛋白等6种抗体的表达;单因素及多因素分析各变量与患者预后的关系。结果确诊间质瘤91例(92.9%)。随访率91.0%,中位随访时间54个月,患者1、5、10年生存率分别为88.8%、79.6%和63.7%。单因素分析显示,患者的预后与肿瘤大小、核分裂像数目、肿瘤坏死、核异型、细胞类型、细胞密集程度、手术类型、黏膜侵犯、年龄及Ki-67标记指数(5%为界)等因素有关(P<0.05,P<0.01);多因素分析显示,肿瘤大小、核分裂像数目、肿瘤坏死及黏膜受侵是影响预后的重要因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论肿瘤直径大于10cm、核分裂像数目超过10个/50HPF、肿瘤有坏死,黏膜受侵常提示胃间质瘤恶性度较高。     

原发性男性生殖系统平滑肌肿瘤5例报告并文献复习

目的:总结男性生殖系统平滑肌肿瘤的临床诊疗信息。方法:收集1992～2012年间我院5例原发性男性生殖系统平滑肌肿瘤患者的超声检查资料、病理检查结果以及治疗方法和术后随访资料,并结合文献加以分析。结果:与平滑肌瘤相比,平滑肌肉瘤超声下回声混杂,强于睾丸,血供更加丰富,HE染色可见明显的核分裂相(≥2/10HP),免疫组化染色可见HIF-1α(+)和Glut-1(+)。2例平滑肌瘤接受了单纯肿块切除术,最长随访10年,未见复发。另外3例平滑肌肉瘤均接受了根治性切除术,术后未联合放化疗,最长随访满1年,未见复发转移。结论:原发性男性生殖系统平滑肌肿瘤术前明确诊断困难,对超声提示恶性可能者,要重视术前MRI检查以明确有无淋巴结转移,重视术中快速冰冻检查。对于病理确诊为平滑肌肉瘤者,是否在术后联合放化疗,应谨慎选择。     

胃平滑肌肿瘤30例诊治体会

本文通过对３０例胃平滑肌肿瘤诊治的分析，认识到上消化道出血是胃平滑肌肿瘤不可忽视的临床表现，对原因不明的上消化道出血应考虑本病的可能，并通过超声胃镜等检查以获得早期诊断。胃平滑肌肿瘤良恶性的鉴别应根据其生长方式、有无转移和浸润性生长、术后是否复发及病理检查等综合分析。治疗上胃平滑肌肿瘤一旦确诊均应积极手术治疗，术式选择的原则是：胃平滑肌瘤以局部切除为主，肿块较大者行胃大部切除；胃平滑肌肉瘤和平滑肌母细胞瘤以根治性胃次全切除为主；有淋巴结转移者应同时行淋巴结清扫；肝转移可行手术切除、经肝动脉插管化疗和／或栓塞、无水酒精局部注射等治疗，可望获得较好疗效。     

胃平滑肌肿瘤31例临床诊断分析

本文总结了31例胃平滑肌肿瘤(平滑肌瘤11例,平滑肌肉瘤20例)。发现上消化道出血是此类肿瘤最突出的临床表现。由于平滑肌肉瘤倾向于向胃腔外生长,胃镜和X线难以观察其全貌,因而诊断率高。胃镜与B超检查相结合有可能提高术前诊断率。认为肿瘤的大小其长径5cm不是判断肿瘤良恶性的满意指标。本组有35%的平滑肌肉瘤小于5cm。如病人能尽早就医并行有效的检查,将可发现较小的平滑肌肉瘤。     

胃间质瘤70例临床与预后分析

目的 探讨胃间质瘤（GST）的临床特征、生物学表现及预后相关因素.方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗及病理证实的70例GST患者相关临床资料,并对其进行电话和信件随访.结果 （1）全组GST中男女性别比例相当,年龄范围在50 ～ 69岁之间,平均年龄59.1岁,主要临床表现为腹部不适（42.9％）,其次为腹部疼痛（37.1％）和上消化道出血（7.1％）,临床表现无特异性.（2） GST的预后与患者性别、年龄、首发症状、肿瘤原发部位等因素无相关性（P＞0.05）,肿瘤大小、核分裂像计数和恶性潜能分级与预后相关,其中肿瘤的大小（肿瘤最大径＞5 cmvs ＜2cm,HR =21.3,95％ CI：5.9 ～77.0;肿瘤最大径2～5 cmvs＜2 cm,HR =2.3,95％CI：1.2～7.8）和核分裂像计数（核分裂像计数＞10/50 HPF vs≤5/50 HPF,HR=22.5,95％ CI：8.6～58.6;核分裂像计数6～ 10/50 HPF vs≤5/50 HPF,HR=11.1,95％ CI：9.9～12.3）是影响GST预后的独立影响因素.结论 GST中肿瘤的大小、核分裂像计数和恶性潜能分级与预后相关,其中肿瘤的大小、核分裂像计数是影响GST预后的独立影响因素.肿瘤越大、核分裂数越多、恶性潜能分级越高,GST的预后越差.     

胃肠道间质瘤预后因素的临床分析

目的探讨影响胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的预后因素。方法回顾性分析2000-2003年间41例GIST患者的免疫组织化学表达情况及肿瘤的大小、生长部位、核分裂数及手术的切除程度与该病预后的关系。结果GIST患者的病理切片中CD117、CD34和波形蛋白(vimentin)的表达比较高,分别为92.7%、82.9%和78.0%。生长在小肠的GIST比生长在胃和结直肠者预后差(P<0.05);肿瘤直径大于5cm患者的预后较小于或等于5cm的差(3年生存率为54%比72%,P<0.05);核分裂大于5/50HPF者预后较小于或等于5/50HPF者差(P<0.05);行不完全性切除手术者比行完全性切除者预后差(P<0.05)。结论完全性手术切除肿瘤能明显提高GIST患者的预后。生长在小肠的肿瘤、肿瘤直径大于5cm和核分裂大于5/50HPF是影响肿瘤预后的因素。     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根内固定断裂与植骨融合方式的相关性分析

[目的]探讨胸腰椎骨折椎弓根螺钉内固定系统内固定术后,椎弓根螺钉断裂与植骨融合方式之间的关系,以探讨胸腰椎骨折植骨融合的最佳方式。[方法]回顾性研究1995年5月~2005年12月本院脊柱外科收治的胸腰椎骨折病人197例,其中A组单纯内固定(不植骨)患者14例,B组“H”形椎板植骨21例,C组横突间植骨67例,D组椎间、椎内联合横突间植骨95例。[结果]术后随访6~32个月,内固定断裂12例,其中A组4例,B组3例,C组5例,D组0例,4组中D组内固定断裂率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。[结论]椎间、椎体内联合横突间植骨重建脊柱三柱的稳定性,符合人体生物力学原理,能有效降低内固定断裂的发生。     

On the measurement of the functional properties of the CFTR

A number of methods are currently employed to assess the functional properties of CFTR channels and their response to pharmacological potentiators, correction of the defective CFTR trafficking, and vectorial introduction of new proteins. Here we review the most common methods used to assess CFTR channel function. The suitability of each technique to various experimental conditions is discussed.     

Preservation of the pylorus and resection of the head of the pancreas

The historical evolution of the pylorus-preservation resection of the head of the pancreas is traced from the first resections early in this century to relative standardization of the operation, to a lowering of the operative mortality, and to an interest in improving nutritional status after resection. There are many theoretical advantages for the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract after pylorus and gastric preservation, such as maintenance of gastric capacitance and equilibration of osmotic pressure in gastric digestants, foodstuff digestion and absorption, and bowel motility. After the pylorus-preserving resection, gastric emptying is normal, pyloric function to prevent duodenal reflux is often normal, and gastric acids and serum levels of duodenal hormones are at normal levels, whereas after standard pancreatoduodenectomy, all of these are often abnormal. No prospective blinded studies have been published comparing nutritional values after the two operative procedures, but evidence is presented of a satisfactory result with regard to gastric capacitance, body weight gain, and lack of postgastrectomy symptoms. An undoubted advantage of the pylorus-preserving feature is a simplification of the operation. These gains are achieved without increase in operative mortality, without increase in the incidence of jejunal ulcer, and without theoretical or actual decrease in value of the procedure as a cancer operation, except in patients with duodenal carcinoma proximal to the ampulla of Vater.     

下颌全牙弓后移量及最后界的测量

目的：研究下颌牙弓的有效后移量及找寻下颌牙弓移动的后界。方法：选取涉及拔除下颌第三磨牙或下颌第三磨牙缺失的病例18例（男6例,女12例）。采用种植支抗牵引下牙弓向远中,治疗完成时所有病例均明确到达下颌牙弓后界,即下颌第二磨牙远中到达下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。应用治疗前后的曲断片测量下颌第二磨牙远中到升支前缘的距离。结果：下颌第二磨牙后移量为（3.49±1.21）mm;治疗后磨牙后间隙的长度为（4.43±0.97）mm。结论：下颌牙弓可确定性地实现整体后移;最大后移量由磨牙后间隙的长度决定;其最后界止于下颌第二磨牙远中与下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。     

The Measurement of the Inclination Angle of the Hamate and Analysis of the Inclination Angle for the Rotation Deformity of the Little Finger in the Fixation of the Carpometacarpal Joint

ObjectiveComplex base fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone and dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are more prone to internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence after fixation with a transarticular plate. In the past, we have neglected that there is actually a certain angle of external rotation in the hamate surface of transarticular fixation. This study measured the inclination angle of the hamate surface relative to the fifth metacarpal surface for clinical reference.MethodsIn a prospective single‐center study, we investigated the tilt angle of 60 normal hamates. The study included thin‐layer computed tomography (CT) data from 60 patients from the orthopaedic clinic and inpatient unit from January 2017 to March 2020, including 34 men and 26 women who were 15~59 years old, average 35 years old. The CT data of 60 cases in Dicom format of the hand was input into Mimics and 3‐Matics software for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and measuring the angle α between hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface. According to the possible placement of the transarticular plate on the fifth metacarpal surface, we measured the angle β between the hamate surface 1 and the fifth metacarpal surface and the angle γ between the hamate surface 2 and the fifth metacarpal surface.ResultsThe average angle between the hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface was 11.66°. The hamate surfaces 1 and 2 have an external rotation angle of 7.30° and 7.51° on average with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference in the angles between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe horizontal angle of the dorsal side of the hamate is different from the back of the fifth metacarpal surface, and the hamate has a certain external rotation angle with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface. No matter how the transarticular plate is placed, the plate always has a certain external rotation angle relative to the fifth metacarpal surface. When the fixation is across the fifth carpometacarpal joint, if the plate does not twist and shape, it will inevitably cause internal rotation of the fifth metacarpal, resulting in internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence.     

静脉输注甘露醇开放血脑屏障对抗生素透过血脑屏障的影响

目的　通过快速静脉输注甘露醇可逆性开放血脑屏障 (BBB) ,探知此方法能否增加抗生素透过BBB的量 ,在何时达到最高峰 ,其通透量增加后临床上有无不良反应。方法　采用自身配伍设计 ,共 6个样本组。对照组仅使用抗生素 ;其余 5组分别在使用甘露醇前 60、3 0min ,同时使用甘露醇后 3 0、60min使用抗生素 ,各组皆取使用抗生素后 1h的脑脊液测其抗生素浓度。抗生素选用头孢三嗪。结果　测量值经过q检验 ,经 2 0 %甘露醇处理前后的CSF中的头孢三嗪浓度差异有非常显著性。全组患者经临床观察未出现神经系统的不良反应。结论　经静脉快速输注2 0 %甘露醇后可以使透过BBB的水溶性抗生素的量增加 ,两者使用的顺序是在抗生素使用 3 0min内即给予甘露醇快速滴注。该方法不会增加低神经毒性抗生素在中枢神经系统的不良反应。     

Preservation of the pylorus in resection of the head of the pancreas

Whipple's pancreatoduodenectomy was the standard operation for diseases of the head of the pancreas for more than 40 years, but the results were vitiated in part by poor gastrointestinal function and malnutrition. Reintroduced in 1978, pylorus-preserving proximal pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPP) has had an increasing impact on pancreatic surgery as its benefits have been recognized: improved nutritional status, decreased incidence of postgastrectomy syndromes, and a technically easier operation. Postoperative mortality rates and 5-year survival rates are comparable with those of the classic Whipple procedure. PPPP is indicated for most patients with chronic pancreatitis of the pancreatic head. It is also appropriate for patients with periampullary cancer and for those with pancreatic cancer arising from the lower part of ‘the head and the uncinate process. More than 650 patients have now undergone PPPP: 31% for chronic pancreatitis and 66% for periampullary and pancreatic cancers. We assess the indications for PPPP, outline the operation, and review the results.