膀胱肿瘤电切术中行闭孔神经阻滞防止闭孔神经反射的效果分析

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中采用闭孔神经阻滞防止闭孔神经反射的临床效果.方法 对214例膀胱癌患者行经尿道电切术,治疗组113例在腰-硬联合麻醉基础上进行闭孔神经阻滞,而对照组101例仅行单纯腰-硬联合麻醉.结果 治疗组闭孔神经反射发生率（9.7%）明显低于对照组（22.8%）（P〈0.05）,两组复发率差异无统计学意义（21.2% vs 25.7%,P＆gt;0.05）.结论 在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中采取闭孔神经阻滞能明显减少闭孔神经反射的发生,提高手术的安全性和有效性,临床效果良好.     

Critical sites of entrapment of the posterior division of the obturator nerve: anatomical considerations

In the current anatomic study, special attention was given to the relationship of the posterior division of the obturator nerve to surrounding structures: the obturator canal and the fibromuscular and vascular structures of the medial thigh region. These intimate relationships may, in certain conditions, constitute critical sites of entrapment of the posterior division of the obturator nerve and may present a diagnostic challenge to the manual practitioner. Knowledge of the potential sites of entrapment of the posterior division of the obturator nerve can aid in differential diagnosis of peripheral neuropathies, provide an anatomic basis for obturator nerve pathology, and guide effective patient management, including the application of modern diagnostic techniques and safe surgical procedures.     

Retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumor presenting as a bulky pelvic mass of the obturator fossa

Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGGCT) are commonly found in the midline of the body. We report a rare case of a retroperitoneal EGGCT presenting as a bulky pelvic mass located between the left internal and external iliac arteries in a 29-year-old man. His alpha-fetoprotein level was 12946.2 ng/mL and the biopsy of the tumor revealed a nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. After three cycles of chemotherapy (bleomycin/etoposide/cisplatin) followed by resection of all residual tumors, one cycle of salvage chemotherapy (etoposide/ifosphamide/cisplatin) was added. The patient was disease free at 21-month follow up.     

Life-threatening haemorrhage following obturator artery injury during transurethral bladder surgery: a sequel of an unsuccessful obturator nerve block

In spite of prior blockade of the obturator nerve with 1% mepivacaine (8 ml) utilizing a nerve stimulator, violent leg jerking was evoked during transurethral electroresection of a bladder tumour approximately 1 h after the blockade in a 68-year-old man. The patient became severely hypotensive immediately following the jerking, and a large lower abdominal swelling concurrently developed. The urgent laparotomy indicated that the left obturator artery was severely injured by the resectoscope associated with the bladder perforation, causing acute massive haemorrhage. The patient recovered uneventfully after adequate surgery. Investigation of the literature suggested that both our nerve stimulation technique and anatomical approach were appropriate. It was therefore unlikely that our block resulted in failure because of an inappropriate site for deposition of the anaesthetic. However, consensus does not appear to have been obtained as to the concentration and volume of the anaesthetic necessary for prevention of the obturator nerve stimulation during the transurethral procedures. The concentration and volume of mepivacaine we used might have been too low and/or small, respectively, to profoundly block all the motor neuron fibres of the nerve. Alternatively, stimulation of the obturator nerve might occur because of the presence of some anatomical variant, such as the accessory obturator nerve or its abnormal branching. In conclusion, some uncertainty appears to exist in the effectiveness of the local anaesthetic blockade of the obturator nerve. In order to attain profound blockade of the motor neuron fibres of the obturator nerve and thereby prevent the thigh-adductor muscle contraction which can lead to life-threatening situations, we recommend, even with a nerve stimulator, to use a larger volume of a higher concentration of local anaesthetic with a longer duration in the obturator nerve block for the transurethral procedures.     

Pancreatic tail pseudocyst associated with spontaneous resolution of intrasplenic pancreatic pseudocyst

A 27-year-old man, an alcohol abuser, had alcoholic pancreatitis complicated by a 3.2 cm pancreatic tail speudocyst and intrasplenic pseudocysts presenting with left upper quadrant pain of one-month duration. Surgical resection or percutaneous drainage of the cystic lesions of the pancreas and the spleen was refused. Analgesic agents were given for relief of abdominal pain. Three months later, another episode of alcoholic pancreatitis occurred. A computed axial tomographic scans of the abdomen showed diffuse enlargement of the pancreas with a 3.0-cm pseudocyst in the pancreatic tail, but there was no evidence of previous intrasplenic pseudocysts. The patient was treated conservatively and was discharged on the 7th hospital day. There was no recurrence of abdominal pain after 3 months follow-up.     

Laparoscopic cystogastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocyst: a case report.

A 49-year-old man with a history of acute pancreatitis was hospitalized with a diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging all demonstrated a homogeneous cyst, 9 x 4 cm in size, at the tail of the pancreas without mural nodules or septa. Because an intestinal structure was identified between the cyst and stomach preoperatively by computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography, laparoscopic cystogastrostomy was carried out instead of percutaneous or endoscopic cyst drainage. The cyst was exposed by dissecting the lesser omentum and found to have no adhesion to the surrounding tissues. Anastomosis was performed using an endoscopic linear stapler via small cystotomy and gastrotomy openings on the lesser curvature, which were then sutured laparoscopically. The postoperative course was uneventful. Laparoscopic surgery is recommended as a safe, reliable, and minimally invasive treatment for managing pancreatic pseudocyst.     

闭孔神经阻滞的研究进展

背景闭孔神经阻滞（obturator nerve block,ONB）可用于缓解大腿内收肌痉挛及髋关节疼痛、抑制经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中闭孔神经反射等。近年来,随着人们对神经阻滞麻醉的再度关注,ONB的应用与研究也随之增多。目的概述及评价ONB适应证及穿刺方法,为临床及研究工作提供参考。内容阐述ONB的适应证,荟萃分析ONB的不同穿刺入路及方法。趋向随着ONB临床应用的不断普及,更具优势的阻滞方法也会不断涌现。     

Laparoscopic partial splenectomy for a splenic pseudocyst

We describe a laparoscopic hemisplenectomy that was performed to treat a 21-year-old patient with a large splenic pseudocyst located in the upper splenic pole. The diagnosis was made by computed tomography and ultrasound, and surgery was performed with ultrasound scalpel, clips, and fibrin glue. Surgery lasted 70 min and did not require blood transfusions. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3, and at 28-month follow-up there were no sequelae or recurrences. The laparoscopic approach is a valid alternative to laparotomy because the integrated magnified view enables the surgical team to perform surgery in a much shorter time and with greater hemostatic accuracy than the traditional technique.     

Hemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst: laparoscopic treatment

Background The incidence of adrenal hemorrhagic pseudocyst is very low. A total of 613 adrenal cysts and 85 hemorrhagic pseudocysts have been reported. A laparoscopically diagnosed and resolved case is presented here, together with the current diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.Methods A 40-year-old woman was admitted because of an asymptomatic nonfunctional right adrenal tumor. Right laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed, 8-cm cyst which found an with thick walls and organized hematic content. The postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up was 14 months. The pathology was an adrenal hemorrhagic pseudocyst.Discussion A total of 56% of adrenal cysts are pseudocysts. One third of them have hematic content. They may present as an asymptomatic finding with nonspecific symptoms or as a hormone secreting or complicated tumor. Their vascular etiology is not yet totally accepted. There is a tendency for intracystic bleeding. it is advisable to evaluate the hormonal profile and morphologic characteristics in all cases. Treatment options include needle aspiration, percutaneous drainage, and cyst or gland resection. Laparoscopic excision should be evaluated.     

Hybrid notes: incisionless intragastric stapled cystgastrostomy of a pancreatic pseudocyst

Purpose

We present a case report of a novel hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The operation performed was a transgastric cystgastrostomy with endoscopic guidance for a pancreatic pseudocyst. This operation was completed entirely through an existing gastrostomy site with no incisions, thus avoiding the peritoneal cavity.

Methods

This is a case of a 7-year-old boy with neurologic impairment from congenital herpes simplex virus encephalitis who is tube fed. He had acute pancreatitis and developed a 9 cm pancreatic pseudocyst. The pseudocyst failed to resolve after 6 weeks and developed a mature wall. Due to a history of multiple abdominal surgeries and known abdominal adhesions, a minimally invasive approach that would avoid entering the peritoneal cavity was the desired approach. The technique involved a trans-oral endoscope for visualization and the use of the gastrostomy as access to the gastric lumen and pseudocyst. The pancreatic pseudocyst was stabilized with two T-fasteners and confirmed with needle aspiration under endoscopic visualization. The pseudocyst was then opened with the LigaSure (Valleylab, Boulder, CO). The cystgastrostomy anastomosis was completed with an Endopath ETS-Flex Articulating Linear Stapler/Cutter (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc, Cincinnati, OH). The operation took less than 2 hours and was completed without an incision. Under the policies of the Human Research Protection Program, review of a single case is outside the scope of the definition of human subjects research and does not require institutional review board review and approval.

Results

The patient did well postoperatively and had a dramatic reduction in size of the pancreatic pseudocyst to 3.5 cm by 2 weeks.

Conclusions

Hybrid NOTES cystgastrostomy performed through an existing gastrocutaneous fistula is an excellent approach for minimally invasive drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.     

闭孔疝的诊断和治疗

目的探讨闭孔疝的诊治方法。方法对15例闭孔疝病例诊治经过结合相关文献进行回顾性分析。结果15例中．术前确诊率仅20％（3／15），误诊率80％（12／15），全组均行疝环修补术，采用剖腹探查切口。本组治愈率100％，术后切口感染及愈合不良4例（21．67％），随访8例至今无复发。结论术前易误诊、漏诊；对年老体弱、多胎生育伴有不明原因肠梗阻表现的妇女，应高度考虑闭孔疝，Howship—Romberg征及Hannington—Kiff征阳性可确诊。疝环修补术是惟一有效的方法，首选腹腔内入路。早确诊．及时手术是减少并发症、降低死亡率的关键。     

闭孔疝的诊断和治疗

目的探讨闭孔疝的诊治方法。方法对15例闭孔疝病例诊治经过结合相关文献进行回顾性分析。结果15例中,术前确诊率仅20%(3/15),误诊率80%(12/15),全组均行疝环修补术,采用剖腹探查切口。本组治愈率100%,术后切口感染及愈合不良4例(21.67%),随访8例至今无复发。结论术前易误诊、漏诊;对年老体弱、多胎生育伴有不明原因肠梗阻表现的妇女,应高度考虑闭孔疝,Howship-Romberg征及Hannington-Kiff征阳性可确诊。疝环修补术是惟一有效的方法,首选腹腔内入路。早确诊,及时手术是减少并发症、降低死亡率的关键。     

Sacral nerve modulation in the treatment of chronic pain after pelvic surgery

Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of sacral nerve modulation for chronic pelvic pain after pelvic or anal surgery for benign disease. Method From January 2004 to December 2009, 17 (14 female; age 56 years) consecutive patients suffering from chronic pelvic pain underwent evaluation for sacral nerve modulation in three pelvic floor units. Results The previous surgery included stapled transanal rectal resection (five), hysterectomy (four), haemorrhoidectomy (two), stapled haemorrhoidopexy (one), fistulectomy (one), urethral sphincterotomy (one), appendicectomy (one), discectomy (one) and laparoscopy for endometriosis (one). Eight (47%) patients fulfilled the criteria for definitive implantation and were followed for a mean of 39 months. Using a visual analog pain score, pain levels fell from 8.2 preoperatively to 1.9, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.8 at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. Age < 60 years and duration of symptoms of < 24 months were good predictors and stapling was a poor predictor of success. Conclusion Sacral nerve modulation seems to be effective over time in some patients with chronic pain related to previous surgery.     

Laparoscopic repair of obturator hernia

Management of patients presenting with bowel obstruction secondary to oburator hernia is difficult due to the rarity of the condition. Herein, two patients with incarcerated obturator hernia are presented, and the role of diagnostic laparoscopy in their management is discussed. A new surgical approach, transabdominal repair with dual mesh, is described.     

Pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery arising within a pancreatic pseudocyst

A case is presented of a 41-year-old man admitted for obstructive jaundice. Work-up revealed a pseudocyst of the pancreatic head which contained a large pseudoaneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery. After an unsuccessful attempt at embolization, the patient was treated with an uncomplicated pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

超声引导下闭孔神经阻滞在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射的效果

目的通过对比不同麻醉方式下闭孔神经反射的发生情况,探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射的有效方式。方法选取需行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的膀胱侧壁肿瘤患者160例,男134例,女26例,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为四组:全凭静脉麻醉组(G组),腰-硬联合麻醉组(C组),腰-硬联合麻醉复合静脉麻醉组(V组),腰-硬联合麻醉复合闭孔神经阻滞(obturator nerve block,ONB)组(O组),每组40例。记录不同麻醉方式下闭孔神经反射的发生情况。结果O组闭孔神经反射发生率(7.5%)明显低于C组(32.5%,P=0.005)和V组(40.0%,P=0.001),与G组闭孔神经反射发生率(5.0%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.644)。结论腰-硬联合麻醉复合闭孔神经阻滞与全凭静脉麻醉均可有效预防闭孔神经反射的发生。     

闭孔疝早期诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨闭孔疝的早期诊断,以及开放式全腹膜外疝修补术在闭孔疝治疗中的应用。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2013年6月,浙江大学医学院附属第二医院收治的4例闭孔疝患者的临床资料,分析、讨论其病例特点。结果4例闭孔疝患者,术前皆行CT检查,明确闭孔疝诊断。其中3例因肠梗阻急诊人院,并急诊行剖腹探查术,术中发现肠管坏死而行肠切除,单纯修补闭孔缺损;另1例患者,因左下肢痛入院,择期行开放式全腹膜外疝修补术,术后恢复良好。结论对于能早期诊断的闭孔疝患者,开放式全腹膜外疝修补术是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament: Management and outcome

Background:

Mucoid degeneration (MD) is a rare pathological affection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Mucinous material within the substance of ACL produces pain and limited motion in the knee. This series describes the clinicoradiological presentation of patients with mucoid ACL, partial arthroscopic debridement of ACL and outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

During a period of 3 years, 11 patients were included based upon the clinical suspicion, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, arthroscopic features and histopathologic confirmation of MD of ACL.

Result:

Six patients were male and five were female with median age of 40 years (range 21-59 years). All patients complained of knee pain with median duration of 5 months (range 1-24 months). All patients had painful deep flexion with 63.6% (N = 7) reporting trivial trauma before the onset of symptoms. MRI revealed MD of ACL in all with associated cyst in three patients. Partial debridement of ACL was done in ten and complete in one patient. None of them required notchplasty. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis in all of them. At the mean followup of 13.81 months (range 6-28 months), all patients regained complete flexion and none complained of instability.

Conclusion:

Prior knowledge of condition with high index of suspicion and careful interpretation of MRI can establish the diagnosis preoperatively. It responds well to partial debridement of ACL and mucinous material without development of instability.     

超声引导经皮引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿

目的探讨超声引导经皮引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿(pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC)的临床价值. 方法 2000年12月～2003年10月我院采用超声引导经皮引流治疗PPC 12例,其中单纯穿刺抽液1例,置管引流11例. 结果 1例因囊腔与主胰管相通,改行开腹囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术,余11例囊肿消失.引流时间7～90 d,平均28 d.无并发症发生.12例随访6～34个月,平均18个月,1例复发 ,但较引流前明显缩小. 结论超声引导经皮穿刺抽液或置管引流是治疗PPC一种简单可行的方法,具有创伤小,并发症少,早期、多部位、重复治疗等优点.