Budd-Chiari综合征:下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓的可回收内支架设计与应用

目的设计可回收内支架以治疗下腔静脉阻塞并血栓型Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)并观察其临床效果。方法根据下腔静脉合并血栓型BCS病变特点,设计可回收内支架。4例下腔静脉阻塞并血栓型BCS,行钝性破膜小球囊预扩张后置入可回收内支架压迫血栓,再使用大球囊充分扩张闭塞段,完全开通闭塞的下腔静脉。术后给予抗凝溶栓治疗,待血栓消失后经颈内静脉或股静脉将可回收内支架取出。其中下腔静脉节段性闭塞合并血栓者同时在原闭塞段置入“Z”型支架,术后彩超随访。结果4例患者成功介入治疗,血栓短期内消失,可回收内支架顺利取出,术中术后未发生肺动脉栓塞、下腔静脉破裂以及其他并发症。彩超随访3个月,可回收内支架置入部位未见血栓形成、管壁增厚和局部再狭窄。结论应用可回收内支架治疗BCS下腔静脉病变合并血栓安全、有效,对局部血管壁无不良影响,可替代永久内支架置入,值得推广。     

Budd-Chiari综合征:下腔静脉闭塞钝性开通的技术探讨

目的探讨下腔静脉闭塞型Budd-Chiari综合征钝性开通技术临床应用的安全性。方法96例患者中下腔静脉膜性闭塞63例、下腔静脉节段性闭塞33例,其中15例合并肝静脉狭窄或闭塞。透视下,使用开通导丝开通闭塞段下腔静脉。结果96例技术操作全部成功,下腔静脉开通率100%,未出现心脏压塞、下腔静脉破裂、胸腔出血、腹腔出血等严重并发症。结论钝性破膜开通下腔静脉闭塞段操作简单、安全有效、费用低、无严重并发症,值得大力推广。     

布-加综合征血流动力学参数模拟与其病因相关性分析

目的建立特征性下腔静脉狭窄型布-加综合征三维（3D）模型,分析血流动力学参数变化,探讨与布-加综合征病因相关的血流动力学因素。方法选取下腔静脉重度狭窄型布-加综合征病例,通过对其磁共振成像（MRI）数据的3D重建,采用计算机流体力学（CFD）软件进行血流动力学数值模拟,并与正常人的下腔静脉模型参数进行比较,分析其主要血流动力学参数变化。结果建立的下腔静脉3D流体模型揭示了病变区域的血流模式。随狭窄的出现及狭窄程度的加深,血管内血流模式发生明显改变,狭窄区域旁侧出现涡流;狭窄处血流流速急升,最大值可达（1．39±0．257）m／s;狭窄处壁面切应力明显升高,最大值可达（7．77±0．124）Pa,且沿血流流动方向产生较大梯度。结论血流模式的改变会进一步影响血管内血液的局部流速以及血管壁上切应力等参数的分布,这些可能是影响下腔静脉狭窄以致进一步恶化形成栓塞的因素。     

Acute thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: CT demonstration

We reviewed the CT findings in 17 patients with angiographically proved Budd-Chiari syndrome to determine the ability of CT to show acute thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins. In eight patients with membranes (web or band) in the IVC, no thrombus was detected with CT or angiography. In the other nine patients, thrombi in the IVC and/or hepatic veins were seen as intraluminal filling defects that did not change in appearance on precontrast and postcontrast CT scans. Attenuation values of intraluminal filling defects of the IVC ranged from 38 to 42 H in four patients. High-attenuation intraluminal filling defects (60-70 H) of the IVC (five patients) and hepatic veins (one of five patients) were detected. Of these five patients, four had acute symptoms and one had chronic vague symptoms. The underlying disease was a web or band in the IVC and hepatic veins in three patients, invasive hepatocellular carcinoma in one, and injury to the IVC wall during hepatectomy in one. Inferior venacavography showed occlusion of the hepatic segment of the IVC in all five patients. Additional angiograms obtained by injection of contrast medium after a catheter tip was placed in the occluded hepatic IVC showed numerous filling defects suggestive of thrombi of recent onset, which correlated with the high-attenuation thrombi seen on CT scans in two patients. In the remaining three patients, high-attenuation areas in the IVC and hepatic veins also were considered to represent thrombi of recent onset because the attenuation values later decreased to 33-42 H. Spontaneous reduction in diameter of the thrombosed segment of the IVC was observed in four of the five patients. Knowledge of the CT features of acute thrombosis of the IVC and hepatic veins is useful in the early diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome.     

Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome with urokinase following predilation in patients with old inferior vena cava thrombosis

Purpose

This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and feasibility of thrombolytic urokinase treatment after predilation in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) with chronic inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis.

Materials and methods

Between December 2006 and September 2009, 13 consecutive BCS patients with chronic IVC thrombosis were treated with continuous urokinase infusion after predilation and subsequent (i.e. after thrombus resolution) IVC dilation with a 30-mm dilator. The procedural technical and angiographic, and ultrasonic results, as well as mortality, morbidity and the final clinical outcome, were evaluated immediately after the treatment or at 1 week and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months and then annually thereafter.

Results

The immediate and long-term procedural technical outcome was successful in all patients. Follow-up inferior vena cavagrams demonstrated complete resolution of the chronic IVC thrombi and full IVC patency, without occurrence of pulmonary embolism at any time during the study. Colour-Doppler ultrasound (US) follow-up for 16.92 months (±12.04) showed full patency of the IVC, without thrombosis, restenosis or reobstruction, in all patients and resolution of all clinical symptoms. All patients were alive at the time of this report.

Conclusions

Our preliminary results indicate that thrombolysis with continuous infusion of urokinase after predilation is a safe and feasible approach for treating BCS patients with chronic IVC thrombosis.     

可回收支架治疗下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成的中期疗效

目的 观察可回收支架治疗下腔静脉阻塞(BCS)合并血栓形成的中期疗效.方法 8例下腔静脉合并血栓BCS,采用术中抗凝溶栓治疗后,行钝性破膜小球囊预扩张后植入可回收支架,最后使用大球囊充分扩张闭塞膜.术后给予抗凝溶栓治疗,待血栓消失后经颈内静脉将可回收支架取出.其中下腔静脉节段性闭塞合并血栓患者同时置入"Z"型支架.术后用彩色多普勒随访疗效.结果 8例患者均成功实施了介入治疗,血栓均在短期内消失,可回收支架顺利取出,术中未发生肺动脉栓塞和其他并发症.彩色多普勒超声随访3～12个月,2例下腔静脉狭窄,余6例可回收支架置入部位未见血栓形成、局部再狭窄及管壁增厚等情况发生.结论 使用可同收支架治疗下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成疗效满意.     

MR imaging in inferior vena cava thrombosis

Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of MR imaging in inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis; to differentiate acute from non-acute thrombus, and to identify the presence of changes in the morphology and signal intensity during medical treatment. Methods and materials: Seventeen patients with suspected IVC thrombosis underwent 30 MR examinations. The IVC thromboses were subdivided into two groups (acute and non-acute) according to onset of clinical symptoms. MR imaging of the IVC was analyzed and when an IVC thrombus was identified, a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the thrombus on spin-echo sequences with magnitude and phase reconstruction was performed to evaluate the relationship between signal intensity and the time elapse since the onset of clinical symptoms. Venography and/or CT scan proof was available in all cases. Results: IVC thrombus was correctly identified in 19 MR examinations which showed the size, localization and the degree of lysis during follow-up. No differences were found in the signal intensity of the thrombus related to time. The pattern of the signal intensity was homogeneous in six (86%) acute thrombus and heterogeneous in nine (75%) thrombus of more than 1 week duration. A significant statistical relationship (P < 0.01) existed between the thrombus age and differences in the pattern of signal intensity. Conclusions: MR imaging is accurate to assess the localization and size of IVC thrombus, similar to the imaging techniques of reference. In addition, MR also provides useful information about the age and the morphological variations of thrombus during medical treatment.     

Multisegmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava with thrombosis of the left inferior vena cava

We present a rare case of an extensive venous thrombosis associated with a multisegmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava (IVC), double IVCs, a hypoplastic right IVC, an aneurysm arising at the distal portion of the right IVC, and a severe stenosis between the prerenal and the hepatic segments of the IVC.     

Budd-Chiari综合征:下腔静脉阻塞区钳夹活检病理学探讨

目的分析Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)下腔静脉(IVC)阻塞区的病理学改变,探讨其可能的病因和发病机制。方法对13例BCS患者IVC阻塞区进行钳夹活检,对取得标本行病理学检查。结果钳夹活检技术成功率100%(13/13),病理阳性率92.3%(12/13)。镜下见单纯混合血栓1例;纤维结缔组织11例,其中伴血栓形成3例,伴炎性细胞浸润8例,纤维结缔组织玻璃或黏液变性。结论BCS的IVC阻塞可能为局部炎症引起血栓形成并逐渐机化和纤维化而成。     

Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava with Budd-Chiari syndrome: MR imaging findings.

Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a curable cause of a primary type of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and vena cavography were performed on nine patients with membranous obstruction of the IVC. The MR findings were retrospectively analyzed and compared with computed tomographic findings in seven patients. The morphologic features of membranous obstruction of the IVC on spin-echo MR images were a curvilinear soft-tissue membrane (five cases) or an obliterated lumen of a hepatic segment of the IVC (four cases) in transverse or sagittal views. The lumen below the obstruction revealed flow-related signal (seven cases), intraluminal thrombus (one case), and thrombotic occlusion (one case). The hepatic veins were narrow and disoriented without connection to the hepatic segment of the IVC just below the diaphragm. On T2-weighted images, inhomogeneity with high signal intensity was shown more prominently in the hepatic parenchyma in Simson type II or III membranous obstruction. Other findings were hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged caudate lobe, cirrhotic liver, associated hepatoma, and presence of various collaterals.     

Deep venous thrombosis and inferior vena cava malformation

We report on five patients with anomalies of the inferior vena cava who all presented with deep venous thrombosis. The anomalies of the inferior vena cava were diagnosed with CT, and at the same time thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and/or iliofemoral thrombosis could be demonstrated. Malformation of the inferior vena cava might be a predisposing factor for deep venous thrombosis. Correspondence to: B. Bollinger     

Laceration of the inferior vena cava of angiographic demonstration

Laceration of the inferior vena cava (IVC) often presents as an acute surgical emergency requiring immediate operative intervention. We show that when the patient's clinical condition permits, angiography may delineate the site of caval laceration and active hemorrhage, and identify associated arterial injuries. Contrast extravasation from the IVC also is reported for the first time.     

下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型布-加综合征的病理学及病因学研究

目的研究下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型布-加综合征(BCS)的解剖位置和隔膜病理特点,以探讨病因及发病机制。方法分析100例非BCS死亡成人解剖资料,进行下腔静脉膈肌以上至右心房的大体观察。常规显微镜病理检查70例下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型患者的隔膜活检材料及20例BCS患者根治术后切除的完整隔膜。结果大体观察发现1例(1%)在位于平膈肌水平距下腔静脉入右心房28mm处、肝静脉开口上方的左外侧壁,存在一瓣膜;47%成人位于下腔静脉近右心房口存在Eustachian瓣。镜检显示,上述全部隔膜符合血管瓣膜样结构。其中30%(21/70)样本附有机化血栓。9%(6/70)样本内有少量炎细胞浸润。全部完整隔膜病理检查与血管壁相延续。结论首次报道在位于下腔静脉平膈肌水平有一瓣膜,这一瓣膜的发现,可能与下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型BCS的发生高度相关。     

Budd-Chiari综合征:预开通治疗下腔静脉内陈旧性血栓

目的 探讨预开通技术治疗Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)合并下腔静脉内陈旧性血栓的临床应用.方法 收集2006年12月-2009年8月采用预开通技术治疗的BCS合并下腔静脉内陈旧性血栓9例,先行下腔静脉造影,而后使用直径12～16 mm的球囊导管预扩张下腔静脉以恢复下腔静脉正向血流;术后给予抗凝、溶栓治疗促进血栓溶解;血栓溶解完全后使用直径25 mm/30 mm的球囊导管扩张下腔静脉以充分开通下腔静脉.术后采用彩色多普勒超声探查血栓溶解情况及下腔静脉通畅情况.结果 9例BCS合并下腔静脉内陈旧性血栓患者均为下腔静脉膜性阻塞,预开通下腔静脉后,除1例因再次阻塞下腔静脉而改行可同收支架治疗外,余8例患者血栓逐渐溶解消失,未出现肺栓塞症状,成功实施下腔静脉球囊扩张成形.术后随访除1例下腔静脉再次阻塞外,余8例下腔静脉血流通畅,无血栓再次形成.结论 预开通技术治疗BCS合并下腔静脉内陈旧性血栓,安全、有效.     

Budd-Chiari综合征伴下腔静脉混合型血栓机械性抽吸联合溶栓疗效分析

目的 比较机械性血栓抽吸联合导管溶栓与单纯导管溶栓治疗Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)伴下腔静脉(IVC)混合型血栓的效果.方法 回顾性分析43例BCS伴IVC混合型血栓患者临床资料.根据治疗方法分为研究组(n=22,机械性血栓抽吸后辅以尿激酶溶栓和血管成形术)和对照组(n=21,单纯尿激酶溶栓后辅以血管成形术).结果 研究组IVC-右心房压力差由术前(25.2±4.1) cmH2O改善至术后(9.1±1.6) cmH2O,对照组IVC-右心房压力差由术前(23.3±5.1) cmH2O改善至术后(8.9±1.9) cmH2O,两组间术前术后差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后血栓完全溶解率分别为68.2％(15/22)和57.1％(12/21),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).研究组溶栓天数、尿激酶用量、并发症发生率分别为(6.4±3.4)d、(25.4±13.9) ×105 U、0％,低于对照组(10.3±4.1)d、(40.8±15.7) ×105 U、19.1％,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术后平均随访(24.5±12.7)个月,研究组和对照组再狭窄率分别为9.1％(2/22)和4.8％(1/21),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 机械性血栓抽吸联合导管溶栓治疗BCS伴IVC混合型血栓效果与单纯导管溶栓相当,但溶栓天数较少、尿激酶用量较少,并发症发生率更低.     

布加综合征：搅拌溶栓治疗下腔静脉内新鲜血栓形成

目的探讨搅拌溶栓技术在布加综合征合并下腔静脉内新鲜血栓形成的临床应用。方法收集2004年8月-2009年3月布加综合征合并下腔静脉内新鲜血栓形成5例,首先经股静脉途径行下腔静脉造影,而后开通下腔静脉,再采用搅拌溶栓技术溶解血栓,直至血栓完全消失,最后行腔内球囊扩张血管成形术。术后采用多普勒超声随访下腔静脉通畅情况。结果5例布加综合征合并下腔静脉内新鲜血栓形成患者均为下腔静脉膜性阻塞,采用搅拌溶栓后血栓均完全消失,球囊扩张血管成形术后均未出现肺栓塞症状。术后随访下腔静脉血流通畅,无血栓再次形成,无一例下腔静脉再阻塞。结论搅拌溶栓技术可用于治疗布加综合征合并下腔静脉内新鲜血栓,能一次性完成整体治疗,安全有效。