关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨在关节镜监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法对12例SchazkerⅠ-Ⅲ型的胫骨平台骨折采用关节镜监视下进行小切口复位加空心螺纹钉内固定术,术中不切开关节囊,在镜下同时处理关节内合并损伤,术后随访,观察治疗效果。结果术后平均随访13.3个月(4～18个月),所有骨折均在3个月内愈合,按照Ewald膝关节功能评分标准,均>90分。结论关节镜监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折具有损伤小、操作安全、复位固定满意、能同时处理关节内合并伤、术后功能恢复快的优点。     

微创关节镜辅助下治疗SchatzkerⅠ-Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜技术在SchatzkerⅠ-Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折治疗中的临床疗效。方法2004年10月-2007年6月,对30例SchatzkerⅠ-Ⅳ型（Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型6例）胫骨平台骨折在关节镜辅助下进行小切口复位螺钉内固定术,同时镜下处理关节内合并损伤。术后随访患者,并用HSS膝关节评分标准进行膝关节功能评分。结果术后随访4～18个月,骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间3个月,无并发症。优良率93．33％。结论关节镜辅助下治疗胫骨平台骨折损伤小,能保护关节囊,操作安全,复位固定满意,能准确判断关节内结构的损伤并予修复,术后功能恢复快。     

关节镜下逆行击顶治疗塌陷型胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨在关节镜辅助下胫骨平台塌陷型或伴平台外周劈裂骨折,在平台下骨折远端骨开窗逆行击顶复位、注射型硫酸钙或硫酸钙加松质骨植骨充填骨缺失的疗效.方法 对46 例胫骨平台上述类型骨折采用关节镜辅助下胫骨骨折远端开窗,逆行击顶将塌陷骨折复位,对伴平台外周骨折的加用经皮拉力螺钉内固定,塌陷复位后骨缺失用注射型硫酸钙或松质骨植骨加硫酸钙充填.术中先行关节镜检查并处理关节内合并损伤.术后随访,观察治疗效果.结果 术后全组随访12 ～23 个月,平均14.2 个月,均达到骨折临床愈合标准.按HSS 膝关节评分标准,优36 例,良10 例.结论 关节镜辅助下逆行击顶治疗塌陷型胫骨平台骨折,具有创伤小、操作安全简便、复位固定满意等优点,同时能处理关节内合并伤,术后功能恢复快.     

关节镜下撬拔复位内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

【目的】探讨关节镜下撬拔复位内固定术治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。【方法129例胫骨平台骨折在关节镜下通过撬拔复位重建塌陷的胫骨平台，并经皮用骨松质螺钉固定。【结果】随访6～24个月，平均12．3个月。X线检查胫骨平台关节面均达到解剖复位。按Rasmussen评分标准进行随访与疗效评定，优25例，良3例，差1例。【结论】经关节镜下撬拔复位内固定术治疗胫骨平台骨折，具有损伤小，直视下复位关节面完整、光滑，内固定确切，并能同时处理关节内合并损伤且功能恢复快等优点，是一种安全、有效的微创手术方法。     

关节镜下锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨关节镜辅助下对胫骨平台骨折有限切开复位内固定的手术方法和疗效.方法 我院2006年2月至2007年6月对16例Schatzkerl-Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折患者采用关节镜监视下复位骨折关节面,仿照微创经皮钢板固定技术,采用锁定接骨板内固定.结果 术后均获随访,随访时间5～48个月,根据Rasmussen评分,15例优良,1例可.结论 关节镜辅助下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折,具有创伤小,可同时处理关节内合并伤,并发症少,术后恢复快等优点.     

关节镜下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的评价关节镜下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折的可行性和效果。方法自2002年1月～2003年12月,对36例闭合性胫骨平台骨折Schatzker'sⅠ～Ⅲ型患者,施行关节镜辅助下复位内固定手术。结果术中发现,合并半月板损伤7例、交叉韧带损伤4例,手术时间(91.6±26.8)min,解剖复位率97.2%;术后关节屈曲至120°时间为(5.9±1.4)周,36例患者随访11～20个月,关节功能优良率86.1%。结论关节镜下手术治疗Schatzker'sⅠ～Ⅲ型胫骨平台骨折,方法切实可行,术中易于处理合并损伤,易于精确复位,内固定可靠,软组织损伤大大减小,术后关节功能恢复快,近期临床效果满意,值得提倡。     

关节镜与C型臂监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折78例

目的探讨一种简单有效﹑稳定的胫骨平台骨折的治疗方法。方法在关节镜与C型臂监视下复位,固定骨折断端同时修复韧带与半月板等复合损伤。反复冲洗关节腔,术后石膏托固定3、4周。结果治疗78例胫骨平台骨折,随访1￣5a骨折愈合良好,按膝关节HSS功能评定标准:良好74例,一般4例。临床疗效满意。结论该手术在关节镜直视下,能够最大限度地恢复关节面的解剖连续性,可同时修复半月板和交叉韧带等复合损伤,C型臂有利于下肢力线和内外侧关节间隙的恢复及内固定物的正确放置。手术创伤小,复位准确,适合于各种类型胫骨平台骨折的治疗及合并膝关节内结构损伤的病人。     

膝关节镜引导下胫骨平台骨折的微创治疗

目的探讨在膝关节镜引导下胫骨平台骨折微创治疗的手术方法及近期临床疗效。方法2001年7月～2007年3月该院共治疗胫骨平台骨折34例，均为新鲜闭合性骨折，按Schatzker分型Ⅰ型5例，Ⅱ型8例，Ⅲ型16例，Ⅳ型3例，Ⅴ型2例。合并半月板损伤7例，前交叉韧带损伤7例，侧副韧带损伤5例。术前摄取X片、CT片（含三维重建）或行MR检查，术中在关节镜引导下辅助C型臂X线机进行小切口复位内固定术，首先处理关节内合并损伤，然后对骨折进行解剖复位，复位后应用松质骨拉力螺钉或解剖支撑钢板内固定，骨缺损处用自体髂骨或同种异体骨植骨，术后配合早期功能锻炼。结果所有患者均获得随访，随访时间10～40个月，平均27．6个月。X片显示所有患者均在术后3、4个月获得骨性愈合，未出现切口及关节内感染、皮肤坏死或创口延迟愈合及螺钉断裂等并发症。随访期间无创伤性膝关节炎和膝关节内翻、外翻畸形发生。采用Lysholm评分标准评价临床疗效，优28例，良3例，可2例，差1例，优良率为91．2％。结论采用膝关节镜引导下的有限切口结合少量固定的微创手术治疗Schatzker Ⅰ～Ⅴ型胫骨平台骨折，具有创伤小、可达解剖复位并同时处理关节腔内的其他损伤等优势。可获得骨折愈合快、膝关节功能恢复良好和并发症少的临床疗效，是一项值得临床推广的技术。     

关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折的手术配合

随着骨科技术的发展,治疗胫骨平台骨折观念不断更新,从坚强固定到生物学固定,除了重视骨折的治疗,也注意关节韧带、半月板等组织的保护与损伤的早期修复。有限切开直接或间接复位,生物学固定是目前胫骨平台骨折的治疗方向。关节镜监视下胫骨平台的复位与内固定技术,具有切口小、软组织剥离少、关节腔内视野清晰、直视下关节面达解剖复位,同时可早期诊断和修复交叉韧带、半月板损伤等[1-4]优点,已成为一种较理想的治疗方法。我院2005年8月~2006年8月,在关节镜监护下治疗胫骨平台骨折5例,取得满意效果。现将手术配合报告如下。1临床资料本组5…     

关节镜下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折78例分析

目的探讨关节镜辅助下微创治疗胫骨平台的手术效果。方法对78例闭合性胫骨平台骨折在关节镜监控下复位小切口内固定。结果患者均获随访,时间7～19个月,骨折愈合时间3～5个月,无感染、关节强直等并发症发生,X线片显示53例达解剖复位,18例平台关节面有2mm以下塌陷。结果按Rasmussen功能评分标准:优47例,良25例,可6例,总优良率92.3%。结论关节镜辅助下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折,创伤小,疗效可靠,术后关节功能恢复快。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.