Fatty acid–binding protein-2 genotype influences lipid and lipoprotein response to eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in hypertriglyceridemic subjects

ObjectiveThe blood lipid-lowering effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on hypertriglyceridemic subjects with different fatty acid–binding protein-2 (FABP2) genotypes have not, to our knowledge, been previously studied.MethodsTwenty-three FABP2 Ala54 and 23 Thr54 carriers with hypertriglyceridemia (triacylglycerol level >200 mg/dL) were enrolled in this study. Participants took 2 g of pure EPA daily for 8 wk. Fasting blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles were determined and changes from baseline were measured.ResultsBlood lipids and lipoprotein responses of the FABP2 genotypes differed after EPA supplementation. Changes from baseline for triacylglycerol (19.2% decrease for Ala54 and 60.5% for Thr54, P < 0.001), very low-density lipoprotein (20.0% decrease for Ala54 and 60.5% for Thr54, P < 0.001), apolipoprotein CIII (22.8% decrease for Ala54 and 36.4% for Thr54, P < 0.01), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (17.6% increase for Ala54 and 30.7% for Thr54, P < 0.01) differed significantly between the two carrier groups. However, changes in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B were not significant. EPA supplementation increased plasma EPA in Ala54 and Thr54 carriers. Although EPA supplementation increased the level of plasma EPA in both carrier groups, this effect was more pronounced in the Thr54 carriers.ConclusionTherefore, EPA consumption has more favorable effects on blood lipids of hypertriglyceridemics with Thr54 genotype rather than those with Ala54. The level of plasma EPA increases after EPA supplementation. Because the FABP2 Thr54 polymorphism appears to be prevalent in hypertriglyceridemic subjects, increasing EPA intake in these subjects could be an effective strategy for reducing blood triacylglycerol concentration.     

Functional signs in patients consulting for presumed Lyme borreliosis

IntroductionLittle is known about the functional symptoms associated with Lyme borreliosis (LB) in Europe. We aimed to assess functional symptoms associated with presumed LB and to compare patients with and without confirmed LB.Materials and methodsWe performed a retrospective monocenter study. Patients consulting for presumed LB were included.ResultsBetween November 2015 and June 2018, 355 patients were included (mean age: 51 years, 52% of women) of which 48 had LB: erythema migrans (42%), early disseminated LB (50%; 35% of neuroborreliosis cases), and late disseminated LB (8%). The most frequently reported functional symptoms were neuropathic pain (23%), arthralgia (23%), and asthenia (17%). Other functional symptoms were rare (≤ 10%). Three hundred and seven (86%) patients did not have LB. Patients with confirmed LB reported fewer functional symptoms than patients without LB (1.8 (± 1.7) vs. 3.6 (± 2.5), P < 0.001) with a shorter duration of symptoms (< 3 months in 48% vs. 16% of cases, P < 0.001). They less often reported asthenia (17% vs. 59%, P < 0.001), widespread pain (10% vs. 31%, P = 0.003), myalgia (10% vs. 32%, P = 0.002), memory disorders (4% vs. 16%, P = 0.03), irritability (2% vs. 23%, P ± 0.001), and sadness (0% vs. 16%, P = 0.003).ConclusionIn patients consulting for presumed LB, patients diagnosed with LB had fewer and shorter functional symptoms than patients without LB.     

Vitamin D,cardio-inflammation,and endothelial dysfunction in older adults after orthopedic surgery: Results from an open-label trial to ameliorate cardiac function

ObjectivesAfter orthopedic surgery, clinical outcomes are affected by comorbid cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-(OH)D). Myocardial function was suggested to be influenced by both the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the marker of endothelial dysfunction asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA).Material and methodsWe investigated TNFα and ADMA changes in association with serum levels of vitamin D and cardiac function in 47 older adults after major orthopedic surgery. Subjects were characterized for biochemical profiles and transthoracic echocardiographic measures. Assessments were done before and after the correction of hypovitaminosis D through a 6-month supplementation with calcifediol started at post-operative rehabilitation.ResultsThe means serum levels of both TNFα and ADMA reduced from 1.39 ± 0.47 pg/mL to 1.30 ± 0.37 pg/mL (P < 0.05) and from 0.69 ± 0.05 μmol/L to 0.68 ± 0.04 μmol/L (P < 0.05), respectively. Significant treatment effects were observed for systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05), left ventricular ejection function (P < 0.01), global longitudinal strain (P < 0.0001), 25-(OH)D (P < 0.001), and calcemia (P < 0.001).ConclusionAfter the normalization of low levels of vitamin D, we were able to observe a reduction of circulating TNFα and ADMA together with the amelioration of cardiac function. Even if our results suggest that vitamin D might exert cardiac effects indirectly through the decrease in cardio-inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, a better understanding of the precise molecular regulations should be better investigated.     

Évaluation des phénomènes de peroxydation lipidique dans les solutés de nutrition parentérale administrés aux enfants prématurés

ObjectiveStudy's objective was to determine whether light exposure, lipid type, lipid concentration in parenteral nutrition mixtures for preterm neonates were related to an increasing of lipid peroxydation.MethodsSamples of admixtures were collected at baseline and after 24 hours in 36 admixtures distributed in six groups according to the type of lipid (Intralipide^® 20%, Medialipide^® 20%, Clinoleic^® 20%) and to exposure or protection from ambient light for 24 hours. Secondly, 30 admixtures with increasing amounts of Intralipide^® 20% were exposed from ambient light for 24 hours. Samples of admixtures were collected at h0, h24, h48 and h72 in three groups of four admixtures containing Intralipide^® 20%, Médialipide^® 20%, Clinoleic^® 20% and stored between 2 and 8 °C for 72 hours. Lipid peroxidation was determined by dosing total malone–dialdehyde.ResultsThe increase of malone–dialdehyde concentration at h24 was related to light exposure (P < 0.001); nor effect of type of lipid emulsion (P = 0.43), neither interaction between ambient light exposure and kind of lipid emulsions (P = 0.49) was significant. The increase of malone–dialdehyde concentrations was significantly related to the increase of lipid amounts in the parenteral admixture at h0 (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) and h24 (r = 0.86, P < 0.001). For the three lipid emulsions, the evalution of malone–dialdehyde concentrations during 72 hours was similar (P = 0.69).ConclusionThese results encourage with prudence, because the more the quantity of lipids is important, the more the phenomena of peroxidation increase. From a point of view of lipid peroxidation, is does not seem to exist a lipid emulsion better than the others.     

Rapid impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction to the National Immunization Plan in Southern Israel: Comparison between 2 distinct populations

BackgroundRotavirus vaccines were licensed in Israel in 2007, and in 2011 the pentavalent-vaccine (RV5) was introduced into the Israeli National Immunization plan.AimTo determine the effect of rotavirus-vaccines on the incidence of hospital visits due to rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and all-cause diarrhea in Jewish and Bedouin children <5 year residing in southern Israel.MethodsWe conducted a population-based, prospective, observational study. Data from 2006 through 2013 were analyzed. Our hospital is the only medical center in the region, enabling age-specific incidences calculation.ResultsIn the pre-vaccine period, the overall RVGE hospital visits rates per 1000 in children <12, 12–23 and 24–59 m were 16.1, 18.6 and 1.4 in Jewish children, respectively. The respective rates in Bedouin children were 26.4, 12.5 and 0.7 (P < 0.001 for <12 m).Hospitalization rates were higher among Bedouin than among Jewish children (60.0% vs. 39.7%, P < 0.001). Vaccine uptake was faster in the Jewish vs. the Bedouin population.In the year following RV5 introduction, RVGE hospital visits rates declined by 82%, 70% (P < 0.001 both) and 36% (P = 0.092) in Jewish children <12, 12–23 and 24–59 m, respectively. In Bedouin children, the respective RVGE rates declined by 70% (P < 0.001), 21% (P = ns) and 14% (P = ns).Throughout the study, RVGE rates declined significantly in children <12, and 12–23 m by 80% and 88% in Jewish children, respectively, and by 62 and 75% in Bedouin children, respectively (P < 0.001 for all declines). In children 24–59 m, RVGE rates declined by 46% (P = 0.025) in Jewish children, but no reduction was observed in Bedouin children. The dynamics of all-cause diarrhea rates were similar to that of RVGE.ConclusionsSignificant reductions of RVGE rates were observed, following Rota-vaccine introduction in southern Israel in both Jewish and Bedouin children. However, the impact was faster and more profound in Jewish children, probably related to higher vaccine uptake and possibly to lifestyle differences.     

High-protein diet promotes a moderate postpartum weight loss in a prospective cohort of Brazilian women

ObjectiveWhether a high-protein (HP) diet promotes body weight loss (BWL) when compared with a low-protein (LP) diet is still unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of an HP diet on BWL during postpartum.MethodsA food-frequency questionnaire with 81 items was applied at 6 mo after delivery to evaluate the diet of 430 postpartum women aged 18–45 y. Body weight was measured approximately at 0.5, 2, 6, and 9 mo after delivery. Body weight loss was modeled by comparing an HP diet (≥1.2 g · kg^?1 · d^?1) with an LP diet (<1.2 g · kg^?1 · d^?1) using mixed-effects linear regression models adjusted for energy intake, percentage of body fat at baseline, stature, age, race, smoking, and schooling.ResultsUsual energy intake was higher in the HP than in the LP diet group (2623 versus 1791 kcal, P < 0.0001). Daily mean protein intakes were 1.54 ± 0.32 g · kg^?1 · d^?1 for the HP group and 0.83 ± 0.20 g · kg^?1 · d^?1 for the LP group. A multivariate model showed that women in the HP group lost 316 ± 0.062 g of body weight more per month (P < 0.01) when compared with the LP group.ConclusionA reported higher protein intake may improve moderate postpartum body weight loss. Further studies should evaluate the long-term consequences of an HP diet postpartum.     

Troubles des conduites alimentaires : prévalence et facteurs de risque chez des étudiants en médecine tunisiens

ObjectivesYoung students, in particular those in the medical field, seem to be at risk of developing psychiatric disorders, especially eating disorders (ED).We aimed to determine the prevalence of ED in Tunisian medical students and to study the risk factors associated to it.Materials and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study at the Tunis medical university including 250 students. Each student filled out a self-administered questionnaire with the necessary individual information as well as the HAD (Hospital Anxiety and Depression) scale assessing anxiety and depression, EDI2 (Eating Disorder Inventory 2) assessing the cognitive behavioral profile of participants and PSS (Perceived Stress Scale), assessing their level of perceived stress. Eating disorders were screened using the EAT40 and BITE self-questionnaires. We used the DSM-5 classification to specify the types of ED.ResultsThe sex ratio (M/F) was 0.4. Anxiety, depressive symptoms and high stress level were found in 34%, 17% and 75.2% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of ED was 16.4%. Independent factors associated with ED were female sex (P = 0.009), physical activity (P = 0.04), body dissatisfaction (P < 0.001) and the feeling of ineffectiveness (P = 0.032). The risk of ED was five times higher in students using anxiolytics (P < 0.001), laxatives (P = 0.046), or induced vomiting (P = 0.045) and 9.55 times higher in students on a diet (P < 0.001).ConclusionThese results justify the need for systematic screening for ED in medical students in order to ensure early and effective treatment and thus preserve the physical and mental health of future caregivers.     

High-fructose diet elevates myocardial superoxide generation in mice in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy

ObjectiveDietary fructose intake has increased considerably in recent decades and this has been paralleled by an increase in the incidence of insulin resistance, especially in children and adolescents. The impact of a high-fructose diet on the myocardium is not fully understood. The aims of this study were to characterize the murine metabolic and cardiac phenotypes associated with a high-fructose diet and to determine whether this diet imparts differential effects with age.MethodsJuvenile (4 wk) and adult (14 wk) C57Bl/6 mice were fed a 60% fructose diet or isoenergetic control (starch) diet for 6 wk.ResultsAt completion of the dietary intervention (at ages 10 and 20 wk), fructose-fed mice were normotensive; hyperinsulinemia and cardiac hypertrophy were not evident. Interestingly, fructose-fed mice exhibited lower blood glucose levels (10 wk: 4.81 ± 0.28 versus 5.42 ± 0.31 mmol/L; 20 wk: 4.88 ± 0.30 versus 5.96 ± 0.42 mmol/L, P < 0.05) compared with controls. Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate–driven myocardial superoxide production was significantly increased in fructose-fed mice at both ages (by approximately 29% of control at 10 wk of age and 16% at 20 wk, P < 0.01). No increase in aortic superoxide production was observed. Fructose feeding did not alter gene expression of the antioxidant thioredoxin-2, suggesting an imbalance between myocardial reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant induction.ConclusionThese findings indicate that increased myocardial superoxide production may represent an early and primary cardiac pathologic response to the metabolic challenge of excess dietary fructose in juveniles and adults that can be detected in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension.     

Release from drinking-age restrictions is associated with increases in alcohol-related motor vehicle collisions among young drivers in Canada

BackgroundAlcohol-related motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a key concern in current international debates about the effectiveness of minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws, but the majority of this literature is based on natural experiments involving MLDA changes occurring 2–4 decades ago.MethodsA regression-discontinuity approach was used to estimate the relation between Canadian drinking-age laws and population-based alcohol-related MVCs (n = 50,233) among drivers aged 15–23 years in Canada.ResultsIn comparison to male drivers slightly younger than the MLDA, those just older had immediate and abrupt increases in alcohol-related MVCs of 40.6% (95% CI 25.1%–56.6%; P < 0.001) in Ontario; 90.2% (95% CI 7.3%–171.2%; P = 0.033) in Manitoba; 21.6% (95% CI 8.5%–35.0%; P = 0.001) in British Columbia; and 27.3% (95% CI 10.9%–44.5%; P = 0.001) in Alberta; but also an unexpected significant decrease in the Northwest Territories of − 102.2% (95% CI − 120.7%–74.9%; P < 0.001). For females, release from MLDA restrictions was associated with increases in alcohol-related MVCs in Ontario [34.2% (95% CI 0.9%–68.0%; P = 0.044)] and Alberta [82.2% (95% CI 41.1%–125.1%; P < 0.001)]. Nationally, in comparison to male drivers slightly younger than the legislated MLDA, male drivers just older had significant increases immediately following the MLDA in alcohol-related severe MVCs [27.0% (95% CI 12.6%–41.7%, P < 0.001)] and alcohol-related fatal MVCs [53.4% (95% CI 2.4%–102.9%, P = 0.04)].ConclusionsRelease from Canadian drinking-age restrictions appears to be associated with immediate increases in alcohol-related fatal and non-fatal MVCs, especially among male drivers.     

Soluble and insoluble oxalate content of nuts

This study was conducted to determine the oxalate contents in common nuts either locally grown or imported into New Zealand. Samples of imported nuts were purchased from supermarkets in Christchurch while locally grown nuts were obtained directly from the growers. In this experiment gastric soluble and intestinal soluble oxalates were extracted from the nuts using an in vitro assay, which involved incubations of the food samples for 2 h at 37 °C in gastric and intestinal juice. The extracted oxalates were then determined by HPLC chromatography. Roasted pistachio nuts and chestnuts contained very low levels (<85 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW)) of gastric soluble oxalate. Peanuts, Spanish peanuts, peanut butter, ginkgo, cashew nuts and pecan nuts all contained relatively low levels of gastric soluble oxalate (147–250 mg gastric soluble oxalate/100 g FW). Almonds, Brazil, pine and candle nuts contained high levels of gastric soluble oxalate (492.0–556.8 mg/100 g FW). The intestinal soluble oxalate is the fraction that will be absorbed in the small intestine. Peanuts, Spanish peanuts, peanut butter, ginkgo and pecan nuts all contained relatively low levels of intestinal soluble oxalate (129–173 mg intestinal soluble oxalate/100 g FW). Almonds, Brazil, cashew and candle nuts contained higher levels of intestinal soluble oxalate (216–305 mg/100 g FW). Pinenuts contained the highest levels of intestinal soluble oxalate (581 mg/100 g FW), while chestnuts and roasted pistachio nuts were low (72 and 77 mg /100 g FW). Overall the mean soluble oxalate contents of nuts was 78% of the gastric soluble oxalate content (41–100%). The results obtained in this study confirm that the intestinal soluble oxalate contents of nuts range widely and people who have a tendency to form kidney stones would be wise to moderate their consumption of certain nuts.     

Anthocyanins,chlorophylls and xanthophylls in pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera) of different geographic origin

The pistachio seed is particularly appreciated for its flavour and emerald-green colour. The aim of this paper was to study simultaneously the major coloured compounds in pistachio nuts collected from different geographic origins. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of pigments in commercial samples of pistachio nuts (coming from Greece, Iran, Italy and Turkey) were performed by HPLC. The results highlighted the presence of both of cyanidine-3-galactoside and cyanidine-3-glucoside, in the external skin of kernels, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and lutein in the inner hull. The degree of ripeness and the origin of the products influenced pigment concentration as well as colour parameters. Cyanidine-3-galactoside was absent or present in very low levels (21 mg/kg) in unripe products, with about 300–400 mg/kg in ripe samples. Chlorophylls (sum of a+b) were about 150 mg/kg in pistachios sold as “green” products, with a chlorophyll a/b ratio of about 3. The lowest chlorophyll value (25 mg/kg) was found in a ripe Turkish product. Lutein was the main carotenoid found in pistachio kernels, ranging from 18 to 52 mg/kg. The ripe Italian samples always had the highest pigments concentration.     

Differences in the Associations between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Outcomes by Gender? A Lebanese Population Study

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender on eating disorders (restrained eating, binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, and emotional eating) among a sample of Lebanese adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2018, enrolled 811 participants selected randomly from all Lebanese Mohafazat. The mean age of the participants was 27.6 ± 11.8 years. The majority were females (66.5%), had a high level of education (73.2%), and low income (77.9%). This study used the following scales: body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-second version, binge eating scale, Dutch restrained eating scale, orthorexia nervosa scale (ORTHO-15 scale), emotional eating scale, perceived stress scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.ResultsBody dissatisfaction was positively correlated to restrained eating (r = 0.293, P < 0.001), emotional eating (r = 0.073, P = 0.042) and binge eating (r = 0.250, P < 0.001). The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with more restrained eating (Beta = 0.01, P < 0.001) and orthorexia nervosa (Beta = ?0.09, P < 0.001), but not with emotional (Beta = ?0.43, P = 0.103) and binge eating (Beta = ?0.08, P = 0.358). When stratifying the analysis by gender, the results revealed that higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more restrained eating in both genders, but particularly among women. Body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher emotional eating in men only and with higher orthorexia nervosa tendencies and behaviors in females only.ConclusionThe interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with orthorexia nervosa and restrained eating but not with binge or emotional eating. Higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating, more pronounced in women, while it was significantly associated with higher orthorexia tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) in women only. Body dissatisfaction was associated with emotional eating in men only.     

Promoting the awareness of hospital malnutrition in children: ePINUT 10th anniversary in 2020

ObjectiveThe year 2020 marks the 10th consecutive year of the ePINUT study which is used for promoting awareness of hospital malnutrition in paediatric wards. The present article describes the methods and the studied population.Materials and methodsePINUT is a cross-sectional study gathering data each year over 2 weeks in March. Any child up to 18 years old, hospitalized except in neonatal and intensive care units could be included in this study. Length of hospitalization, weight variations and height were measured. An online calculator was made available for nutritional indices (http://www.epinut.fr/), in accordance with the French Paediatric Society guidelines. A geographic grouping was done based on university inter-regions.ResultsA total of 13,332 entries in France were included from 2010 to 2019. On a geographic level, 6 of the 7 regions contributed yearly to 10 to 15% of these entries, while the western region accounted for 25% of the entries (P < 0.001). Ninety-two cities participated, with 36% participating 5 to 9 years, 39% participating 2 to 4 years, and 26% participating once. The median age was 4 years old, 10.2% of children had a Weight-for-Height z-score smaller than ?2 at admittance. These children stayed longer in the hospital (8.3 ± 11.3 vs. 6.4 ± 9.3 days, P = 0.02) and had a greater percent weight change during hospitalization (2.8 ± 4.7 vs. 0.4 ± 3.8%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionSuch a long-term promotion of awareness about hospital malnutrition is unique. The future aim is to empower young patients and their parents and to get them involved in reducing hospital malnutrition in children.     

Effects of pistachio nuts on body composition,metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome: A 24-wk,randomized control trial

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pistachio nuts as an adjunct to diet and exercise on body composition, metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome.MethodsIn this 24-wk randomized control trial, 60 individuals with the metabolic syndrome were randomized to either pistachio (intervention group) or control group (diet as per weight and physical activity profile, modulated according to dietary guidelines for Asian Indians) after 3 wk of a diet and exercise run in. In the first group, unsalted pistachios (20% energy) were given daily. A standard diet and exercise protocol was followed for both groups. Body weight, waist circumference (WC), magnetic resonance imaging estimation of intraabdominal adipose tissue and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin, free fatty acids (FFAs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, leptin, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed before and after the intervention.ResultsStatistically significant improvement in mean values for various parameters in the intervention group compared with control group were as follows: WC (P < 0.02), FBG (P < 0.04), total cholesterol (P < 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.006), hs-CRP (P < 0.05), TNF-α (P < 0.03), FFAs (P < 0.001), TBARS (P < 0.01), and adiponectin levels (P < 0.001).ConclusionA single food intervention with pistachios leads to beneficial effects on the cardiometabolic profile of Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome.     

The effect of black tea on risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a normal population

ObjectivesA prospective randomized controlled clinical trial determined the effect of Mauritian black tea consumption on fasting blood plasma levels of glucose, lipid profiles and antioxidant status in a normal population.MethodsThe study group (71%) consumed 3 x 200 ml of black tea infusate/day for 12 weeks without additives followed by a 3 week wash-out. The control group (29%) consumed equivalent volume of hot water for same intervention period.ResultsThe tea used had high levels of gallic acid derivatives (50 ± 0.4 mg/L), flavan-3-ols (42 ± 2 mg/L), flavonols (32 ± 1 mg/L) and theaflavins (90 ± 1 mg/L). Daily 9 g supplementation of black tea infusate induced, in a normal population, a highly significant decrease of fasting serum glucose (18.4%; p < 0.001) and triglyceride levels (35.8%; p < 0.01), a significant decrease in LDL/HDL plasma cholesterol ratio (16.6%; p < 0.05) and a non significant increase in HDL plasma cholesterol levels (20.3%), while a highly significant rise in plasma antioxidant propensity (FRAP: 418%; p < 0.001) was noted .ConclusionBlack tea consumed within a normal diet contributes to a decrease of independent cardiovascular risk factors and improves the overall antioxidant status in humans.     

Les taux sériques des lipides,de l’insuline,de la leptine et de la résistine chez des enfants tunisiens obèses et non obèses

BackgroundObesity in children is a public health problem around the world. Its pathogenesis is not yet elucidated. The fatty tissue, a long time considered as a structure of storage, is now recognized as an endocrine structure, secreting adipokines which would participate in the genesis of obesity. The correlation between the leptin and obesity is largely known. On the other hand, the role of the resistin and its implication in the comorbidities of obesity, inter alia the insulinoresistance, remain a controversial subject.ObjectivesThe main objective of our study is to compare the serum concentrations of glucose, lipidic parameters, resistin, leptin and insulin between two samples of obese and non-obese children, and to search correlations between resistin on the one hand and leptin, insulin, BMI, age and sex on the other hand.ResultsWe note that 92 obese children and 72 non-obese children aged between 6 to 10 years old were included in the study. Serum levels of leptin, insulin and resistin were significantly higher in the obese sample. Among obese children, resistin was correlated significantly with BMI (r = 0.798; P < 0.001), leptin (r = 0.635; P < 0.001) and insulin (r = 0.760; P < 0.001). Among non-obese, resistin was significantly correlated with BMI (r = 0.686; P < 0.001), leptin (r = 0.329; P < 0.001) and insulin (r = 0.844; P < 0.01). We did not find any significant correlation between either resistin and age or lipidic parameters neither in the first group nor in the second. In multivariate analysis, resistin did not appear to be related directly with obesity, only leptin was related with this status.ConclusionOur results prove that resistin is correlated with BMI. However, it is not related directly to obesity. Its action seems to be modulated and controlled by leptin.     

Effects of cafeteria diet on the jejunum in sedentary and physically trained rats

ObjectiveThe effects of a cafeteria diet on the small intestine were investigated in adult Wistar rats under sedentary conditions and after physical training.MethodsParameters including morphometry, enzyme activities, and total myenteric populations in the jejunum were evaluated.ResultsThe cafeteria diet, characterized as hyperlipidic, produced obese rats, corroborated by increases in the Lee index and the weights of the periepididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues (P < 0.01). Obesity caused increases in the length of the small intestine, villi height, crypt depth, whole-wall thickness (P < 0.05), and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, lipase, and sucrase (P < 0.01), in addition to a reduction in the number of goblet cells (P < 0.05). With reference to the jejunal intrinsic innervations, the total number and area of myenteric neurons was unchanged regardless of the group. Physical training promoted 1) a reduction of the weight in the retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipose tissues (P < 0.05) and 2) an increase in the thickness of the muscular layer (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe cafeteria diet promoted obesity in rodents, leading to alterations in morphometry and enzymatic intestinal parameters, which were partily attenuated by physical training.     

Immune profile at HIV infection diagnosis: Evolution in the French Alps area over the last 20 years

ObjectivesHealth of HIV-infected people relies on early antiretroviral therapy, i.e. early diagnosis. We aimed to determine whether the characteristics at HIV diagnosis in two French medical centres changed over the last 20 years.Patients and methodsAll individuals diagnosed with HIV infection in Grenoble University Hospital (N = 814) and Annecy Hospital (N = 246) between 1997 and 2015 were included. We collected age, country of birth, mode of transmission, CD4 T cell count, CD4/CD8 ratio, and HIV viral load.ResultsAmong the 1060 patients (mean age 37.4 ± 11 years, 70.2% of men), 42.5% were men having sex with men (MSM); 65.2% were born in France, and 24.4% were born in Africa. Mean CD4 T cell count at diagnosis was 396 ± 288/mm³ and was stable over the study period when considering all patients; when considering the MSM group, a significant increase over time was observed, with a mean increase of 7.3 CD4/mm³ per year (P < 0.001). A higher CD4 count at diagnosis was observed after 2005 (400 ± 289 vs 468 ± 271/mm³, P = 0.005). The proportion of MSM patients with a CD4 count < 200/mm³ at diagnosis was lower after 2005 (14.7% after 2005 and 25.6% before, P = 0.028) This was not observed in heterosexual patients (born in Africa or not).ConclusionIn the MSM population, CD4 count at diagnosis is higher after 2005, suggesting that screening campaigns have become more efficient. This was not observed in other populations, who should be better targeted in future strategies.     

Consumption of a liquid high-fat meal increases triglycerides but decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in abdominally obese subjects with high postprandial insulin resistance

Abdominal obesity is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance, which may be a potential contributor to dyslipidemia. However, the relationship between postprandial insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in abdominally obese subjects remains unknown. We hypothesized that postprandial dyslipidemia would be exaggerated in abdominally obese subjects with high postprandial insulin resistance. To test this hypothesis, serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B were measured at baseline and postprandial state at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after a liquid high-fat meal in non–abdominally obese controls (n = 44) and abdominally obese subjects with low (AO-LPIR, n = 40), middle (n = 40), and high postprandial insulin resistance (AO-HPIR, n = 40) based on the tertiles ratio of the insulin to glucose areas under the curve (AUC). Their serum adipokines were tested at baseline only. Fasting serum leptin was higher (P < .05) in AO-HPIR than that in AO-LPIR and controls. Postprandial triglycerides AUC was higher (P < .05), whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol AUC was lower (P < .05), in AO-HPIR than those in AO-LPIR and controls. Postprandial AUCs for total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were similar in abdominally obese subjects with different degrees of postprandial insulin resistance and controls. The present study indicated that the higher degree of postprandial insulin resistance, the more adverse lipid profiles in abdominally obese subjects, which provides insight into opportunity for screening in health.     

The addition of peanuts to habitual diets is associated with lower consumption of savory non–core snacks by men and sweet non–core snacks by women

Snacking is associated with intakes of non–core foods which may predispose to obesity. Peanuts have potential satiety benefits and may assist with weight management; we hypothesized that peanut consumption would reduce intake of non–core snack foods due to compensation. We investigated the effects of adding peanuts to a habitual diet on snacking habits and energy intake. Sixty-one healthy participants (65 ± 7 years, body mass index 31 ± 4 kg/m²) consumed their habitual diet with or without peanuts (56 g/d for 32 women, 84 g/d for 29 men) for 12 weeks each in a randomized crossover design. Food diaries were analyzed at baseline and after each 12-week period for meal and snack content and timing. Total energy intake was higher (17% for men [P < .001], 9% for women [P < .001]) during the peanut phase. Body weight was 0.5 ± 0.2 kg (P = .010) greater during the peanut phase. Snacking occasions increased during the peanut phase (53% for men [P = .001], 14% for women [P = .01]). Servings of other snack foods did not change during the peanut phase (P = .6) compared with control. However, sex-specific analysis revealed that men and women consumed less savory (P < .001) and sweet (P = .01) non–core snacks, respectively, during the peanut phase. Despite increased energy intake and snacking frequency, peanuts may improve the diet through sex-specific reductions of non–core foods; for optimal energy balance, peanuts should be substituted rather than added to the diet.