Preoperative Doppler assessment of perforator anatomy in the anterolateral thigh flap

Despite its many evident merits as a donor site, the principal disadvantage of the anterolateral thigh flap is the variability in its vascular anatomy. Preoperative assessment by Doppler of the vascular perforators has been advocated as routine. We report the accuracy of this method, and describe the strategy for rescue where adequate perforators are not evident. Eighty-six consecutive patients were marked preoperatively using hand-held Doppler and the pattern was compared with intraoperative findings. Assessment by Doppler predicted a median of 3 (range 0–8) perforator signals, and a median of 2 (range 0–5) was found intraoperatively. This overall trend towards false positives was exaggerated in thin thighs, but in the obese there were more false negative results. In 79% of cases explored medially it would have been possible to raise an apparently viable anteromedial thigh flap. As this can be done without extending the incision, it is the option of choice for rescue, although use of more proximal perforators may often be possible.     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣制取中多普勒的应用价值

目的 评价便携式多普勒在股前外侧穿支皮瓣制取中的应用价值.方法 2007年5月至2010年5月中国医科大学口腔医学院口腔颌面外科修复头颈部手术缺损25例,用26块游离股前外侧皮瓣.股前外侧皮瓣自近心端向远心端一般有1～3支穿支血管,分别命名为A、B、C,术前参照ABC系统记录多普勒测3个穿支声音强度、位置,术中测量皮瓣相应穿支直径、位置及人体质指数(body mass index,BMI).结果 A、B、C穿支出现概率分别为58%(15/26)、92%(24/26)和77%(20/26).直径>0.5 mm的穿支血管中,A点11/15(<20不计算百分比)、B点92%(22/24)、C点40%(8/20).多普勒信号强度与穿支血管直径明显呈正相关.信号位于穿支周围半径0.5 cm范围的准确率为85%(50/59),多普勒定位的准确度随BMI的增加而下降.结论 便携式多普勒在游离股前外侧皮瓣的穿支定位和管径评估中有应用价值,但精确程度不足.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of Hadeco ES-1000spm hand-held doppler during the anterolateral thigh(ALT)flap harvest.Methods Twenty-five patients(26 sides)with ALT flaps for head and neck reconstruction between May 2005 and May 2010 received preoperative Doppler examination for the location of the cutaneous perforators of ALT flaps.The Doppler signals and body mass index(BMI)were recorded preoperatively according to ABC system.The locations of Doppler signals and of the actual cutaueous perforators at surgery were plotted and compared.The diameter of perforators was measured.Results One to three cutaneous perforators of the ALT flap were consistently found at specific locations.They were named perforators A,B,C from proximal to distal.Perforators A,B and C were present in 15(58%),24(92%)and 20(77%)cases and the diameter(>0.5 mm)of A,B and C were 11/15,22(92%)and 8(40%)respectively.The Doppler signal was within 0.5 cm of the actual perforator location in 85% flaps.The accuracy of Doppler decreased with increase of BMI.Conclusions Preoperative assessment by hand-held Doppler is useful in predicting the perforator vessels'locations and diameter although it's accuracy is limited.     

35例股前外侧游离皮瓣血管危象临床分析

目的:总结分析股前外侧游离皮瓣术后血管危象发生的可能原因,探讨影响股前外侧游离皮瓣移植成功率的因素,为进一步提高皮瓣移植成功率提供参考.方法:回顾2005年9月-2012年12月中南大学湘雅二医院口腔颌面外科行股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复的患者,记录皮瓣危象发生的时间、危象类型及抢救结果.计算皮瓣移植成功率、皮瓣危象发生率、危象抢救成功率等.应用SPSS 16.0软件包对数据进行x2检验或Fisher精确检验.结果:812块股前外侧游离皮瓣移植成功率为97.8％ (794/812).发生血管危象者35块,抢救成功17块,坏死18块.35块发生血管危象的皮瓣中,静脉危象31块(88.6％)、动脉危象4块(11.4％).术后16h内皮瓣抢救成功率显著高于术后16h以后的抢救成功率(70.6％:27.8％,P=0.011),静脉危象的抢救成功率高于动脉危象的抢救成功率(51.6％:25.0％,P=0.316),但差异无显著性.穿支血管受损是导致股前外侧皮瓣危险的重要原因之一.结论:早期发现并及时手术探查是提高皮瓣危象抢救成功率最有效的方法.针刺出血试验是目前判断皮瓣危象发生与否及危象类型最准确的临床观察方法.也是目前判断皮瓣危象发生与否及危象类型的金标准.     

游离股前外侧单叶(肌)皮瓣制备的外科技术

目的 探讨游离股前外侧单叶皮瓣制备的外科技术及方法 .方法 回顾分析中南大学湘雅第二医院口腔颌面外科244例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者采用245块游离股前外侧单叶肌皮瓣修复术后缺损.皮瓣制备方法 :在髂前上棘至髌骨外上缘的髂-髌连线内侧3 cm处,根据所需皮瓣的厚度在上、中、下不同区域设计切口.选取管径较粗、搏动有力的穿支血管制备皮瓣,携带肌肉组织充填死腔.制备皮瓣面积较大时,尽量带多个穿支血管.皮瓣面积(4 cm×4 cm)～(10 cm×25 cm).对18块皮下脂肪较厚的皮瓣削薄处理.结果 245块肌皮瓣,3块坏死,成功率98.8%.无一块因未找到合适的穿支血管而放弃.8块行皮下脂肪修剪的皮瓣术后出现水疱,但皮瓣血供良好,均成活.5块因取瓣面积较大供区创面行植皮术,所植皮片全部来源于切口的上份;其余供区均直接拉拢缝合.术后244例患者对外形及功能恢复均满意.结论 该制备肌皮瓣方法 有利于寻找穿支血管;切取皮瓣宽度＜8 cm,创面可直接拉拢缝合,≥8 cm时需要植皮,可选择切口上部为供皮区.     

Outcomes following pharyngolaryngectomy reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap

We retrospectively reviewed 15 cases of pharyngolaryngectomy for advanced laryngeal carcinoma reconstructed with the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap. Thirteen patients had primary surgery and adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy), and two had salvage surgery. Thirteen had stage III or IV disease, and eight had cervical nodal extracapsular spread. In this series all the flaps survived, and at median follow-up of 14.5 months (range 3.7-31.2), 12 of the 15 patients were alive. One patient developed a chronic pharyngocutaneous fistula, and five required repeat balloon dilatations for late pharyngeal strictures. Six patients enjoyed restoration of full oral intake, seven were able to take a soft diet, and two were dependent on feeding by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Four patients developed adequate tracheo-oesophageal speech, and one successfully developed oesophageal speech. In this series many of the surgical problems associated with pharyngolaryngectomy reconstruction were addressed successfully by the ALT, but late dysphagia remained troublesome in an appreciable minority. While adjuvant radiotherapy could have contributed to this, future innovations will focus on the reduction of late strictures.     

游离大腿前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步观察

目的探讨游离大腿前外侧皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用。方法回顾研究2002年1月至2006年1月完成的22例游离大腿前外侧皮瓣移植。分析采用组织瓣的设计、穿支血管的数目和类型、受区血管、血管吻合方式和技术、游离瓣成活情况及术后并发症，并分析有可能影响组织瓣成活的各种因素。结果22例中，皮瓣面积（7cm×5cm）～（16cm×8cm），平均11．1cm×6．9cm，除4块皮瓣携带2个穿支外，其余18块皮瓣均携带1个穿支。26个穿支中，20个为肌皮穿支，另外6个为隔皮穿支。1例游离瓣术后48h出现静脉危象，经抢救未成功后去除皮瓣。其余皮瓣术中、术后均未出现血管危象，并且全部成活。所有供区均直接拉拢缝合，除1例供区术后创口感染致二期愈合外，其余供区均一期愈合。结论游离大腿前外侧皮瓣克服了传统的前臂皮瓣和腹直肌皮瓣的缺点，在头颈部缺损的修复中具有较大的灵活性，值得进一步应用和观察。     

股前内侧穿支皮瓣:一个理想的股前外侧皮瓣补救皮瓣

目的:寻找一个在股前外侧区无合适穿支血管时供区损伤最小的可靠补救皮瓣。方法:2007年12月—2011年2月64例股前外侧穿支皮瓣中,2例无合适穿支血管,采用同侧股前内侧穿支皮瓣和嵌合皮瓣进行舌、口底癌术后缺损的修复重建,1例为穿支皮瓣,大小为7cm×4cm,另1例为穿支皮瓣嵌合股直肌岛,大小为14cm×6cm。血管蒂均为旋股外侧动脉降支内侧支,血管蒂长10～12cm。结果:皮瓣均成活,随访0.5～12个月,舌体外形丰满,语言及吞咽功能恢复满意。供区拉拢缝合,瘢痕隐蔽,下肢无功能障碍。结论:如股前外侧区无合适穿支血管,股前内侧穿支皮瓣是一个损伤较小、可靠的补救皮瓣。     

Evaluation of anterolateral thigh flap dimensions with virtual flap models

Free flaps are commonly used for head and neck reconstruction. However, flap dimensions are still evaluated by visual and tactile assessment. The aim of this study was to enable preoperative planning of flap dimensions for soft tissue reconstruction based on clinical parameters. Computed tomography records from 230 patients dated from 2009 to 2019 were analysed retrospectively. A virtual, three-dimensional anterolateral thigh flap model was standardized, aligned to segmented leg models in two positions, and flap thicknesses and volumes were determined. Associations of flap thickness and volume with clinical parameters were evaluated, and an approximative calculation method was derived. The laterally positioned anterolateral thigh flap showed an average (interquartile range) thickness of 15.6 mm (8.7 mm) and volume of 1.5 cm³ (0.9 cm³) per cm². The medially positioned anterolateral thigh flap showed an average (interquartile range) thickness of 16.3 mm (8.7 mm) and volume of 1.6 cm³ (0.9 cm³) per cm². For both flap positions, leg circumference was the strongest predictor of flap thickness (β = 0.545, P < 0.001 and β = 0.529, P < 0.001) and flap volume (β = 0.523, P < 0.001 and β = 0.480, P < 0.001). Flap dimensions can be calculated based on leg circumference, and this preoperative planning of flap dimensions can help the surgeon to select the appropriate flap.     

An anatomic assessment on perforators of the lateral circumflex femoral artery for anterolateral thigh flap

The anterolateral thigh flap was originally described in 1984 as a septocutaneous flap based on the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery (LCFA). This flap has many advantages for head and neck reconstruction. However, it is not widely used as a result of the broad range of anatomic variation of the cutaneous perforators and because dissection of these perforators is tedious when they are small. The purposes of this study are to classify the vascular anatomy of the LCFA and to assess the suitability of the anterolateral thigh flap for head and neck reconstruction in Koreans. From 38 thigh dissections of Korean cadavers, the LCFA commonly arose from the deep femoral artery and divided into ascending, transverse, and descending branches. In five cases, the LCFA arose directly from the femoral artery. The cutaneous perforators were present in 37 cases except one and the septocutaneous perforators were found in 17 of the 38 cases. Of the 160 perforators, 28 (17.5%) were the septocutaneous perforators and 132 (82.5%) were the musculocutaneous perforators. The average number of cutaneous perforators for the anterolateral thigh flap was 4.2 (range, 0-8), and these perforators were concentrated in the middle third of the anterolateral thigh. The septocutaneous perforators were located more proximally than the musculocutaneous perforators. The average length of the vascular pedicle derived from the descending branch or the transverse branch was 83.3 mm (range, 53.4-124.3 mm). The results of this study suggest that the vascular anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap was reliable and well suited for head and neck reconstruction in Koreans.     

股前内侧皮瓣紧急替代股前外侧皮瓣修复颌面部贯通缺损1例

股前外侧皮瓣作为口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复皮瓣,近年来已得到临床医生的广泛应用,但其血管的解剖变异往往会给手术造成困难,甚至取皮瓣失败。本文报道1例因股前外侧皮瓣血管解剖变异而术中紧急采用股前内侧皮瓣替代股前外侧皮瓣修复颌面部贯通缺损的病例,并结合文献探讨股前内侧皮瓣的解剖及应用。     

前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣修复对舌鳞癌术后缺损老年患者生活质量的影响

目的 比较前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣修复对舌鳞状细胞癌术后缺损老年患者生活质量的影响。方法 对我院口腔科就诊的行股前外侧皮瓣或前臂皮瓣修复舌鳞状细胞癌术后缺损的129例老年患者临床资料行回顾性分析,其中股前外侧皮瓣组81例,前臂皮瓣组48例。应用华盛顿大学生命质量问卷（The University of Washington Quality of Life,UW-QOL）和口腔健康影响程度量表（the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaires,OHIP-14）调查并比较患者术后 6、12个月的生活质量差异。结果 两组患者肿瘤切除方式差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。组内不同时间点比较,生活质量评价所有指标均得到显著改善。UW-QOL结果显示,两组术后6和12个月总分比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。OHIP-14结果显示,术后6个月股前外侧皮瓣组总分显著小于前臂皮瓣组（P<0.05）,术后12个月总分比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 两组舌鳞癌老年患者术后 12个月生活质量无显著差异,建议舌部分切除时选择前臂皮瓣修复,舌全切除时选择股前外侧皮瓣修复。     

前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的效果比较

目的 比较分析前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣修复重建口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的临床效果。方法 收集 54例行口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根除术并接受游离皮瓣修复术的患者资料,其中33例患者采用前臂皮瓣修复（A组）、21例采用股前外侧皮瓣修复（B组）。应用SPSS 19.0软件包分析2组患者的手术持续时间、皮瓣存活率、受区功能与外形恢复情况、供区恢复情况及患者满意度等。结果 A组手术时间为（41.6±8.9）min,B组为（47.2±10.2）min,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组皮瓣存活率（93.9%）高于B组（90.5%）,但差异无显著性（P>0.05）;受区功能与外形恢复情况2组基本相似;供区功能恢复B组优于A组,A组永久性功能障碍比率为24.2%,B组仅有暂时性功能障碍且比率为9.5%;A组供区色素沉着发生率显著高于B组（P<0.05）;B组的满意度显著优于A组（P<0.05）。结论 应用前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复,术后受区功能、外形恢复情况相似。前臂皮瓣成功率高,但需要植皮,且术后供区易形成永久性功能障碍;股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,可以提供的组织量大,术后供区功能障碍很少,患者满意度高,但是手术难度大于前臂皮瓣,技术要求高。     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖研究及临床应用

目的 ：通过对股前外侧穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备股前外侧穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣的供区及受区的术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法 ：选取6例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录股前外侧穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;并选择9例采用股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例,皮瓣面积5 cm×6 cm～6 cm×12 cm。术后随访观测皮瓣存活情况,评价受区臃肿度及供区功能恢复、术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果 ：6例下肢标本共测量记录到股前外侧穿支21支,平均3.5支。大腿股前外侧穿支主要出现在髂前上棘至髌骨外侧缘连线中点外1 cm以下约2 cm为圆心、半径约6 cm的圆内,源动脉起始部外径平均为（2.99±0.48）mm,血管蒂总长度平均为（15.83±3.52）cm;9例股前外侧穿支皮瓣,1例发生部分组织坏死, 1例病例失访,术后随访10～47个月（平均24个月）。股前外侧穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区并发症少,受区皮瓣臃肿程度低,吞咽功能恢复良好。结论 ：股前外侧穿支皮瓣穿支分布稳定,血管蒂较长,穿支的管径完全满足游离皮瓣的要求,临床应用中供区并发症少,受区不臃肿,组织量适中,结合其解剖稳定性,可满足临床修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的需要。     

前臂皮瓣、股前外侧穿支皮瓣及颏下岛状皮瓣修复舌癌患者术后生活质量评估

目的:评估应用前臂皮瓣(radial forearm free flap,RFFF)、股前外侧穿支皮瓣(anterolateral thigh perforator flap,ALT)、颏下岛状皮瓣(submental island flap,SIF)修复舌癌患者手术相关因素及术后生活质量,明确舌癌切除的最佳修复方法.方法:2004年10月-2014年10月期间,应用RFFF、ALT、SIF修复90例舌癌患者术后缺损,随访观察半年,分析患者手术时间、住院天数、皮瓣面积及3种皮瓣修复对患者术后生存质量的影响.患者在手术后复诊时自行完成华盛顿大学生存质量问卷量表第4版(University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire version 4,UW-QOLv4)填写.采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行统计学处理.结果:3组手术时间差异显著(P＜0.05).ALT组与SIF组住院天数差异显著(P＜0.05),其余2组无显著差异.3组皮瓣面积差异显著(P＜0.05).外貌方面,ALT组与RFFF组有显著差异(P＜0.05),其余2组无显著差异.行动方面,ALT组与SIF组、ALT组与RFFF组有显著差异(P＜0.05),SIF组与RFFF组无显著差异.3组在咀嚼、吞咽、语言、疼痛等10方面及总QOL得分无显著差异.结论:3种皮瓣修复舌癌术后缺损总生存质量无显著差异,均为舌癌术后缺损修复的理想皮瓣.皮瓣选择需根据组织缺损的类型及大小、手术条件与患者的自身情况等综合考虑.     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部组织缺损18例报告

目的：探讨游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复重建中的应用价值及效果。方法：分析并评价应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣转移修复18例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术后及颌面部外伤引起的软组织大面积缺损病例的成功率及术后效果。结果：18例皮瓣中,1例术中皮瓣危象抢救成功,1例术后皮瓣危象抢救成功,全部皮瓣成活,成活率为100％。成活皮瓣术后修复效果满意,腿部供区无明显后遗症。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣血供系统恒定,游离移植皮瓣成功率高,供皮面积大,组织量丰富,对供区影响小,皮瓣大小厚薄具备可控性,是修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

吲哚箐绿荧光显影在股前外侧皮瓣术中穿支示踪、选择的可行性及效果评价

目的: 探讨吲哚箐绿荧光显影在股前外侧皮瓣术中穿支示踪、选择的可行性以及效果。方法: 选取2020年9月—2021年12月于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院接受股前外侧皮瓣修复的头颈部肿瘤患者,术中暴露股直肌与股外侧肌间隙以及穿支进皮位点后,注射吲哚箐绿。使用荧光探测器记录旋股外侧动脉分支及每个穿支显影时间、信号强度,后续做手术解剖,验证穿支走行。采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 纳入30例患者,其中,男16例,女14例;年龄36~70岁。不同患者穿支组成无显著差异。根据穿支显影时间分类,60个Ⅰ类,15个Ⅱ类,10个Ⅲ类,每个皮瓣平均有2条Ⅰ类穿支。吲哚箐绿穿支示踪正确率为97.6%。结论: 吲哚箐绿荧光显影可在术中提供股前外侧皮瓣穿支走行示踪,并对每条穿支的血流进行评估以选出最可靠穿支,从而降低手术风险,并减少手术时间。