致死性家族性失眠症一例

致死性家族性失眠症（fatal familial insomnia，FFI）是一种以失眠为主要临床特征的朊蛋白病，在国内于2005年首次报道1例本病，此为第2例报道。     

致死性家族性失眠症患者一例报告并文献复习

目的 总结致死性家族性失眠症(fatal familiar insomnia,FFI)患者的临床表现和实验室检查的特点.方法 分析1例FFI患者的临床表现、影像学、脑电图及基因等资料,并结合文献进行复习.结果 患者为57岁女性,主要表现为入睡困难,睡眠过程中出现吸气性喉鸣,随后出现反应迟钝、低热、多汗等表现.患者头磁共振DWI序列未出现异常高信号,脑电图监测显示睡眠图消失,无三相波,朊蛋白基因检测显示为D178N-129MM的单倍体型,脑脊液14-3-3蛋白为阴性.结论 朊蛋白基因检测在诊断FFI中具有决定性作用.     

广东省家族性致死性失眠症一家系临床特征及基因突变分析

目的 研究广东省家族性致死性失眠症(FFI)一家系患者的临床特征以及朊蛋白基因突变检测.方法 总结来自广东的一个FFI家系2例患者的临床表现特征,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、DNA直接测序技术对1例患者进行朊蛋白基因突变检测.结果 先证者主要临床表现为进行性加重的睡眠障碍和行为、认知紊乱,病程后期出现肌阵挛,病程为9个月;先证者哥哥具有类似的临床表现,病程为11个月.先证者朊蛋白基因突变检测结果发现患者为朊蛋白D178N突变,第129位多态位点为甲硫氨酸纯合型.结论 典型的临床表现有助于FFI的诊断,朊蛋白基因检测有助于确诊FFI.     

致死性家族性失眠症一例临床及基因特征

目的研究及报道1例致死性家族性失眠症(fatalfamilial insomnia,FFI)的临床及人类朊蛋白(human prion protein,PrP)基因特征。方法分析了1例疑为FFI患者的临床特征,采集血样后抽提DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法结合DNA测序技术,分析患者PrP基因突变。结果根据患者临床表现及PrP基因检测结果(PrP基因532G→A:D178N突变,129基因型为MM)诊断FFI。结论该患者特征性的呼吸困难和内环境紊乱值得重视,PrP基因检测对于确立FFI的诊断具有极其重要的作用,该FFI患者的发现,具有较大的临床和科研意义。     

2例致死性家族性失眠症的临床特点、脑影像和朊蛋白基因分析

目的 探讨致死性家族性失眠症(fatal familial insomnia,FFI)的临床和生物学特征.方法 总结2例FFI患者的临床表现、治疗与转归特点,并追踪至死亡;对患者进行了较详细的生物学检查,包括生化、电生理、头颅MRI和PET-CT检查及朊蛋白(Prion Protein,PrP)基因测序.结果 2例FFI患者的共性:阳性家族史,临床主要表现睡眠紊乱伴精神、行为异常;影像检查示全脑轻度萎缩(额叶略明显),对称性顶、额叶及丘脑葡萄糖代谢降低;PrP基因532位碱基G突变为A和129MM纯合子变异.例1病情进展相对缓慢,死亡时总病程3年余,以运动系统损害突出,脑脊液14-3-3蛋白阴性;例2的病情进展迅速,死亡时总病程仅半年,以内分泌功能障碍突出,脑脊液14-3-3蛋白阳性,PrP基因173位碱基T-C变异.结论 2例FFI患者临床特点存在差异,可能与PrP基因突变及脑脊液14-3-3蛋白检测结果有关,有待进一步证实.     

致死性家族性失眠症

1986年Lugaresi首先报告一53岁男性病人,以进行性睡眠障碍和植物神经失调为主要症状,呈常染色体显性遗传。剖检证实丘脑神经细胞大量丧失,命名为致死性家族性失眠症(fatal familial insom-nia,FFI)。目前,已有意大利、法国、英籍美国人、德籍美国人、丹麦及爱尔兰人和日本人患有FFI,中国尚未见报告,因此,临床工作中必须密切注意。     

致死性家族性失眠症一例的临床、病理及基因特征

目的 研究致死性家族性失眠症(fatal familial insomnia,FFI)患者的临床、病理及基因特征,并复习相关文献.方法 分析1例FFI患者的临床特点,对死亡患者进行尸检和脑组织病理检查,并对患者及其家属血标本进行朊蛋白基因(PRNP)检测.结果 该例患者的主要临床特征包括顽固性失眠、精神和夜间睡眠行为异常、行走不稳、吞咽困难、突然死亡以及阳性家族史.患者多处脑组织神经元丢失及胶质细胞增生,以丘脑为重;患者及其1名亲属PRNP检测分析显示D178N基因突变,并与129位甲硫氨酸等位基因连锁.结论 FFI患者可表现为猝死,可有突出的精神症状;无症状携带者可出现相应基因突变;提供尸检和脑组织病理资料有助于进一步认识本病.     

致死性家族性失眠症的临床特点及脚基因突变分析

目的：探讨中国致死性家族性失眠症（FFI）患者的临床及PRNP基因突变特点。方法：对一个FFI家系进行调查并综合分析先证者的临床资料;应用PCR技术结合DNA直接测序方法对先证者进行PRNP基因的突变筛查,回顾分析中国已报道的FFI先证者的临床特点。结果：在该先证者检出朋^垆基因2号外显子上的c．532G〉A（p．D178N）突变及c．385AA（p．129MM）多态,据此可确诊为FFI。Meta分析提示中国FFI患者的临床表现均较典型,PRNP基因单体型均为D178N-129MM。结论：尽管FFI患者的临床表现较典型,但对临床上疑为FFI的患者,仍应进行艄ⅣP基因突变筛查以助确诊。     

致死性家族性失眠症的睡眠障碍、发病机制和基因突变

致死性家族性失眠症是一种遗传性疾病，病因为朊蛋白基因（PRNP基因）C178和C129突变，PRNP基因产物PrP^c结构不稳，易转变为PrP^SC，启动连锁反应，结果PrP在CNS尤其在丘脑大量沉积，病理表现为丘脑和CNS其他部位神经元变性、空泡形成和胶质增生．临床失眠症状突出。目前无有效治疗，期望现代医学技术的发展能为致死性家族性失眠症的治疗开辟一条新思路。     

致死性家族性失眠患者脑葡萄糖代谢分析

目的 研究致死性家族性失眠(fatal familial insomnia,FFI)患者脑葡萄糖代谢变化特征.方法 对病程分别为2个月的患者1和6个月的患者2以及20名健康对照者进行18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18F-FDG)PET静态显像.采用视觉分析的方法判断2例患者脑代谢改变情况,然后利用统计参数图分析方法对每例患者和与其年龄相匹配的10名健康对照者进行组间分析,判断其代谢改变特征.结果 与10名年龄相匹配的健康对照组相比,患者1表现为明显的丘脑、顶叶、尾状核、后扣带回和前额叶的代谢减低(t＞2.82,P＜0.01).患者2表现为明显的丘脑、顶叶、后扣带回和前额叶的代谢减低,其代谢减低的范围和程度明显大于患者1(t＞2.82,P＜0.01),并伴有颞叶和枕叶代谢减低(t＞2.82,P＜0.01).结论 FFI患者脑葡萄糖代谢改变主要为双侧丘脑和大脑皮质代谢减低,大脑皮质所累及的范围和程度随病程发展而增大.18F-FDG PET显像对FFI的诊断和鉴别诊断具有一定的参考价值.     

Early age of onset in fatal familial insomnia

Abstract. Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a prion disease exhibiting the PRNP D178N/129M genotype. Features of this autosomal dominant illness are progressive insomnia, dysautonomia, myoclonus, cognitive decline and motor signs associated with thalamic nerve cell loss and gliosis. In contrast to the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) the onset of FFI is in middle to late adulthood. We report two male patients who belong to a large German FFI kindred. They were examined clinically, and postmortem neuropathological examination was carried out in collaboration with the German reference centre for prion disease. Additionally, the prion protein gene (PRNP) was analysed. To identify further patients with disease onset under 30 years of age a comprehensive literature review was carried out. Two male patients presented with typical symptoms of FFI at the age of 23 and 24 years. In their kindred, the age of onset has never before been under 44 years of age. Our literature review identified five additional early onset cases who died at age 21 to 25 years. In all 22 reviewed FFI families the median manifestation age was 49.5 years. Although phenotypic variability of FFI is common, age of onset under 30 years has been considered to be a hallmark of vCJD with a mean manifestation at 27 years of age. Our findings underline that in addition to vCJD, FFI must be considered in cases of young-onset prion disease. This has considerable impact on clinical management and genetic counselling.* These two authors contributed equally     

以姿势平衡障碍为突出表现的家族性致死性失眠一例并文献复习

目的报道1例以姿势平衡障碍为突出表现的家族性致死性失眠(fatal familial insomnia,FFI)患者的临床表现和基因特点。方法分析1例以姿势平衡障碍、重复语言为突出表现,曾疑诊为进行性核上性麻痹(progressive supranuclear palsy,PSP)的FFI患者的临床特征、影像学特点、脑电图及多导睡眠监测等资料,并对患者血标本进行朊蛋白PRNP基因检测。结果本例患者为39岁女性,症状逐渐进展,主要表现为姿势平衡障碍、语速快、重复语言,快速进展的认知障碍,伴睡眠相关呼吸暂停、吸气性喘鸣,同时有血压高、出汗多、心动过速、呼吸不规律等自主神经症状。结合患者PRNP基因检测结果为D178N/129M型,最终诊断为FFI。结论吸气性喘鸣或"牛吼声"在FFI的诊断中有提示意义。姿势平衡障碍在FFI临床症状谱中相对罕见,129位氨基酸等位基因多态性为Met/Met纯合子的FFI患者早期以姿势不稳,向后倾倒为主要临床表现的FFI病例,国内鲜有报道。     

Diffuse thalamic degeneration in fatal familial insomnia. A morphometric study

A morphometric investigation disclosed most thalamic nuclei severely degenerated in two patients with fatal familial insomnia. Associative and motor nuclei lost 90% neurons, and limbic–paralimbic, intralaminar and reticular nuclei lost 60%. These findings point to the disorganization of most thalamic circuits as a condition necessary for the sleep–wake rhythm being affected.     

Clinical profiles and ethnic heterogeneity of sporadic fatal insomnia

Background and purpose

This study was undertaken to elucidate the clinical profile of sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI), assess the similarities and differences between sFI and fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and evaluate the influence of ethnicity on the phenotype of sFI patients.

Methods

The data of sFI and FFI patients were retrieved from our case series and through literature review. The clinical and diagnostic features of sFI and FFI were compared, as were the phenotypes of Asian and Caucasian sFI patients.

Results

We identified 44 sFI and 157 FFI cases. The prevalence of sleep-related, neuropsychiatric, and autonomic symptoms among the sFI patients were 65.9%, 100.0%, and 43.2%, respectively. Compared to FFI, sFI exhibited longer disease duration and a higher proportion of neuropsychiatric symptoms, whereas FFI was characterized by a higher incidence of sleep-related and autonomic symptoms in the early stages of the disease or throughout its course. In addition, a higher proportion of the sFI patients showed hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and periodic sharp wave complexes on electroencephalography compared to the FFI patients, especially those presenting with pathological changes associated with MM2-cortical type sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. The Asian sFI patients had a higher proportion of males and positivity for cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 protein, and fewer sleep-related symptoms compared to Caucasian sFI patients. The age at onset and duration of sFI differed between ethnic groups, but the difference failed to reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Despite its similarities to FFI, sFI is characterized by longer disease duration, higher proportion of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and hyperintensity on MRI, along with differences in the clinical characteristics based on ethnicity.     

Thalamic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or fatal insomnia? Report of a sporadic case with normal prion protein genotype

We describe a 68-year-old man with a 53-month history of progressive dementia and clinical features of a progressive supranuclear palsy-like syndrome and dysautonomia. In the late stage of his illness, the patient also developed generalized myoclonic seizures. There was no family history of similar disorders. Histological examination revealed neuronal loss and gliosis with spongiosis in the cerebral cortex. In addition, more severe neuronal loss and gliosis without spongiosis were observed in the thalamus, especially in the anterior ventral and mediodorsal nuclei, and the inferior olivary nucleus. There was also obvious loss of Purkinje cells. Immunohistochemically, no protease-resistant prion protein (PrP^res)-positive structures were demonstrated. However, Western blotting revealed the presence of PrP^res in the cerebral cortex. This patient had a wild type of PrP genotype. We initially considered this to be a case of the thalamic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with a long duration. However, it is noteworthy that essentially similar pathology, albeit with less severe cerebral cortical changes, has also been reported in fatal familial insomnia, a newly identified phenotypically different prion disease with a mutation in the PrP gene. On the basis of clinicopathological features, we eventually felt that this patient was more likely to have been a sporadic case of fatal insomnia (FI) of long duration. The present case appears to draw further attention to the possible relationship between CJD and FI. Received: 18 July 1996 / Revised, accepted: 3 October 1996