动脉旁路辅助下胸主动脉腔内修复的探讨

目的探讨动脉旁路辅助下胸主动脉腔内修复(endovascularrepair,EVR)的可行性和有效性。方法回顾分析自2003年6月至2005年1月动脉旁路辅助下腔内修复DebakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤5例(aorticdissectionaneurysm,ADA),主动脉弓动脉瘤、主动脉弓外伤性假性动脉瘤和胸降主动脉瘤(descendingthoracicaorticaneurysm,DTAA)各1例的治疗经过、结果和并发症。所有患者近端锚定区均<15mm。1例ADA行右左腋腋动脉旁路,其余都行右左颈总动脉、左颈总左锁骨下动脉旁路,1周后行EVR。结果8例都取得技术成功。DTAA患者动脉旁路术后无并发症,EVR术后并发脑梗死而死亡。腋腋旁路患者EVR术后即时造影显示左锁骨下动脉返流导致Ⅱ型内漏,未作特殊处理。其余患者围手术期无卒中、截瘫或肢体缺血性并发症。存活的7例都获随访,随访期3～22个月(平均14个月),未发生神经系统或肢体缺血性并发症,术后3个月CT证实7例均胸主动脉段假腔或者(假性)动脉瘤瘤腔完全血栓形成,腋腋旁路患者内漏消失。结论辅助性动脉旁路可以为胸主动脉腔内修复创造额外的近端锚定区,扩大腔内修复的适应证范围。     

胸主动脉腔内治疗相关的主动脉弓形态研究

目的 通过对主动脉弓CTA资料的回顾性研究,了解正常主动脉弓的解剖形态学特点,为腔内治疗技术以及人工血管和新型支架的设计建立解剖形态学基础。方法 2009年1月至2012年10月年符合入组标准的正常型主动脉弓CTA资料共217例,使用GE公司AW4．5工作站测量升主、弓上分支的直径及分支之间距离,运用统计学软件进行分析。结果 冠状动脉开口上2cm处主动脉直径：34.56±4.72 mm,分支动脉开口直径：无名动脉12.50±1.95 mm,左颈总动脉8.28±1.51 mm,左锁骨下动脉10.41±2.20 mm。主动脉弓横断面上无名动脉与左锁骨下动脉连线与矢状面的成角50.30±13.79°。无名动脉-左颈总动脉距离为4.39±2.49 mm,左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉距离为6.43±3.98 mm。主动脉直径在不同年龄中的差异有统计学意义,61岁以上年龄组主动脉直径明显大于18-40岁和41-60岁年龄组。结论 1.在主动脉进行腔内修复术时,应充分考虑主动脉直径在61岁以上有明显增大趋势来进行支架的选择。2.由于近端锚定区距离过小,涉及左锁骨下动脉的主动脉病变大部分是不可能通过简单地扩展胸主动脉腔内支架来成功处理。     

Short term outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with thoracic aortic diseases

Aim and background

Open surgical repair for thoracic aortic diseases is associated with a high perioperative mortality and morbidity. Most of type B aortic dissections are uncomplicated and are medically treated which carries a high mortality rate. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is the first-line therapy for isolated aneurysms of the descending aorta and complicated type B aortic dissection. The aim of this study is to test the safety of early thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with uncomplicated type B aortic dissection and patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms.

经皮穿刺主动脉腔内隔绝术的应用研究简

目的 评估经皮穿刺股动脉路径,实施主动脉腔内隔绝术的可行性及安全性.方法 回顾性分析广东省人民医院2006年1月至2013年1月间所有DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层行主动脉腔内隔绝术的患者的临床资料,按照穿刺股动脉方法不同,分为两组：传统外科手术分离并直视下穿刺组（A组）共201例;经皮穿刺组（B组）共407例.比较两组手术成功率;手术部位伤口处理时间;术中及术后并发症及术后住院时间等.结果 与A组相比,B组手术时间由（106±21）min缩短至（78±19）min,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;伤口处理时间由（31±9）min缩短至（13＋5）min,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;住院时间由（7±3）d减少到（5±2）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;伤口并发症由12.9％减少为1.7％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.结论 主动脉腔内隔绝术采用经皮穿刺方法是安全可行的,对比传统方法有明显优势,值得临床推广.     

胸腔内主动脉修复术后并发症及处理

胸腔内主动脉修复术(TEVAR)在各种胸主动脉疾病中的应用越来越多.虽然TEVAR比传统的开放手术侵入性小,但手术操作仍然较为复杂.该文主要介绍TEVAR术后的并发症,如脊髓损伤、脑血管意外、肾功能不全等,并提出相应的预防或处理方法.     

Management of aorto-esophageal fistula secondary after thoracic endovascular aortic repair: a review of literature

Aorto-esophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare and lethal entity, and the difficulty of making diagnosis of AEF is well-known. As promising results in the short-term effectiveness of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) promote its usage, the occurrence of AEF after TEVAR (post-TEVAR AEF) increases as one of the major complications. Therefore, we provide a review concerning the management strategy of post-TEVAR AEF. Although its representative symptom was reported as the triad of mid-thoracic pain and sentinel hematemesis followed by massive hematemesis, the symptom-free interval between sentinel hemorrhage and massive exsanguination is unpredictable. However, the physiological condition represents a surgical contraindication. Accordingly, early diagnosis is important, but either CT or esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy rarely depicts a typical image. The formation of post-TEVAR AEF might be associated with the infection of micro-organisms, which is uncontrollable with anti-biotic administration. The current first-line strategy is combination therapy as follows, (1) to control bleeding by TEVAR in the urgent phase, and (2) radical debridement and aortic/esophageal re-construction in the semi-urgent phase. In view of the high mortality and morbidity rate, it is proposed that the choice in treatment strategies might be affected by patient`s condition, size of the wall defects and the etiology of AEF. Practically, we should keep in mind the importance of making an early diagnosis and, once a suspicious symptom has occurred in a patient with a history of TEVAR, the existence of post-TEVAR AEF should be suspected. A prospective registry together with more developed technologies will be needed to establish a future strategy.     

预开窗胸腔血管内修复术治疗胸主动脉病变的临床疗效

目的探讨预开窗胸腔血管内修复术(PF-TEVAR)在近端锚定区不足时左锁骨下动脉(LSA)的处理方法及疗效。方法选择2017年4月至2018年11月深圳市孙逸仙心血管医院,心血管外科收治近端锚定区不足的51例胸主动脉病变患者,所有患者均采取PF-TEVAR技术进行治疗,观察脑及上肢缺血并发症发生情况。术后评价支架有无内漏、移位和3分支显影情况等。结果 51例患者,术中对位失败1例(2.0%),围手术期内漏6例(11.8%),死亡1例(2.0%)。术后随访1～20个月,随访期间失访6例(11.8%),死亡1例(2.0%)。患者复查CT血管成像,主动脉覆膜支架形态良好,无支架移位,支架内血流通畅。LSA狭窄或闭塞5例。结论胸主动脉病变近端锚定区不足时,PF-TEVAR技术可延长锚定区并保持LSA通畅,拓展了胸主动脉病变腔内治疗的适应证。     

Results of thoracic endovascular grafting in different aortic segments.

PURPOSE: To compare the results of thoracic endovascular grafting of different aortic segments performed with commercially available stent-grafts. METHODS: Between January 1999 and October 2006, 178 patients (150 men; mean age 69.4+/-10.2 years) underwent endovascular grafting of the thoracic aorta (68 hybrid procedures) with commercially produced stent-grafts from 4 manufacturers. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the aortic segment involved: 64 aortic arch cases (37 hybrids for supra-aortic trunks revascularization), 100 descending thoracic aorta (DTA) cases (17 hybrid: 12 for access and 5 for associated abdominal aortic aneurysm), and 14 thoracoabdominal aorta (TaA) patients excluded from conventional repair (14 hybrids for renal and splanchnic revascularization). RESULTS: The technical success was 93.8% (167/178). Overall 30-day mortality was 5.6% (10/178). There were 10 (5.6%) type I endoleaks. Initial clinical success was 88.2% (157/178). At a mean follow-up of 29.3+/-21.2 months, the midterm clinical success was 89.9% (160/178). In the arch group, the technical success was 85.9% (55/64). Thirty-day mortality was 6.3% (4/64). There were 8 (12.5%) type I endoleaks. Initial and midterm clinical success rates were 79.7% (51/64) and 85.9% (55/64), respectively. In the 100-patient DTA group, the technical success was 98.0%. Thirty-day mortality was 2.0%. The type I endoleak rate was 2.0%. Clinical success was 96.0% initially and 95.0% at midterm. All 14 of the TaA cases were completed successfully, but 30-day mortality was 28.6% (4/14). There were no type I endoleaks. Clinical success rates initially and at midterm were both 71.4% (10/14). CONCLUSION: Over the last 6 years, synergy between endovascular and surgical procedures allowed treatment of all segments of the thoracic aorta. Overall perioperative and medium-term results were reasonably favorable; however, they were more satisfactory when the descending thoracic aorta alone was involved. Hybrid procedures allowed treatment of all aortic segments, but they decreased the success rates significantly. Endovascular grafting is currently our preferred method of treating pathologies involving the DTA and aortic arch, while our data suggest limiting the use of stent-grafts to high-risk patients or compassionate indications when the thoracoabdominal aorta is involved.     

Type A dissection following endovascular thoracic aortic stent-graft repair.

PURPOSE: To describe our experience with endovascular stent-graft repairs in the thoracic aorta focusing on the secondary complication of type A dissection. METHODS: Between January 1996 and April 2004, 73 patients were treated for traumatic thoracic aortic rupture (n=15), type B dissection (n=22), or atherosclerotic descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA, n=36). A retrospective review of the records found 5 (6.8%) patients (3 men; median age 64 years, range 43-87) who experienced a type A dissection at a median 20 days (range 2-124) after thoracic stent-graft repair for 3 type B dissections, 1 TAA, and a late type I endoleak that appeared 28 months after initial stent-graft repair of a traumatic dissection. RESULTS: In 3 patients (2 dissections, 1 endoleak), a tear in the aortic wall at the proximal stent-graft was responsible for a retrograde type A dissection. Underlying disease was the cause of the type A dissection in the 2 other patients (1 dissection, 1 TAA) and was unrelated to the stent-grafts. Three patients underwent open surgery at 3, 26, and 124 days after stent-graft placement; 2 procedures were successful, but the third patient died 3 months later due to multiorgan failure. Two type A dissections were untreated: one patient died from cardiac tamponade 14 days after successful stent-graft exclusion of the type I endoleak; the other patient refused further treatment and survived. The procedure-related mortality following acute retrograde type A dissection was 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular stent-graft repair of the thoracic aorta is associated with lower morbidity and mortality rates than surgical repair, although potentially lethal complications, acute or delayed, may occur.     

Emergency endovascular interventions for ruptured thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms

Background The purpose of our study was to show the effectiveness of endovascular stent grafts in the treatment of acutely ruptured abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms as an alternative to the conventional surgical approach in an emergency setting. Methods From October 1996 to October 1998 we deployed 9 emergent endovascular stent grafts—6 in the abdominal aorta and 3 in the thoracic aorta. Aortic rupture was confirmed before surgery with spiral-computed tomographic scan. The average interval from onset of symptoms to treatment was 4.5 hours. We used commercially manufactured stent grafts: 4 Corvita (Corvita Inc/Schneider Corp/Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, Mass), 3 Talent (World Medical Inc, Surise, Fla/Medtronic, Sunnyvale, Calif), and 2 Vanguard (Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, Mass). Results Deployment of the stent grafts was successful in all cases. Two patients died in the follow-up period (120 months) from myocardial infarction. No cases were seen of paraplegia or stent migration. However, 2 endoleaks, 1 in-stent stenosis, 1 temporary renal failure, and 1 brief episode of myocardial ischemia occurred. Conclusion Our experiences with emergency endovascular stent grafting show that the procedure is technically feasible, with less morbidity and mortality than conventional open surgery, in selected patients. (Am Heart J 2002;144:544-8.)     

胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层

目的 总结胸主动脉腔内修复术（thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR）治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析134例Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,分析并发症发生的原因及随访近、远期效果.结果 术前死亡4例,未手术1例,施行TEVAR 129例,手术操作均成功,部分封堵左锁骨下动脉27例（20.9％）,完全封闭左锁骨下动脉12例（9.3％）;Ⅰ型内漏13例（10.1％）,夹层逆剥为Stanford A型1例,低氧血症23例（17.8％）,肾功能衰竭需血液滤过9例（7.1％）,术后精神症状37例（28.7％）,脑梗死3例.随访2个月～5年,随访110例,随访率85.7％,1例术后1年和1.5年出现支架远端夹层,两次手术植入覆膜支架,部分封闭了腹腔干动脉,1例术后2个月时因肠梗阻在外院行手术治疗,1例术后4年时支架远端发生夹层破裂死亡,1例术后3个月突然死亡.Ⅰ型内漏消失11例,持续存在2例.结论 急诊TEVAR治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层安全、可靠,近期效果良好,加强并发症的防治,可进一步改善临床效果.     

Successful exclusion of descending thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysm by endovascular stent-graft placement

Endograft Stenting for contained rupture in descending thoracic aorta has not been reported in the past. We successfully deployed a 28 mm long AneuRx cuff, percutaneously to exclude the descending thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysm in a 62-year-old patient with inoperable retroperitoneal malignant fibrous histiocytoma.     

Risk analysis of preoperative anemia in type B aortic dissection after thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Background Postoperative death of thoracic endovascular aortic repair(TEVAR) occurred in patients with type B aortic dissection(TBAD). The prognostic value of anemia, an important problem during the perioperative period, is unknown. Methods According to predefined criteria, 184 TBAD patients underwent TEVAR were divided into two groups: non-anemia group and anemia group. Clinical data were compared between groups and multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to detect the risk factors of long-term mortality. Results After median 2.5 years follow-up, 21 patients died. Long-term mortality was significant higher in patients with anemia(23.9% vs. 8.1%, P=0.006). Multivariate analyses showed that anemia was independently associated with increased risk of long-term mortality(HR=3.21, 95%CI: 1.31-7.89, P=0.011). The ROC curve showed that hemoglobin level had predictive role for long-term mortality(AUC=0.742, P0.001). The optimal cut-off was 130.2 g/L, with sensitivity and specificity being 85.7% and 52.0%, respectively. Conclusions Admission anemia was independently associated with increased risk of long-term post-TEAVR mortality in TBAD patients. Pre-TEAVR hemoglobin measure could be a risk assessment tool for TBAD patients undergoing TEAVR.     

Successful management of esophageal necrosis after thoracic endovascular aortic repair for ruptured traumatic aortic aneurysm

A 65-year-old man reported nausea and anorexia after falling down a flight of stairs. Computed tomography (CT) showed a ruptured descending thoracic aortic aneurysm, and emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) was performed. However, after resuming food intake, the patient developed a fever. CT scan showed severe pneumomediastinum and a mediastinal abscess, and the patient was diagnosed with esophageal perforation. Emergency esophagectomy was performed, with an esophageal fistula made at the cervix. Jejunostomy was then performed to enable enteral nutrition. Histological examination showed substantial necrosis at the middle intrathoracic esophagus, and the patient was diagnosed with esophageal necrosis leading to perforation. Five months after the esophagectomy, gastric conduit reconstruction through the retrosternal route was performed. The patient was able to resume food intake, and survived more than 1 year after this surgery. Here, we describe the successful management of this rare case of esophageal necrosis after TEVAR for ruptured traumatic aortic aneurysm.     

Intravascular iliac artery lithotripsy to enable transfemoral thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is performed with large‐bore delivery systems. Small‐size access vessels may be a contraindication for TEVAR, particularly in case of severe calcifications. In this case report, we describe the first‐in‐man use of intravascular lithotripsy to enable transfemoral delivery of TEVAR stent grafts in a patient with severely calcified iliac arteries. A 69‐year‐old female with multiple sclerosis and thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) was referred for percutaneous TEVAR. Both common iliac arteries were severely calcified with circumferential calcifications and a minimum diameter below 5.5 mm. In order to enable percutaneous delivery of 20 French Valiant Navion stent grafts (Medtronic), the circumferential calcified plaques were treated by use of a Shockwave? Peripheral Intravascular Lithotripsy Balloon (Shockwave Medical Inc.). Subsequently, the aortic stent grafts were safely and successfully passed through the iliofemoral artery and the TAA was excluded by TEVAR. Final angiography showed normal flow in the iliofemoral artery without any signs of perforation or overt dissection. This case report demonstrates successful application of intravascular lithotripsy in calcified iliofemoral arteries enabling percutaneous transfemoral TEVAR. If confirmed in future cases and trials, indications for transfemoral TEVAR may further expand toward patients with severely calcified peripheral arterial disease.