输自体血在紫绀儿童心脏直视手术的应用

自１９８９年以来，我院开展了心脏直视手术中输自体血工作，其中包括治疗紫钳型先心病，本文总结７７例紫绀儿童麻醉后放血临床经验，并用先进激光多普勒方法观察放血前后皮肤微循环状况。     

心内直视手术围术期不输异体血的研究

目的：在不需增改特殊设备条件下，可使整个如心脏瓣膜替换术、法乐四联症根治术等较大的手术围术期完全不输异体血。方法：选择体重２０公斤以上，血红蛋白≥１１０ｇ／Ｌ，红细胞压积≥０．３５，需行心内直视手术的患者２３例，采用术前采集自体血１～２次（１０ｍｌ·ｋｇ￣（－１）／次）结合术中血液稀释（麻醉后按１５ｍｌ／ｋｇ采自体血），机器预充液中一次性加入抑肽酶４万ＫＩＵ／ｋｇ等综合措施。与１９９４年１月至４月间连续２３例输异体血者作对照。用ｔ检验统计处理。结果：自体输血组围术期均不需输异体全血、红细胞和血小板。脑氧饱和度转机中与麻醉前比无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），２４小时和总的纵隔心包引流量分别减少４３．０６％和４３．１０％，平均每例节省库血１６３５ｍｌ、血浆２０５ｍｌ．瓣膜替换术者血红蛋白术后２周为１０９ｇ／Ｌ、第４周为１１１ｇ／Ｌ。法乐四联症根治术者血红蛋白术后１周为１０８ｇ／Ｌ，第３周为１１２ｇ／Ｌ。全部患者均康复，大多数不到２周出院。结论：采用这种综合方法不需增改特殊设备、简便安全有效。     

心脏直视手术中输自体血前后脑电图和颈动脉血流变化的观察

采用输自体血，可减少术后库血的用量，减少了因输库血引起的并发症，有明显的社会意义和经济效益。为观察输自体血前后对脑电图的变化，我们进行一系列的观察，结果显示：在体外循环开始前脑电波波率、波幅两组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。放血后颈动脉平均流速、流量较放血前明显加快，这与同时输入液体，血液稀释有关。在手术结束时各项指标表明输自体血对患者脑电图无影响。     

抑肽酶减少体外循环心脏手术中及术后出血的观察

为确定抑肽酶的止血作用，我们选择３３例成人心脏手术者，随机均分３组。Ⅰ组术中给抑肽酶，转流前自体放血，术后回输自体血。Ⅱ组术前放血，术后回输自体血，未给抑肽酶。Ⅲ组未给抑肽酶，未放血。结果Ⅰ组比Ⅱ、Ⅲ组术中、术后失血量和输血量明显减小，说明抑肽酶可以明显减少心脏手术的失血量和输血量。     

术中自体血回输在神经外科手术中的应用分析

目的:了解术中自体血回输在神经外科手术中的实际应用情况和临床效果分析。方法:对2012年神经外科手术中132例自体血回输患者的回收量,回输量,异体血输注量,及手术前后Hb,Hct等指标进行回顾性分析。结果:术中共回收自体血146 200ml,平均每例回收1 107.6ml;共回输自体血83 290ml,平均每例回输630.9ml。其中43例除自体血回输外,还分别输注了数量不等的红细胞和血浆。患者均未发生输血反应。患者术前术后的血常规变化差异无统计学意义。结论:术中自体血回输在神经外科手术中的应用能明显减少异体血输注量,节约血资源,并能减少或避免输血反应的发生。     

用滤纸干血T4RIA筛查昆明地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症

采用放射免疫法测定出生后４～７天新生儿足跟血，共筛查新生儿６５６５例。结果显示，昆明地区新生儿足跟血正常值为４２～２０３ｎｇ／ｍｌ；新生儿先天性甲低发病率为１／６４８２；新生儿足血Ｔ４测定用于新生儿甲低筛查是可行的。     

33例心内直视手术不用库血的体会

目的：采用综合方法进行血液保护，以期在心内直视手术中不用库血，从而避免感染输血性疾病。方法：综合方法包括①适宜的麻醉深度，避免术中血压过高；②术前经桡动脉或腔静脉放出自体血贮存，放血量为１０～１５ｍｌ／ｋｇ；③术中应用抑肽酶或止血芳酸。抑肽酶总量成人为４００万ｋＩＵ，儿童为２００万ｋＩＵ。止血芳酸用量为４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ；④转流后机器血全部回输，每输１００ｍｌ机器血补给鱼精蛋白５～１０ｍｇ，同时加强利尿，浓缩血液；⑤术中认真止血，术野局部用三磷酸腺苷浸泡。结果：３３例患者，当术后血红蛋白超过９０ｇ／Ｌ，血细胞比容大于０．３０时，围术期可不用库血。术后２４小时引流总量为３２～４１０ｍｌ，平均２０６ｍｌ。出院时血红蛋白均超过１１０ｇ／Ｌ，而血细胞比容大于０．４０。结论：行心脏直视手术患者，术中用综合方法行血液保护，围术期可不输库血     

自体冷氧合血含钾停搏液在心内直视手术中的应用

应用间断灌注自体冷氧合血含钾停搏液进行心内直视手术９３例，心肌保护效果较好。术中冷血灌注流量３００－３５０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，冷血温度１４℃，钾离子浓度平均１７．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。心脏复跳后搏动有力，很少需要循环支持。     

Dieulafoy病3例

我院１９９２～１９９８年共收治Ｄｉｅｕｌａｆｏｙ病３例，现报告如下。临床资料本组３例患者，男２例，女１例。年龄３８～５６岁。本组病例均经手术及病理证实。病史１～４天，其临床表现：突发性上消化道大出血，以呕血为主，呕血量１６００～２４００ｍｌ，当出血量...     

β_2-微球蛋白在恶性肿瘤诊断中的应用

我们对１４８例恶性肿瘤患者进行了β２－微球蛋白（β２－Ｍ）测定，患者年龄１３～６８岁。其中肝癌５３例，肺癌４８例，白血病２７例，各种癌转移２０例。患者血Ｃｒ、ＢＵＮ均正常。对照组３８例为查体健康者，年龄２８～５６岁。方法：取空腹血４ｍｌ分离血清，－２...     

Effectiveness of preoperatively obtained autologous platelet concentrates in open heart surgery

BACKGROUND: Autologous blood components have been widely introduced in open heart surgery. However, the effectiveness of autologous platelet products remains controversial. METHODS: Autologous platelet concentrates (PC) were collected from patients (n = 35) scheduled for primary valvular heart surgery 1 to 3 days before the operation and were transfused immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood loss and platelet-related factors were compared with the control patients who had no PC (n=35). RESULTS: There were no serious complications in harvesting, preservation, and transfusion of autologous PC. The maximal platelet aggregation response significantly improved after its transfusion and tended to be higher with autologous PC stored 1 day than with ones stored 2-3 days. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors did not significantly differ between the groups. Postoperative blood loss was significantly less in autologous PC group, and seemed to have a negative correlation with platelet aggregation response. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous PC can be safely prepared and are clinically effective in reduction of postoperative blood loss in open heart surgery.     

Open heart surgery for acquired heart disease in Jehovah's Witnesses. A report of 42 operations

Patients belonging to the Jehovah's Witness faith may present a special problem when undergoing open heart surgery since they steadfastly refuse blood transfusion. Using a bloodless prime technique of extracorporeal circulation, we performed during an 8-year period 42 open heart operations for acquired heart disease in a consecutive series of 40 patients who were Jehovah's Witnesses. Three patients (7 percent) died, and only 1 death was caused by anemia. The favorable results we attribute in part to the brief periods of cardiopulmonary bypass used. In more than 70 percent of cases pump time was less than 40 minutes. We believe that our experience demonstrates the feasibility of open heart surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses and, moreover, indicates that blood transfusion can and should be used sparingly to reduce morbidity and mortality in all patients.     

The effects of phlebotomy, hemodilution and autologous transfusion on systemic oxygenation and whole blood utilization in open heart surgery.

Blood utilization in 400 consecutive adult patients undergoing a wide variety of cardiovascular operations requiring cardiopulmonary bypass was documented following institution of: 1) complete oxygenator hemodilution; 2) intraoperative phlebotomy and autologous transfusion; 3) infusion of residual oxygenator red cells; and 4) use of reconstituted frozen cells in patients whose blood type was uncommon. These techniques have resulted in an average utilization of 4.8 units of blood per adult patient. Fourteen patients required no blood at all and a total of 259 patients required less than 5 units of blood during their entire hospital course. Physiologic effects of this blood program and hemodilution were evaluated in ten patients and the results indicate that marked reduction of red cell mass by hemodilution with hypothermia and low flow perfusion is not detrimental to satisfactory whole blood oxygenation during open heart surgery.     

Phlebotomy via the pulmonary artery catheter introducer for intraoperative autotransfusion

Fear of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and other blood-transmitted diseases has created a revival of autologous transfusion during cardiac surgery. The present report is of 200 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery in whom phlebotomy was performed via the sideport of the introducer for the pulmonary artery catheter for later reinfusion. Each unit of phlebotomized blood was replaced with 500 mL of normal saline. Cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly after phlebotomy (P < 0.05) and returned toward control values after administration of the sodium chloride. The autologous blood was replaced after cardiopulmonary bypass. Fresh frozen plasma and platelets were not administered to the patients in the operating room. Eleven patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting received fresh frozen plasma in the recovery room because they were receiving aspirin and dipyridamole up to the day of surgery. Prolonged duration of cardiopulmonary bypass in two double-valve replacements, and one coronary artery bypass graft patient who required insertion of an intra-aortic balloon, accounted for the administration of fresh frozen plasma and platelets in three patients. The average volume of phlebotomized blood was 875 mL, which resulted in a decrease of the hematocrit from 40.5% ± 0.5% (P < 0.05) to 29.75% ± 0.5% and 30.5% ± 0.5% at the end of surgery and at discharge from the hospital, respectively. Phlebotomy via the Y port of the introducer of the pulmonary artery catheter is an easy, simple, and cost-effective way to remove autologous blood in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.     

Perfusionist strategies for blood conservation in pediatric cardiac surgery

There is increasing concern about the safety of homologous blood transfusion during cardiac surgery, and a restrictive transfusion practice is associated with improved outcome. Transfusion-free pediatric cardiac surgery is unrealistic for the vast majority of procedures in neonates or small infants; however, considerable progress has been made by using techniques that decrease the need for homologous blood products or even allow bloodless surgery in older infants and children. These techniques involve a decrease in prime volume by downsizing the bypass circuit with the help of vacuum-assisted venous drainage, microplegia, autologous blood predonation with or without infusion of recombinant (erythropoietin), cell salvaging, ultrafiltration and retrograde autologous priming. The three major techniques which are simple, safe, efficient, and cost-effective are: a prime volume as small as possible, cardioplegia with negligible hydric balance and circuit residual blood salvaged without any alteration. Furthermore, these three techniques can be used for all the patients, including emergencies and small babies. In every pediatric surgical unit, a strategy to decrease or avoid blood bank transfusion must be implemented. A strategy to minimize transfusion requirement requires a combined effort involving the entire surgical team with pre-, peri-, and postoperative planning and management.     

Combination of autologous Transfusion and Retrograde Autologous Priming Decreases Blood Requirements

In a prospective study, 60 patients posted for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were assigned to 2 groups of 30 each. (group A =combination of acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH) and retrograde autologous priming (RAP), group B=control). The aim was to investigate whether retrograde autologous priming reduces haemoditution as compared to control cases. Patients who had a history of previous cardiac surgery and patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, were excluded. Group A patients were subjected to pre-CPB intraoperative autologous blood collection prior to heparin administration. Heparin was given (300IU/Kg) and the aorta was cannulated. In addition, prior to bypass, if the patients had a systolic BP>100 mm Hg, 300cc of their blood was withdrawn in a retrograde manner via aortic cannula into the CPB circuit up to the arterial filter, while the 'displaced' asanguinous prime was diverted into a transfer bag. The total bank blood (whole blood) used intra-op was 26 units in the study group [mean 0.86 unit per patient] versus 52 units in the control group (mean 1.73 units per patient) (P<0.001). Blood components and products were not used in this study. The average fall in haematocrit (Hct) on CPB was 27.03% in the study group versus 39.5% in the control group (P < 0.001). Thus retrograde autologous griming in combination with autologus transfusion significantly reduces the need for bank blood.     

Autologous Blood Donation Preceding Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Operation in a Hemodialysis Patient

Abstract: A 67-year-old male hemodialysis patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm and triple vessel coronary heart disease required autologous blood donation because of his blood type of Rh(-) before cardiovascular surgery. We performed autologous red blood cell and plasma collection by the switch back method with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy during the 5 weeks before the operation. Autologous platelet collection was also made the day before the operation. These autologous blood donations were safely and successfully performed along with hemodialysis. There was some caution taken for these pro cedures. The ultrafiltration rate had to be adjusted for blood collection or blood transfusion during hemodialysis in order not to disturb fluid balance. It was necessary to monitor the hyperkalemia of the stored autologous packed red blood cells. For platelet collection, blood in the extracorporeal circuit had to be concentrated because of the presence of renal anemia. Coronary artery bypass graft was safely and successfully performed with the autologous blood only.     

经右腋下直切口体外循环低温室颤下行心内直视手术38例

目的总结经右腋下直切口体外循环低温室颤下行心内直视手术的治疗结果,探讨本术式的适应证及禁忌证。方法以2006年6月至2010年12月,经右腋下直切口体外循环低温室颤下行心内直视手术的38例患者为试验组,其中单纯房间隔缺损21例、室间隔缺损13例、二尖瓣置换4例;以同期经胸骨正中切口行体外循环下低温停跳心内直视手术的165例患者为对照组。观察两组体外循环时间、术后12h血清肌钙蛋白T、辅助通气时间、输血量、住院时间、住院费用等指标,并进行比较。结果两组患者术后生存率差异无统计学意义。低温室颤组患者体外循环时间稍长于对照组,但术后12h血清肌钙蛋白T低于对照组,辅助通气时间两组差异无统计学意义,输血量、住院时间、住院费用低温室颤组均低于对照组。结论经右腋下直切口体外循环低温室颤下行心内直视手术安全,与传统手术方法相比,具有出血少、住院时间短等优点,在严格掌握适应证的情况下,值得临床推广。     

Effect of erythropoietin therapy in cardiac surgery using autologous blood transfusion

Autologous blood transfusion in cardiac surgery is currently widely practiced to avoid homologous blood transfusion. To assess the benefit of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), the authors studied 72 patients (53 men, 19 women) who underwent elective cardiac surgery over a 15-month period and agreed to this protocol. Of these, 47 had coronary artery bypass grafting, 19 had valve replacement, and 6 had other procedures. Each patient was scheduled to preserve more than 800 mL of autologous blood preoperatively. They received rhEPO (100 to 40 U/kg) IV 3 times weekly during a 2 to 3-week preoperative period. During surgery, an autotransfusion system was also applied. During the preoperative period, 49 patients (68.1%) increased their hemoglobin by more than 1.0 g/dL, and 66 patients (91.7%) had their operation without homologous blood transfusion. This is a significantly high incidence compared with the group who had neither preoperative preservation nor rhEPO (55 of 109 patients; 50.5%). The authors conclude that rhEPO is effective in preserving autologous blood safely before elective surgery, and most elective cardiac surgery can be done without homologous blood transfusion by preoperatively preserving autologous blood with the aid of rhEPO and employing intraoperative autotransfusion.