Spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein for a large insulinoma

We report a successful spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for a large insulinoma with conservation of the splenic artery and vein. The patient was a 48-year-old man with syncope due to hypoglycemia. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography revealed a large 6-cm mass located in the tail of the pancreas. We adopted the laparoscopic approach to remove the tumor. After careful dissection and an accurate hemostasis between the pancreas and splenic vessels, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was carried out using a linear stapler. There were no perioperative complications. The patient was discharged uneventfully. He had no hypoglycemic episodes or abdominal symptoms during 8 months of follow-up. When performed by experienced laparoscopic surgeons in conjunction with intraoperative ultrasonography, spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein is a technically feasible procedure for the treatment of benign lesions of the tail or body of the pancreas.     

Laparoscopy-assisted spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein

Herein, we report the successful performance of a laparoscopy-assisted spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein for a patient with pancreatic cystadenoma, as a minimally invasive procedure with the preservation of function. The laparoscopy-assisted distal pancreatectomy procedure involved detaching the spleen and the distal pancreas from the retroperitoneum by a hand-assisted procedure, removing them from the peritoneal cavity through a small incision, and detaching the distal pancreas by ligating and transecting the short gastric artery and vein and the branches of the splenic artery and vein, while the spleen and main splenic artery and vein were preserved under direct view. The pancreatic parenchyma was transected with a stapling device (TL-30), and continuous suturing was added to the resected margin. The patients postoperative course was uneventful; the patient started to eat and walk on postoperative day 2 and was discharged on day 8. It is considered that the combination of hand-assisted and laparoscopy-assisted distal pancreatectomy, with conservation of the splenic artery and vein, is a minimally invasive and clinically useful technique for treating tumors of cystic disease of the pancreas with low-grade malignant potential, or benign solitary neuroendocrine tumors.     

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with preservation of the spleen

We describe a case of chronic pancreatitis treated by laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the spleen involving the resection of the splenic vessels. A proximal ligation of the splenic artery and vein was performed, followed by transection of the body of the pancreas. Retroperitoneum was dissected to the left by mobilizing the stump of the transected pancreas. The entire distal pancreas was freed posteriorly. The distal splenic artery and vein were ligated and divided individually adjacent to the tail of the pancreas at the hilum of the spleen. The points of this operation were to ligate the splenic artery and vein at both sides of the resected pancreas and to save the spleen with the blood supply continuing through the short gastric vessels and the splenocolic ligament. This operation with splenic preservation is more suitable for a patient who is a candidate for laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, which will minimize the operation time, preserve the useful immunologic role of the spleen, and obtain the intact resected specimen. Furthermore, this procedure is useful in chronic pancreatitis patients because it avoids the difficult dissection of the posterior pancreas off of the splenic vessels.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic total pancreatectomy for a main duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas

The laparoscopic approach to pancreatectomy entails a number of restrictions in performing major pancreatic surgery. This report describes a hand-assisted laparoscopic total pancreatectomy performed for a main duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Dissection of the gastroduodenal artery and splenic artery, and the transection of the duodenum were done through the midline mini-laparotomy, while mobilization of the spleen and the pancreatic tail and body, and Kocher’s maneuver were performed using the hand-assisted laparoscopic approach. Furthermore, dissection of lymph nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament, removal of the gallbladder, division of the hepatic duct, tunneling of the pancreas, and dissection of the pancreas from the superior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric artery were possible to perform safely under a pure laparoscopic technique with an excellent laparoscopic view. The reconstruction procedures were performed through the mini-laparotomy. The hand-assisted laparoscopic total pancreatectomy should be considered for the treatment of selected patients because it has various advantages as one type of minimally invasive surgery.     

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy

Distal pancreatectomy with spleen preservation may be the preferred procedure for certain benign tumors and cystic lesions of the pancreatic body or tail. Alternatively, laparoscopic removal including either distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy or splenic-preservation with ligation of the splenic vessels have also been described. We describe, herein, our method to perform spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy that preserves the splenic vessels and hence splenic function. The described technique of spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy has been used in two patients with favorable results. Both patients underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenic conservation for an oligocystic serous cystadenoma and serous cystadenoma. Operative time was 3–6 hours with total blood loss of less than 200 cc in both cases. The length of stay in the hospital was 4–8 days and both patients returned to work within 3 weeks. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy should be considered for younger patientswith select body or tail lesions that are not candidates for less extensive procedures.     

腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术的临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2014年11月至2016年4月为3例胰腺体尾部肿瘤患者行腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术的临床资料。结果:3例均成功施行腹腔镜下保留脾血管的保脾手术,无中转开腹,其中1例术中撕裂脾静脉,腹腔镜下缝合脾静脉撕裂处,成功止血,72 h后恢复进食。1例患者因囊性肿瘤巨大,术中囊液外溢,造成术后胰腺切除区形成直径3 cm包裹性积液,术后2周自行吸收。术后病理均回报为胰腺粘液性囊腺瘤。出院后随访3～12个月,未见远期并发症及复发病例。结论:腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术目前已成为治疗胰体尾良性肿瘤安全、可行的新选择,因其创伤小、康复快,已成为治疗胰体尾良性肿瘤的常规手术,目前也可在基层医院开展,但此术式仍需严格遵守循序渐进的推行原则。     

保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术的应用探讨

目的探讨保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术在胰体尾部肿瘤治疗中的可行性及作用。方法收集大连市中心医院于1999年1月至2010年12月期间收治的胰体尾肿瘤患者49例,其中行保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术18例,包括胰腺腺癌7例,胰尾囊腺瘤9例,胰岛素瘤2例,其中3例患者接受了腹腔镜辅助保留脾脏胰体尾肿瘤切除术。回顾性分析患者的临床症状、术前检查、术后并发症等指标,并进行术后随访观察。结果开腹和腹腔镜辅助保留脾脏胰体尾肿瘤切除术均顺利实施．所选术式患者耐受性好,术后并发症少,多数患者获得长期生存。结论术前影像学检查和肿瘤标志物检查是早期诊断胰体尾肿瘤的可靠办法,CTA、DSA等检查是术前判定的重要手段,保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术应作为胰体尾肿瘤的首选术式。腹腔镜辅助保留脾脏胰体尾肿瘤切除术是安全可行的,具有创伤轻、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

Novel approach to laparoscopic resection of tumours of the distal pancreas

Background: Laparoscopic resection for small lesions of the pancreas has recently gained popularity. We report our initial experience with a new approach to laparoscopic spleen‐preserving distal pancreatectomy so that the maximum amount of normal pancreas can be preserved while ensuring adequate resection margins and preservation of the spleen and splenic vessels. Methods: Three patients underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with spleen and splenic vessel preservation over a 2‐month period. Surgical techniques and patient outcomes were examined. Results: All three patients were females, with ages ranging from 31 to 47 years. Two patients underwent resection using the conventional medial‐to‐lateral dissection as the lesion was close to the body or proximal tail of the pancreas. The third patient had a lesion in the distal tail of the pancreas and surgery was carried out in a lateral‐to‐medial manner. This new approach minimized excessive sacrifice of normal pancreatic tissue for such distally located lesions. The splenic artery and vein were preserved in all cases and there was no significant difference in clinical outcome, operative time or intraoperative blood loss. Conclusion: Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with preservation of the spleen and splenic vessels is a feasible surgical technique with acceptable outcome. We have shown that a tailored approach to dissection and pancreatic transection based on the location of the lesion allows the maximum amount of normal pancreatic tissue to be preserved without additional morbidity. Although the conventional ‘medial‐to‐lateral’ approach is recommended for more proximal tumours of the pancreas, distal lesions can be safely addressed using the ‘lateral‐to‐medial’ approach.     

改良腹腔镜胰体尾切除术12例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜胰体尾切除术(laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy,LDP)中应用Endo-GIA一并闭合、离断胰腺及脾血管的安全性、可行性。方法:2010年3月至2011年11月共为12例患者行LDP,术中应用Endo-GIA一并闭合、离断胰腺及脾血管。术前8例诊断囊腺瘤,不排除恶变可能;4例胰尾部局限性癌变。结果:11例成功完成腹腔镜手术,1例中转开腹。手术时间115～210 min,平均153 min;术中出血量50～400 ml,平均187 ml;术后住院6～20天,平均9.6天。术后均未发生脾血管出血,2例发生胰漏,经充分引流后痊愈。结论:应用Endo-GIA一并闭合、离断胰腺及脾血管安全、可靠,LDP是治疗胰体尾低度恶性肿瘤及局限性癌变的可行术式。     

Spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy after division of the splenic vessels

A 37-year-old woman with a history of syncope was hospitalized with a diagnosis of hypoglycemia due to insulinoma. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhanced solid mass, 1.5 cm in diameter, at the tail of the pancreas. Angiography via the splenic artery revealed a hypervascular mass. Because the tumor was located deep in the pancreatic parenchyma, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed. The pancreas was exposed by dissecting the greater omentum, and the tumor was located by intraoperative ultrasonography. After division of the splenic artery, the pancreas, main pancreatic duct, and splenic vein were transected with an endoscopic linear stapler. The pancreatic pedicle was divided at the splenic hilum to preserve the spleen. The postoperative course was uneventful except for the appearance of splenic infarction on a CT scan 2 weeks after surgery but without any overt symptoms. Spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy by division of splenic vessels is a feasible treatment option for benign pancreatic disease.     

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein: Report of three cases

Between March 2003 and March 2007, three patients with benign pancreatic tumors underwent a planned laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein. Four trocars were placed, and an endoscopic linear stapler was used to transect of the pancreas. The perioperative data and surgical outcomes were examined. This procedure was successfully completed in three patients. The mean operative time was 158.3 min, with mean blood loss of 14.7 ml. The postoperative pathological diagnoses included one insulinoma, one solid pseudopapillary tumor, and one intraductal papillary-mucinous adenoma. The mean size of the tumors was 29.3 mm. Oral intake was initiated on day 1.7, and the length of postoperative hospital stay was 8.7 days on average. No morbidity or mortality was observed. A laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein is a safe and feasible treatment option without compromising the splenic function for benign or borderline malignant tumors in the distal pancreas.     

Laparoscopic resection of the pancreas and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery still is not a common procedure worldwide. Postoperative complications such as a pancreatic leakage cause a serious condition. We report our consecutive laparoscopic pancreatic resections of islet cell tumors or benign diseases and their outcomes. METHOD: Laparoscopic pancreatic resections were attempted in three patients. Preoperative diagnoses were insulinoma in two patients and cystadenoma in one patient. The lesions were located in the pancreas body in two patients and the pancreas tail in one patient. Their sizes ranged from 1 to 6 cm in diameter (mean, 3 cm). RESULTS: We performed distal pancreatectomy using an endoscopic linear stapler with conservation of the spleen in two patients and enucleation in one patient. Of the distal pancreatectomies, the splenic artery and vein were preserved in one patient, whereas in the other they were divided. There were no perioperative complications in any of the cases. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 10 days (range, 7-14 days). There were no episodes of hypoglycemia or recurrence during the mean follow-up period of 25 months (range, 11-36 months). CONCLUSIONS: Although laparoscopic pancreatic resection of selected patients is a feasible and safe procedure in the hands of experienced laparoscopic surgeons, patients must be carefully observed after surgery to avoid serious conditions by pancreatic fistula.     

保留脾脏的腹腔镜胰体尾切除术治疗经验

目的 总结腹腔镜保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术的经验。方法 2003年11月和2004年12月分别对2例胰体尾囊性占位患者施行保留脾脏的腹腔镜胰体尾切除术。结果 2例手术均顺利完成,手术时间分别为220min和190min,术中出血为450ml和350ml,术后住院时间为6d和5d,术后无胰漏等并发症发生。病理诊断2例均为胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤。分别随访18个月和5个月,术前症状均得到明显缓解,未见复发。结论 对胰体尾部良性病变行保留脾脏的腹腔镜胰体尾切除术是安全可行的,具有创伤轻、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

机器人保留脾血管胰体尾切除术治疗儿童胰岛素瘤报道

目的报道国内外首例儿童机器人保留脾血管胰体尾切除术,探讨该方法治疗儿童胰腺良性疾病的可行性和安全性。 方法2016年7月收治1例儿童胰体尾胰岛素瘤病例,患儿女性,9岁,体质量24 kg,身高1.20 m。行机器人保留脾血管的胰体尾切除术。机器人操作时采用4孔法：自脐下缘微小切口置入气腹针建立气腹后缝合该切口,观察孔位于下腹正中脐下5 cm(10 mm),1臂位于左侧平脐水平与腋前线的交点(8 mm),2臂位于右侧脐水平下2 cm与腋前线交点(8 mm),辅助孔位于左侧锁骨中线脐水平下3 cm(12 mm)。用超声刀切开胃结肠韧带,显露胰腺,腹腔镜超声探查证实病灶位于胰尾,直径约2 cm;切断脾结肠韧带,结肠脾曲向下游离;用电凝沿胰腺下缘分离胰后间隙,向脾门进行,将胰尾与脾脏之间的粘连分开,于胰腺后方分离出脾静脉,胰腺上缘分离出脾动脉,逐一分离夹闭或缝合动静脉与胰腺之间的分支,使胰尾完全游离,距离肿瘤右侧约1 cm以直线切割闭合器蓝色钉仓切断胰体尾,胰腺断端以4-0 Prolene线连续缝合。标本装入一次性标本袋自辅助孔取出,胰腺断端放置乳胶引流管1根自腹壁右侧孔引出。 结果手术时间155 min,气腹时间120 min,术中出血量约10 ml,围手术期恢复顺利,无胰瘘、出血及腹腔感染等并发症。术后血糖恢复正常,空腹胰岛素及血糖比值小于0.4,胰腺MRI平扫及增强扫描显示胰腺无肿瘤残留。 结论机器人与传统腹腔镜相比,具有三维视野、操作灵活等优点,该病例的成功经验初步显示机器人保留脾血管的胰体尾切除术治疗儿童胰岛素瘤是安全、可行的。     

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy for solid pseudopapillary tumor with conservation of splenic vessels in a child

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LSDP) with conservation of the splenic vessels is gaining acceptance as a reliable treatment for selected patients with low-grade malignant tumors of the pancreas in adults. The operation requires advanced laparoscopic skills to safely divide the fine branches of the splenic vessels. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of splenic vessels is rarely reported in children. We describe a 12-year-old girl with solid pseudopapillary tumor in the body of the pancreas that was successfully treated with LSDP, preserving the splenic vessels. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the functional and aesthetic results were satisfactory. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of splenic vessels may be a safe and feasible treatment option for children with pancreatic disease.     

腹腔镜保留脾脏胰体尾切除术的关键技术

腹腔镜保留脾脏胰体尾切除术适用于胰体尾部良性或低度恶性病变,避免了脾切除术后近、远期并发症,手术方式包括保留脾动静脉的Kimura手术和切除脾动静脉主干、保留胃网膜左血管等侧枝循环的Warshaw手术。腹腔镜下Kimura手术视野清晰,安全可行,术后并发症发生率低,应为保脾胰体尾切除手术的首选。术前检查或术中探查可疑为浸润性恶性病变或病灶与脾血管、脾门关系密切者,应果断放弃保脾术式,改行胰体尾联合脾切除术。     

腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术临床应用:附5例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜下,对胰体尾部良性肿瘤进行保留脾脏胰体尾切除术的可行性与安全性评估。方法:2008年2月至2010年6月对5例胰体尾良性肿瘤病人施行腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术。结果:5例病人手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间为204(115～295)min,术中平均出血量310(200～450)mL,术后平均住院时间14(10～21)d。术后1例病人发生胰漏,延迟拔管后治愈出院。术后病理诊断为胰体尾浆液性囊腺瘤3例,黏液性囊腺瘤1例,胰岛细胞瘤1例。结论:对胰体尾部的良性病变行腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术是微创、安全的,具有恢复快、并发症少等优点,值得推广。     

保留脾脏腹腔镜胰尾肿瘤切除术5例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜保留脾、胰尾肿瘤切除术的可行性。方法2001年11月至2006年2月间，暨南大学第二临床医学院（深圳市人民医院）肝胆外科对5例胰尾肿瘤的病人实施保留脾脏腹腔镜胰尾肿瘤切除术。结果手术过程顺利，肿瘤完整切除，其中2例为手助腹腔镜、3例在全腹腔镜下完成，术中出血50—150mL，手术时间90～180min，术后第2天进食、下床活动，1例少量胰瘘，1例胰腺假性囊肿形成。5例病人均痊愈出院。结论腹腔镜对于胰尾的孤立肿瘤切除是微创、安全、可行的，值得进一步推广。     

腹腔镜远端胰腺切除的临床应用

目的 总结腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术的临床应用与手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术治疗胰体尾肿瘤10例的临床资料.结果 10例胰体尾肿瘤中8例成功完成腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术,其中1例为保脾远端胰腺切除术,中转开腹手术2例,1例因胰腺癌侵及周围脏器,1例因术中出血.腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术平均手术时间为141±35 min(95～195 min),平均出血263±151 ml(100～600 ml),术后平均住院7±1 d(5～9 d),全部患者均治愈.术后病理诊断实性假乳头状瘤4例、黏液性囊腺瘤3例、胰岛细胞瘤1例,胰腺导管腺癌2例.结论 腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术最佳适应证是胰腺体尾部良性肿瘤及早期恶性肿瘤,具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少的优点,是治疗胰体尾良性肿瘤及早期恶性肿瘤的安全有效的微创疗法.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical applications and surgical technique of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP). Method The clinical data of 10 cases of pancreatic body and tail tumors undergoing laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy were retrospectively analyzed.Results Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) was successfully undertaken in 8 cases (including spleen preserving distal pancreatectomy in one case ). Intraoperatively two cases were converted to open surgery because of peripancreatic organs involvement by cancer in one case and massive bleeding in another case during laparoscopic procedures. The average operation time of LDP was 141 ± 35 min (95 -195 min),mean blood loss was 263 ± 151 ml( 100 -600 ml), average postoperative hospital stay was 7 ± 1 days (5 -9 days ). There was no major postoperative complications and no mortality. Final pathology was solid psedopapillary tumor in 4 cases, mucinous cystadenoma in 3 cases and islet cell tumor in 1 case, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in 2 cases, hence 80% of tumors were benign. Conclusions LDP is indicated for benign body and tail pancreatic tumors and early malignant tumor of pancreatic body and tail. Being less traumatic, and fewer complications, LDP is a safe, effective and minimally invasive therapy.