社区老人抑郁及相关因素分析

为了调查社区老人抑郁及相关因素，本文采用抑郁自评量表（CES—D）、简明精神状态量表（MMSE）．参考社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、老人抑郁影响因素调查表，对上海静安区500例60岁以上老人进行调查，结果显示69例有肯定抑郁症状．影响抑郁的四个主要因素为：参加团体活动、与儿女关系、同住情况及住房满意度。     

社区老年抑郁及相关因素分析

为了调查社区老人抑郁及相关因素，本文采用抑郁自评量表（ＣＥＳ－Ｄ）、简明精神状态量表（ＭＭＳＥ），参考社会支持评定量表（ＳＳＲＳ）、老人抑郁影响因素调查表，对上海静安区５００例６０岁以上老人进行调查，结果显示６９例有肯定抑郁症状，影响抑制的四个主要因素为：参加团体活动、与儿女关系、同住情况及住房满意度。     

社会支持对老年人抑郁影响的性别差异

目的：考察不同社会支持源对老年人抑郁的预测作用，以及性别差异。方法：利用流调中心用抑郁量表和觉知社会支持量表对170名62—87岁的老人进行调查。结果：（1）老年人觉知的家庭支持显著高于其它支持，其它支持显著高于朋友支持。（2）三种支持源中，只有朋友支持对老年人抑郁有显著的预测作用。③三种支持源对不同性别老年人抑郁的预测作用不同。社会支持对男性老年人抑郁的解释率为15．9％。而对女性老年人抑郁的解释率只有8．9％，并且兰种支持源中朋友支持和家庭支持对男性老年人抑郁的预测作用显著．朋友支持对女性老年人抑郁的预测作用显著。结论：社会支持对不同性别老年人抑郁的预测作用不同．     

老年人生活质量影响因素分析

目的：根据简易精神症状检查表(MMSE)评分高低，将三组不同来源老人分为MMSE低分组与MMSE正常组，比较他们生活质量及影响因素的差异。方法；采用生活质量综合评定间卷、焦虑自评量表及流调中心用抑郁量表、简易精神状态检查表及日常生活功能量表及一般资料调查表分别调查和测评不同组老人。结果：MMSE正常组老人的生活质量好于MMSE低分组。生活质量受抑郁、婚姻状况及认知功能的影响。结论：生活质量的影响因素是多方面的。     

北京老年人的抑郁状况调查及CES—D的结构分析

本文报告在北京市一个有代表性的老年人群中用ＣＥＳ－Ｄ进行的抑郁症状的调查结果。发现样本平均分为６．７１±９．７８，以≥１６分为标准，１３．７％的老人有明确的抑郁症状，标化的抑郁症状发生率１２．９％。ＣＥＳ－Ｄ总分及各分量表均随增龄而增高，女性得分高于男性，山区农民分数明显高于郊区及城区老人。因子分析显示在中国老人中ＣＥＳ－Ｄ的四个因子结构同样存在，各分量表的项目负荷与国外的结果基本相同。正性情感缺乏分量表分的年龄差异最为明显，躯体症状分量表分没有明确的随龄变化，提示老年人的抑郁情绪加重并非由躯体症状增多引起。     

北京市城市2个社区老年人抑郁症状的调查与分析

目的探讨北京市城市社区老年人抑郁症状发生率及其影响因素。方法采用非概率抽样法抽取北京市两个城市社区≥60岁471名老年人作为调查对象,采用老年人抑郁量表简表(GDS-15)和世界卫生组织生活质量问卷简版(WHQOLBREF)对入选老年人进行访谈。结果抑郁症状的检出率为18.259%(86/471)。女性老年人抑郁症状的发生率高于男性(χ2=10.131,P=0.001)。随着学历的增高,老年人抑郁症状的发生率有下降的趋势(χ2=13.210,df=3,P=0.004);随着家庭月收入的增高,老年人抑郁症状的发生率有所下降(χ2=9.969,df=4,P=0.041);个人独居、与子女同居的老年人抑郁症状发生率均高于与夫妇同居的老年人(χ2=11.80,P=0.001;χ2=8.18,P=0.004);患有慢性病的老人抑郁症状的发生率高于未患慢性病者(χ2=5.772,P=0.016)。有抑郁症状的老人在健康状况自评、心理领域、环境领域的得分低于无抑郁症状的老年人(t=2.773,P=0.006;t=2.068,P=0.041;t=3.151,P=0.002)。结论女性、教育程度、经济收入、与谁同住和患有慢性病是老年人抑郁症状发生的影响因素;抑郁症状影响城市社区老年人的生活质量。     

道家思想对老人心理及主观幸福度影响

目的：探讨道家思想在老年大学中讲座后对老年人心理和主观幸福度的影响。方法：对105名老年大学学员进行为期2个月，每周一次，共8次的心理讲座，讲座内容渗透顺应自然，生死一体，重身轻物，知足常乐，知和处下等道家思想，并阅读相关书籍，参加小组交流活动，分别在讲座前及三个月后测查，老人信心量表（PGC），精神卫生自评量表（SCL－90），婚姻状况，家庭关系，健康状况自评，及人口学指标的调查，并进行逐步回归分析，探讨影响老人主观幸福度的因素。结果：老年大学学员讲座前，老人的焦虑，恐怖，躯体化，抑郁分显著高于正常人群常模（P＜0．05－0．01），影响老人主观幸福度因素有：对健康状况自评，婚姻质量，家庭关系，经济收入和兴趣活动多少，讲座及活动三月后复测相关指标，发现老人的焦虑，恐怖，躯体化，抑郁分显著下降（P＜0．05－0．01），主观幸福度明显提高。结论：道家思想渗透和群体交流活动有助于老人改善不良心理，提高他们的主观幸福度。     

独居老年人失眠状况及相关因素

目的:了解独居老年人的失眠状况及其相关因素。方法:选取无锡市独居老人2 306名，采用自编基本信息调查表、简版老年抑郁量表(GDS-15)、失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)进行调查。本调查中ISI和PSQI至少一个量表得分≥7分则定义为存在失眠症状。结果:失眠症状检出率18.78%。多因素logistic回归分析显示，年龄71～80岁、年龄>80岁、农村、吸烟、饮酒、有抑郁症状是发生失眠的危险因素(OR=3.22、4.68、2.89、2.64、3.06、4.30);受教育程度大专及以上、参加体育锻炼、月收入3000～4999元、月收入>5000元是发生失眠的保护因素(OR=0.45、0.52、0.65、0.78)。结论:高龄、受教育程度低、农村、吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼少、月收入低、有抑郁症状的独居老年人更易出现失眠症状。     

社区老年人抑郁症状及影响因素

目的:了解社区老年人抑郁症状的发生情况及影响因素。方法:采用分层随机抽样方法,应用自编一般情况问卷、饮食情况调查表及老年抑郁量表(GDS)对济宁市某社区165名老年人进行问卷调查。结果:老年人抑郁症状的发生率为7.3%。单因素分析表明,居住在城市(χ~2=10.110,P=0.003)、家庭和睦(χ~2=9.587,P=0.019)、经常吃水果(χ~2=6.976,P=0.013)、豆制品(χ~2=7.373,P=0.012)的老年人抑郁症状的发生率比较低,差别有统计学意义;Logistic回归分析,家庭和睦老年人抑郁症状发生率比较低(OR=8.190,P=0.022),差异有统计学意义。结论:家庭和睦情况是影响老年抑郁症状发生的因素,饮食因素对抑郁症状的发生有一定的影响。     

老年人孤独感调查

为了探讨老年人的孤独感与心理社会因素的关系，采用ＵＣＬＡ孤独量表和症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０），对６０岁以上老年人进行评定，结果显示，老年人孤独感与ＳＣＬ－９０的总分及９个因子均有显著正相关。丧偶、离异及单身老人ＵＣＬＡ孤独量表得分显著高于在婚者。子女在身边的老人孤独感程度较子女不在身边者低。有业余爱好者孤独程度比无业余爱好者低。退离休后继续从事某项工作者孤独程度比无工作者低。提示老年人的孤独感与     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.