前哨淋巴结活检指导乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫的研究进展

腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）对降低乳腺癌患者的复发转移率、延长乳腺癌患者生存期具有重要意义,临床上绝大部分前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）结果阳性的乳腺癌患者均接受ALND。但现有研究显示,部分前哨淋巴结阳性的乳腺癌患者并没有因ALND而取得生存获益,这就引发了对于SLNB阳性的乳腺癌患者是否必须行ALND问题的思考。本文就近年来SLNB指导乳腺癌患者ALND相关研究的新进展进行综述。     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术的进展

近十余年来，随着前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNBB）技术研究的不断深入以及临床应用的不断普及，已经改变了近一百多年来腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph nodes dissection,ALND）作为外科治疗乳腺癌不可缺少的组成部分这一历史。欧美一些学者认为，SLNB达到甚至超过了ALND在乳腺癌外科治疗中的重要地位。本文就目前乳腺癌SLNB的研究状况综述如下。     

前哨淋巴结活组织检查指导乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫问题的思考

乳腺癌是危及女性生命健康最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。近年来,发展中国家乳腺癌的发病率居高不下,中国乳腺癌发病率每年增长约3%,其中京、津、沪等经济发达地区,乳腺癌已跃居女性恶性肿瘤之首[1]。准确的临床分期尤其是腋窝转移淋巴结分级对评估患者预后和制定治疗方案具有重要参考价值,研究发现有腋窝淋巴结侵犯的乳腺癌患者5年无瘤生存率相对于无腋窝淋巴结转移患者下降40%[2]。以前临床上评价腋窝淋巴结转移情况主要依靠腋窝淋巴结清扫（ axillary lymph node dissection, ALND）,致使绝大多数乳腺癌患者均接受了腋窝淋巴结清扫。自从20世纪90年代前哨淋巴结活组织检查（ sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB）首次应用于乳腺癌手术以来, SLNB逐渐改变了上述状况,使得SLNB阴性的乳腺癌患者避免接受ALND,SLNB现已成为决定患者是否需要进行ALND的主要依据[3]。近年来,临床研究结果提示部分SLNB阳性的乳腺癌患者即使不接受 ALND,其预后也不会因此受到影响[4],这引起了学者对SLNB 阳性乳腺癌患者是否一定要行ALND问题的思考。笔者就近年来有关SLNB指导腋窝淋巴结切除的研究成果进行总结,并展望SLNB在未来临床实践过程中的指导作用。     

前哨淋巴结活检术在早期乳腺癌保腋窝治疗中的应用

目的：探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术（sentonel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）对SLN阴性者进行保腋窝的可行性。方法：联合应用专利蓝（patent blue-v）和^99mTc标记的硫胶体（^99mTc-Sulphur colloid,^99mTc-Sc）行乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术。对SLN阴性并同意保腋窝者免除腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）,对SLN阳性或虽SLN阴性但不同意保腋窝者仍行ALND。结果：2002年3月～2006年3月入组临床分期T1～2N0M0乳腺癌患者135例,均行SLNB。SLN阳性44例,其中42例行ALND,2例镜下有微小转移灶者仅行SLNB术后加腋窝淋巴结区域放疗;SLN阴性91例（67.4%）,其中的39例仅行SLNB,52例仍行ALND。全组SLNB准确率97.8%（132/135）,假阴性率6.8%（3/44）。全组中位随访43个月（24～72个月）,SLNB保腋窝者术后并发症明显低于ALND者（P〈0.05）,区域淋巴结无复发,ALND者区域淋巴结亦无复发。结论：SLNB保腋窝近期疗效满意具有良好的微创效果。     

腋网综合征研究进展

腋网综合征（axillar yweb syndrome,AWS）是一种乳腺癌患者行腋窝淋巴结清除术（axillary lymph mode dissection,ALND）或前哨淋巴结活组织检查（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）后早期出现的一种临床综合征,也可见于行腋窝结节活组织检查的非乳腺癌患者。     

临床淋巴结阳性新辅助治疗后腋窝降阶处理的研究进展

在优效系统治疗和精准放疗的时代背景下，乳腺癌新辅助治疗（neoadjuvant treatment,NAT）有助于乳房肿瘤降期实现保乳和腋窝降期，使患者豁免腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）。目前，在临床腋窝淋巴结阳性的患者中，人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)阳性和三阴性乳腺癌（triplenegativebreastcancer,TNBC）亚型接受NAT后可达到较高的腋窝病理学完全缓解率（axillarynodalpathologiccomplete response,apCR），有望实现腋窝局部降阶梯处理，相关指南与专家共识推荐初始临床淋巴结阴性（clinicallymphnode negative,cN0）的患者NAT后前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）阴性可行前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）替代ALND,NAT后SLN存在较低肿瘤残留负荷的患者可考虑放疗替代ALND。初始...     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术的发展历史及研究进展

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）是一项兼具诊断及治疗目的的外科技术，是近年来乳腺外科领域具有里程碑意义的重大进展之一。作为一种腋窝微创外科术式，在乳腺癌综合治疗效果不断提高的背景下，SLNB在近40年的发展呈现出降阶梯趋势，也从侧面反映出乳腺癌作为一种全身性疾病的生物学本质。首先，米兰SLNB185、NSABP-B32等一系列前瞻性随机对照临床试验证实，SLNB可以作为临床腋窝淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌准确的腋窝分期手段。ACOSOG Z0011、IBCSG 23-01等临床试验结果则进一步丰富了腋窝外科手术降阶梯的概念，前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）阳性的患者手术范围缩小，即SLN低肿瘤负荷患者中，SLNB可以安全替代腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）。随后，SLNB以及由此衍生而来的标记淋巴结活检将腋窝微创手术的可行性人群范围进一步扩展到了新辅助治疗的患者。近年来，以EUBREAST-061为代表的回顾性研究及有限的前瞻性研究数据初步证实了腋窝降阶梯...     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检研究进展

近年来,乳腺癌的发病率越来越高,乳腺癌治疗方式也在不断改进,但手术仍然是早期乳腺癌治疗的主要手段。对于早期乳腺癌,前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）是一种安全、精确的手术方式,已逐渐替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）成为早期乳腺癌治疗的标准术式。随着研究的深入,SLNB的应用范围更广,术后生活质量显著改善,但其操作尚需要进一步统一规范。在前哨淋巴结微转移、宏转移、前哨淋巴结活检阳性的老年患者以及新辅助化疗的前哨淋巴结活检等方面尚未达成共识,还需要更多大型多中心前瞻性的随机试验来进一步论证。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活组织检查术的研究进展

乳腺癌是全世界女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重威胁女性的健康和生命。乳腺癌的外科治疗不断向＂最小最有效＂的模式发展,前哨淋巴结（SLN）活组织检查术（SLNB）在此背景下应运而生。SLNB可免除腋窝淋巴结清扫术（ALND）,大大减少了ALND的并发症。近年来,一些临床研究结果提示部分SLN阳性乳腺癌患者即使不接受ALND,其预后也未受到影响,SLN阳性乳腺癌患者是否一定要行ALND的问题有待研究。     

乳腺癌新辅助治疗后前哨淋巴结活检术应用的研究进展

腋窝淋巴结清扫术(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)是新辅助治疗(neoadjuvant treatment,NAT)后腋窝淋巴结标准的处理方式.然而,ALND不能使NAT后腋窝淋巴结病理性完全缓解(pathologic complete response,pCR)的患者获益.现已证实,对于临床诊断腋窝淋巴结阴性(cN0)患者,前哨淋巴结活检术(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)可对其腋窝淋巴结进行准确评估,使部分患者免于接受ALND.目前多家研究机构着力将SLNB引入NAT后cN0的乳腺癌的治疗中,并在提高其检出率,降低假阴性率等方面获得了长足的进步.本文对近年来SLNB应用于NAT后cN0乳腺癌治疗的相关研究成果及诸多用于提高其准确性的方法进行阐述.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Statistical challenges in preprocessing in microarray experiments in cancer

Many clinical studies incorporate genomic experiments to investigate the potential associations between high-dimensional molecular data and clinical outcome. A critical first step in the statistical analyses of these experiments is that the molecular data are preprocessed. This article provides an overview of preprocessing methods, including summary algorithms and quality control metrics for microarrays. Some of the ramifications and effects that preprocessing methods have on the statistical results are illustrated. The discussions are centered around a microarray experiment based on lung cancer tumor samples with survival as the clinical outcome of interest. The procedures that are presented focus on the array platform used in this study. However, many of these issues are more general and are applicable to other instruments for genome-wide investigation. The discussions here will provide insight into the statistical challenges in preprocessing microarrays used in clinical studies of cancer. These challenges should not be viewed as inconsequential nuisances but rather as important issues that need to be addressed so that informed conclusions can be drawn.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children

The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in age-pooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P less than 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women, and mean testosterone concentrations were 48% (P less than 0.001), 68% (P less than 0.001) and 53% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women. The difference in testosterone concentrations between the two countries appeared to be due largely to the lower average body weight in the Chinese women. Sex hormone binding globulin did not differ significantly between the two countries in age groups 35-44 and 45-54, but was 15% (P = 0.002) lower in the British than in the Chinese women at ages 55-64. Prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two countries in any age group.     

Temozolomide treatment in glioma--experiences in two university hospitals in Finland

Thirty-two patients with relapsing glioma were treated with temozolomide in two university hospitals in Finland. One patient (3%) had complete response and 9 (28%) partial response, with 8 patients (25%) showing stable disease. Median progression-free survival for these 18 patients (56%) was 7 months (range 2-11+). The remaining either had progressive disease (25%) or only clinical evaluation (19%). Karnofsky score improved in 34% of patients and decreased in 3%. Symptoms were alleviated in 44% and deteriorated in 9%. Grade 3-4 toxicity was detected in 9% of the patients. Only 4% of the days in treatment were spent in hospital. An average 1.8 neuroradiological investigations, 6.9 laboratory visits, and 5.3 visits to the oncologist were made. This study confirms that temozolomide has positive effects on the outcome of often heavily pretreated glioma patients. High drug costs are compensated by prolonged home care and even the possibility to maintain working capacity.