Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in bay bolete Xerocomus badius and tolerance limits

In the article are reviewed available data on arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury contents of the fruiting bodies of Bay Bolete in Europe. Cadmium and lead contents of Bay Bolete at the sites unpolluted with those elements reaches up to 5 and 20 mg/kg dry matters, respectively (up to 0.50 and 2.0 mg/kg fresh weight), i.e. is a much more greater when compared to the tolerance limit of 1,0 and 2,0 mg/kg dry weight in force earlier in Poland. In the light of available analytical data a suggested tolerance limit for cadmium in Bay Bolete should be 5 mg per kg of dried fruiting bodies, and 20 mg per kg of dried fruiting bodies for lead.     

Total Mercury in Mushrooms and Underlying Soil Substrate from the Borecka Forest, Northeastern Poland

Total mercury concentrations were determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy in 240 composite samples of the caps, 240 of the stalks, and 16 of the whole fruiting bodies of 13 species of wild mushrooms and in 256 samples of underlying soil substrate collected from the Borecka Forest and the adjacent area in 1998. The area of the study is a background site with no known local sources of mercury emission. The mercury concentrations of the fruiting bodies varied largely (range between 14 and 14,000 ng/g dry weight) depending on the site and mushroom species investigated, but were less varied in soil samples (between 5 and 86 ng/g dry weight). The fruiting bodies of king bolete (Boletus edulis) showed greatest content of mercury. King bolete and yellow-cracking bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) collected from the Borecka Forest both contained in the caps around threefold greater concentrations of mercury than were noted for the same species collected from the surrounding area with 9,900 ± 2,700 and 3,600 ± 1,400, and 480 ± 190 and 160 ± 70 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Apart from the king bolete, relatively elevated concentrations of mercury were quantified also in a whole fruiting bodies of common puffball (Lycoperdon perlatum) with 3,400 ± 1,300 ng/g as well as in the caps and stalks of common scaber stalk (Leccinum scabrum) with 1,200 ± 740 and 1,100 ± 380 ng/g dry weight. In other species investigated, the mercury concentrations were below 1,000 ng/g dry weight, and the smallest values were noted for crab-scended brittle gills (Russula xerampelina) with 60 ± 20 in the caps and 40 ± 20 ng/g dry weight in the stalks. For the species such as larch bolete, bay bolete (Xerocomus badius), yellow-cracking bolete, king bolete, common scaber stalk, fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), crab-scented brittle gills, honey mushroom (Amariella mellea) and safron milk cap (Lactarius deliciosus) a positive correlation (0.01 < p < 0.05) between the mercury content and size (diameter) of the caps was found, and in some cases also between mercury content of the stalks and size (height) of the fruiting body. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of total mercury were greatest for king bolete, i.e., 250 ± 65 in the caps and 140 ± 47 in the stalks, while for the other species investigated were between 200 ± 91 and 1.8 ± 0.5 in the caps, and 94 ± 57 and 1.7 ± 0.4 in the stalks. Nevertheless, despite great values of BCF of mercury indicated for some species and also a positive correlation between mercury content of the caps/stalks and underlying soil substrate, subsequent coefficients of determination were usually below 40%, and only for bay bolete (stalk), yellow-cracking bolete (cap), common scaber stalk (cap), hard bolete (Leccinum griseum) (cap, stalk), crab-scented gills (stalk), and honey mushroom (cap) were up to 68, 82, 42, 82, 51, 74, and 45%, respectively. The values of the cap/stalk Hg quotient were greatest for larch bolete (Suillus flavus) collected from the Borecka Forest (4.4 ± 1.3) and for honey mushroom (2.7 ± 0.9) from the adjacent area. Received: 26 March 2001/Accepted: 5 August 2001     

2013 - 2017年烟台市食品中镉、汞和砷的含量检测分析

目的 了解烟台市2 807份食品中镉、总汞和总砷的污染状况。方法 采用随机采样的方法于2013 - 2017年间采集烟台市售17类2 807份食品,依据国标规定的操作程序进行检测。结果 镉总体合格率为99.75%（2 770/2 777）。超标样品为6份梭子蟹和1份扇贝。藻类、水产品和食用菌镉含量较高,均值分别为0.756 mg/kg、0.0901 mg/kg和0.0487 mg/kg;乳及乳制品、水果及其制品和饮料镉含量较低,均值分别为0.000625 mg/kg、0.000142 mg/kg和未检出。总汞总体合格率为99.96%（2 666/2 667）。超标样品为1份姬松茸（干制品）。水产品、藻类和食用菌总汞含量较高,均值分别为0.0761 mg/kg、0.0310 mg/kg和0.0106 mg/kg。蔬菜及其制品、水果及其制品和饮料总汞含量较低,均值分别为0.000272 mg/kg、0.000195 mg/kg和未检出。总砷总体合格率为100%（2 677/2 677）。藻类、水产品和食用菌总砷含量较高,均值分别为35.410 mg/kg、1.0087 mg/kg和0.0575 mg/kg。豆类、蛋类和饮料总砷含量较低,均值分别为0.00467 mg/kg、未检出和未检出。2013 - 2017年镉检出率分别为77.84%、61.90%、62.06%、31.52%和28.33%。2013 - 2017年总汞检出率分别为13.77%、15.00%、29.76%、9.69%和14.44%。2013 - 2017年总砷检出率分别为14.77%、7.38%、45.57%、11.50%和12.68%。结论 烟台市2 807份食品中镉、总汞、总砷的污染水平较低。     

Mercury content in edible mushrooms in the Wyzyna Wieluńska region

Mercury concentration was determined in the caps and stalks of nine species of edible mushrooms collected at the area of Wieluńska Upland in district of Czestochowa in 1995-96. The mushroom species examined were such as: yellow-cracking bolete Xerocomus subtomentosus, brown birch scaber stalk Leccinum scabrum, slippery Jack Suillus luteus, larch bolete Suillus grevillei, gray knight-cap Tricholoma terreum, parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera, horse mushroom Agaricus arvensis, fennel funnel cap Clitocybe odora, fairy-ring mushroom Marasmius oreades and tacky green brittle gills Russula aereuginea. The method of mercury measurement was cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) after wet digestion of the samples with concentrated nitric acid in a whole glass system. The parasol mushroom and horse mushroom showed a highest mercury concentrations and contained, respectively, 4500 +/- 1700 and 4400 +/- 2400 ng/g dry wt in caps, and 2800 +/- 1300 and 2800 +/- 2100 ng/g dry wt in stalks. In the case of fennel funnel cap and fairy-ring mushroom the mean total mercury concentrations in caps was above 500 ng/g dry wt, and for other species were between 150 +/- 50 and 500 +/- 230 ng/g dry wt. The stalks of the mushroom species examined in all cases showed lower contamination with mercury than caps. The mean total mercury concentrations noted in caps and stalks of mushrooms examined were usually higher than was reported till now in the same species elsewhere in Poland, while a maximum values found in an individual fruiting bodies are within the range of the concentrations noted in specimens collected from an unpolluted areas.     

酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜重金属含量的测定及健康风险评估

目的 了解酒泉市戈壁设施种植的番茄、葫芦、黄瓜、辣椒、豆角中铅、砷、汞、镉的污染状况,评估人体摄入后的健康风险。方法 利用国家标准检验方法,在酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区采集检测274份主栽蔬菜中铅、砷、汞、镉含量,结合单因子污染指数和内梅罗污染指数法对蔬菜受重金属污染的程度进行评价,利用靶标污染系数法对蔬菜中重金属对人体的健康风险进行评估。结果 274份蔬菜中铅、砷、汞和镉的含量范围分别为0～0.050 1 mg/kg、0～0.053 8 mg/kg、0～0.001 0 mg/kg和0～0.048 8 mg/kg,平均含量分别为0.010 3、0.010 3、0.000 2和0.008 7 mg/kg,均未超出国家标准规定的食品中污染物限量。5种蔬菜中4种重金属的污染指数均低于0.7,靶标危害系数均小于1。结论 酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区主栽的5种蔬菜受铅、砷、汞、镉污染程度较轻,属于清洁水平,处于安全级别,膳食摄入风险较低。对比其它地区蔬菜,酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜中重金属含量总体不高,与有机设施蔬菜基地结果接近。     

Selenium in selected species of mushrooms from Poland

The selenium was quantified in the caps, stalks or a whole fruiting bodies of king bolete (Boletus edulis), brown birch scaber stalk (Leccinum scabrum), parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera), fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) and poison pax (Paxillus involutus) collected at the various regions of Poland in 1998-2001. King bolete, parasol mushroom and fly agaric were a much more abundant in selenium than brown birch scaber stalk or poison pax. Some differences were observed between the selenium content of the particular species collected at different sites as well as depending on anatomical part of the fruiting body.     

昆明市常见野生食用蘑菇中汞含量的检测分析

目的了解昆明市常见野生蘑菇中汞的含量,为进一步研究食用菌提供科学的依据。方法采用冷原子吸收光谱法对该市32种野生食用蘑菇进行汞含量的测定,参照国家蘑菇限量标准对不同种类蘑菇中的汞含量进行比较,对其安全性进行初步评价,并对汞含量超标的原因进行初步分析。结果共采集野生蘑菇样品192个,合格率为85．94％。超标率14．06％,其中汞含量最高的是铜绿菌（0．95mg／kg）,超标9．5倍。结论昆明市32种常见野生蘑菇平均含汞量为0．05mg／kg,低于国家标准。     

华北地区二十三种中药材中重金属及有害元素基线调查及参考限量标准建立

目的了解中国华北地区中药材重金属及有害元素的基线水平,制定适合国情并与国际接轨的参考限量标准。方法采用本实验室建立的植物药材中重金属及有害元素检测方法,完成了华北地区23种254份植物性中药材中铅、镉、汞和砷的测定。结果各类植物药材中铅、镉、汞和砷的含量分别为(1·78±1·98)、(0·17±0·24)、(0·04±0·06)和(0·72±0·69)mg/kg。在制定植物性中药材中重金属铅、镉、汞和砷的限量标准的过程中要充分考虑到人体经口摄入的各种食物、饮料及水等可食的物质中这些有害物质的摄入量。目前,中国人每人每日重金属和有害元素经口摄入总量(膳食和中药材相加)分别为铅102·9μg;镉21·4μg;汞5·7μg;无机砷81·0μg。分别占各自的每天允许摄入量值为铅45·7%;镉34·0%;汞5·7%;砷60·5%。建议植物性中药材铅、镉、汞和砷限量标准为铅5·0mg/kg;镉0·3mg/kg;汞0·2mg/kg;砷2·0mg/kg。结论中药材铅、镉、汞和砷基线水平的调查是成功的,在此摄入水平,这些有害元素对人体是安全的。     

江西省食用菌中砷和汞健康风险评估

目的 了解江西省食用菌中砷、汞污染状况并评估其对人体健康的影响。方法 统计216件食用菌中砷、汞含量,同时利用污染指数(p)和危害系数(HQ)对食用菌等级及砷、汞带来的健康风险进行评估。结果 216件样品中As、Hg的总超标率分别为6.02%、5.56%。新鲜食用菌中As、Hg的平均含量分别为0.143 mg/kg、0.031 2 mg/kg,干食用菌中As、Hg的平均含量分别为0.175 mg/kg、0.025 6 mg/kg。食用菌中As、Hg污染指数p值均小于1,未成年人、成年人和孕妇每日因摄入食用菌导致砷和汞的危害系数HQ值也均小于1。结论 食用菌中砷、汞含量存在着一定超标,但总体水平是相对安全的,江西居民经食用菌摄入As、Hg总体处于可接受水平。     

Total Mercury,Methylmercury, Inorganic Arsenic and Other Elements in Meat from Minke Whale (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Balaenoptera acutorostrata</Emphasis>) from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Meat samples of 84 minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) mainly from the Barents Sea, collected between 1 May and 16 August 2011, were analyzed for total mercury, methylmercury, cadmium, lead, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and selenium. The average total mercury concentration found was 0.15?±?0.09 mg/kg, with a range from 0.05 to 0.49 mg/kg. The molar ratio of selenium to mercury varied between 1.0 and 10.3. Cadmium content ranged from 0.002 to 0.036 mg/kg, while the content of lead in whale meat ranged from <0.01 to 0.09 mg/kg. None of the whale samples exceeded established EU maximum levels for metals in fish muscle, but 4.8% and 6.8% of the samples exceeded Japanese maximum levels for total mercury and methylmercury, respectively, in whale meat. There was only minor variations in element concentrations between whales from different geographical areas, and cadmium was the only element were the concentration increased with increasing length.     

2013-2014年渭南市市售食品中重金属监测分析

目的：了解渭南市市售食品中重金属污染状况,为控制食品污染提供科学依据;方法2年采集本市9个县区不同场所食品共11种424份,测定重金属含量。结果样品中铅的检出率为37．03％,超标率为0．71％;镉的检出率为62．26％,超标率为0．24％;汞的检出率为39．15％,超标率为1．89％;砷的检出率为24．53％,无超标样品。结论渭南市食品中铅、镉、汞、砷污染总体较轻,但还应在持续监测,尤其是对重点食品监测的基础上,尽快完善相关食品卫生标准。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定苦丁茶中的铅、镉、砷、汞和铬

目的利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术建立一种同时检测苦丁茶中铅、镉、砷、汞和铬的方法。方法采用硝酸-过氧化氢混合酸为消解溶剂,样品经微波处理后,应用ICP-MS法同时测定样液中的铅、镉、砷、汞和铬的含量。分别选用锗、铟、铋为内标元素,以校正实验过程中仪器信号的漂移和样品的基体效应。采用校准方程75As=-3.13220×40Ar37Cl对砷的检测结果进行校正。结果铅、镉、砷、汞和铬的线性相关系数均>0.999,方法检出限为0.003 mg/kg^0.007 mg/kg,方法精密度为3.1%~18.4%,加标回收率为88.2%~113.4%,标准物质菠菜(GBW10015)和绿茶(GBW10052)的检测结果与参考值相符合。结论本法快速简便,准确度和精密度均符合检测要求,适用于苦丁茶中铅、镉、砷、汞和铬的测定。     

Metal contamination and infiltration into the soil at refuse dump sites in Awka, Nigeria

Awka has been the site of increased human activities since it became a state capital in 1991. Because refuse dumps have hitherto been a disregarded environmental menace in Nigeria, the authors sought to find out how much of the current environmental metal pollutant load comes from refuse dumps. They investigated the metal contamination of the refuse dumps in Awka. The authors collected four soil samples (from the surface and from depths of 0.45 m, 0.90 m, and 1.35 m) from 5 dumpsites digested with nitric acid and perchloric acid, and they analyzed iron, sodium, arsenic, lead, magnesium, potassium, cobalt, zinc, nickel, copper, chromium, and cadmium by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Sites A and C showed the highest levels of arsenic (2300 mg/kg) and lead (2467 mg/kg), respectively. Site D had highest level of both iron (72,200 mg/kg) and sodium (3561 mg/kg), whereas Site E had the lowest level of lead (572 mg/kg). The metal levels exceed the limits set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This study suggests that the refuse dumps in Awka may increase the level of environmental heavy metals in Nigeria.     

五种重金属的蚕豆根尖微核试验及污染评价

目的 探讨水环境中汞、镉、砷、六价铬及铅对蚕豆根尖细胞的诱变作用.方法 通过蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验以汞(0.000 5～1.0mg/L)、镉(0.005～1.0mg/L)、砷(0.05～2.0mg/L)、六价铬(0.05～2.0mg/L)及铅(0.05～3.0mg/L)为诱变剂,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率并计算污染指数.结果 汞(0.000 5～0.1 mg/L)、镉(0.005～0.05 mg/L)、砷(0.05～0.1 mg/L)、六价铬(0.05～0.1 mg/L)及铅(0.05～0.1 mg/L)染毒后微核率高于阴性对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).水中汞浓度≥0.5 mg/L、镉浓度≥0.1 mg/L、砷浓度≥0.5 mg/L、六价铬浓度≥2.0 mg/L时的微核率高于阴性对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),污染指数在1.5～2.4之间.结论 汞、镉、砷、六价铬对蚕豆根尖细胞具有一定的遗传毒性.     

2018—2021年天津市市售螃蟹中四种重金属污染状况及评价

目的 了解天津市市售螃蟹中重金属污染水平及其在螃蟹体内分布,为水产品的重金属污染防控提供依据。方法 根据《国家食品污染物及有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,在天津市范围内采用随用机抽样方法,采集市售代表性螃蟹样品275份。按照国家标准检测方法对其中的铅、镉、汞、砷含量进行检测,并采用单因子污染评价指数法评价污染程度。结果 275份螃蟹样品中四种重金属元素总体含量水平依次为镉(0.058 mg/kg)、铅(0.056 mg/kg)、无机砷(0.027 mg/kg)、甲基汞(0.019 mg/kg)。四种元素中镉超标率最高(49.09%),无机砷次之(4.29%),铅最低(0.48%);海水蟹中镉、无机砷超标率(75.71%、7.48%)高于淡水蟹(22.66%、0.97%);蟹黄/蟹膏中镉超标率(46.91%)高于胸肌(8.36%)、腿肌(3.27%)。单因子污染指数评价结果显示,海水蟹蟹黄/蟹膏中镉处于重度污染水平(Pi = 5.12),胸肌中镉(Pi = 0.25)及蟹黄/蟹膏中无机砷(Pi = 0.22)处于轻度污染水平;淡水蟹蟹黄/蟹膏中镉(Pi = 0.44)处于轻度污染水平。结论 天津市市售螃蟹中铅、镉、甲基汞、无机砷均存在不同程度的污染,镉、无机砷污染较为严重,建议加强监管并引导居民合理膳食。     

2017年-2018年临沂市常见食品中重金属和砷的污染调查分析

目的调查临沂市2017年-2018年常见食品中铅、镉、汞等重金属和砷的污染现状。方法按照国家标准检测方法检测食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量,并对检测结果评价。结果检测食品575份,共检测铅、镉、汞、砷2 285项次,检出铅、镉、汞、砷114项次,总检出率为4.98%,超标8项次,总超标率为0.35%。各监测项目中超标率从高到低依次为铅、镉、汞、砷,各类监测食品中,检出率从高到低依次为茶叶、豆类、蔬菜、水果,其余未检出。共检测食品中铅样品560份,5份超标样品,超标率为0.89%,其中豆类样品超标率最高,为3.00%;共检测食品中镉样品575份,3份超标样品,超标率为0.52%,其中豆类样品超标率最高,为1.00%;共检测食品中汞、砷样品575份,均未超标。结论临沂市常见食品中重金属和砷的污染程度较低,但仍存在一定程度的重金属污染,应引起关注并加强监管。     

Effect of Bauxite Mineralized Soil on Residual Metal Levels in Some Post Harvest Food Crops in Jamaica

The concentrations of nine residual metals in some Jamaican foods were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Cadmium concentration was highest in yellow yam (0.21 mg/kg). Sweet potato had the highest concentrations of lead (0.31 mg/kg), arsenic (0.70 mg/kg) and mercury (0.35 mg/kg). Samples from Grove Place exceeded the regulatory limits of 0.1 mg/kg for cadmium, lead and arsenic and 0.05 mg/kg for mercury. Significant correlations were found between soil and agricultural produce concentrations for cadmium and lead (r² ≥ 0.5). These results suggest that the elements were available in soluble forms in the soil for absorption by food crops.     

苏北某地区小龙虾重金属含量与养殖水体的相关性分析

目的了解小龙虾及其养殖水体常见重金属的含量及分布,探讨小龙虾重金属污染与养殖环境的关系。方法选择苏北某地区分别采集各点成年小龙虾及养殖塘水样,按国标采用石墨炉原子吸收或原子荧光法检测样品中砷、铅、汞、镉的含量,分析其在体内的分布及与养殖水体的相关性。结果小龙虾体内砷、铅、汞、镉检出率分别为100.0%、55.8%、56.7%和92.5%,含量超0.5mg/kg浓度水平的比重分别为34.2%、5.0%、10.0%及0。养殖塘水中铅、镉均未检出,砷、汞检出率为60.0%和20.0%,砷、汞超标率为20%和12%。小龙虾头部对砷、铅、镉的蓄积远高于尾部。养殖塘水砷和小龙虾尾砷、水汞与小龙虾尾汞之间存在相关关系。结论该地区小龙虾以砷、汞的含量最高,头部（虾黄）高于尾部（肌肉）,重金属含量与其养殖水体有关。     

江西省蔬菜中重金属污染状况调查及评价

目的 了解江西省市售蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,评估经蔬菜途径摄入重金属的健康风险。方法 2012-2017年在全省范围内采集9类蔬菜共1533份,检测其铅、镉、砷、汞含量,采用单项污染指数及综合污染指数评价不同蔬菜中各重金属的污染状况,并对其健康风险进行评估。结果 9类蔬菜铅、镉、砷和汞的超标率分别为2.22%、1.40%、0.35%和0.91%,平均含量分别为0.046、0.022、0.042和0.0015 mg/kg;叶菜类铅、镉和汞的平均值和P95值最高,其中小白菜/青菜污染较为严重。9类蔬菜的单项和综合污染指数均处于安全、清洁水平;居民日常经蔬菜摄入各重金属的健康风险处于可接受水平。结论 江西省市售蔬菜总体上受重金属污染程度较轻,但部分蔬菜受铅和镉污染相对突出,应继续加强监测和控制。     

佛山市南海区本土种植蔬菜重金属污染现状及对人体健康的风险分析

目的测定佛山市南海区本土土壤、灌溉水和蔬菜重金属含量水平，对经蔬菜途径摄入重金属暴露接触人体的健康风险进行评估。方法2009年7月至2010年9月在佛山市南海区8个镇（街）内分别按照东南西北中的地理位置进行布点，共设调查点40个，每个调查点分别对土壤、灌溉水及蔬菜进行随机抽样。分析蔬菜样品的铅、镉、总汞、铬、无机砷含量水平以及种植地土壤样品和灌溉水样品的铅、铜、镉、锌、总汞、铬、总砷含量水平，并用单因子污染评价指数、尼梅罗污染指教评价蔬菜中重金属污染程度，用靶标危害系数（THQ）评估人体通过食物摄入重金属的风险。结果共采集本土种植的叶菜类、根茎类、瓜豆类共47种品种241份样品，本土种植的蔬菜超标率为46．47％（112／241），其中总汞、铅、镉、无机砷、铬超标率分别为36．93％（89／241）、8．30％（20／241）、5．81％（14／241）、3．730k（9／241）、O．41％（1／241）。从重金属羊因子污染评价指数分级来看，总汞的超标情况最严重，重污染占21．16％（51／241）；从尼梅罗污染指数来看，叶菜类、根茎类、瓜豆类总汞含量均为重污染，综合指数分别为19．17、14．53、15．62。居民经食用本土种植蔬菜日均铅、镉、总汞、铬、无机砷摄入量（DI值）均未超过FAO／WHO每日允许量（ADI值），但叶菜中总汞、铅、镉分别占ADI值的17．26％、12．95％、22．41％。THQ结果显示蔬菜中5种重金属的THQ均〈1，但叶菜类铅、镉的THQ值也达0．541、0．575；3类蔬菜中无机砷的THQ值分别为0．751、0．902、0．563。采集土壤241份样品，存在1种以上重金属超标84份，超标率34．85％（84／241）。镉超标率最高为29．05％（70／241），且最高超出限量标准的17倍，其次为总汞7．47％（18／241）。采集灌溉水样品40份，重金属超标5份，超标率12．50％，均为总汞超标。结论南海区蔬菜中重金属污染对人体健康存在潜在风险，控制饮用水源和灌溉水及土壤汞污染是降低本土蔬菜汞含量的有效途径。