冠状动脉分叉病变的介入治疗进展

经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary interven-tion,PCI)分叉病变较为常见,约占30%[1]。其处理是冠脉介入治疗的难题之一,因为分叉病变的介入治疗会导致斑块移位、分支血管开口弹性回缩等,甚至分支血管闭塞,从而增加并发症的发生和影响介入治疗的效果。因此,冠脉分叉病变是最复杂的冠脉病变之一。单纯的球囊扩张成形     

分叉病变介入治疗策略及技术

分叉病变仍是经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (ＰＣＩ)的一个挑战。常规的球囊扩张成形术对分叉病变效果不佳 ,其成功率低 ,并发症高 ,再狭窄率高。冠状动脉内斑块旋切术或冠状动脉内斑块旋磨术的运用并未显著改善上临床结果。早期的支架 (Ｐａｌｍａｚ -Ｓｃｈａｔｚ,Ｃｏｏｋ支架 )虽然可明显降低介入治疗的并发症和血管的再狭窄 ,但对于分叉病变其结果仍不令人满意 ,主要是分支的闭塞 ,或难以通过支架孔隙扩张分支血管。随着球囊及支架设计的不断改进、介入医生经验的积累和抗凝方法的改进 ,尤其ｋｉｓｓｉｎｇ技术的运用 ,并针对不同类型分叉病变…     

球囊保护在冠脉分叉病变介入治疗中的研究进展

冠状动脉(冠脉)分叉病变经皮冠脉介入治疗过程较为复杂,且容易产生边支丢失情况,还容易导致患者在手术过程中,出现心肌梗死事件,另外,介入治疗还增添了术后靶血管重建的几率.因而冠状动脉分叉病变一直是医疗事业中的一项难题.本文首先对冠脉分叉病变介入治疗中边支受累机制和治疗中实施的保护措施进行了详细综述,进而探讨球囊保护在冠脉分叉病变介入治疗中的应用和展望.     

经桡动脉及股动脉介入治疗冠脉分叉病变的临床研究

目的评价经桡动脉与经股动脉处理冠状动脉分叉病变的治疗效果。方法选取2008年5月至2010年4月行支架治疗的共278例分叉病变患者,224例病变采用单支架,54例采用双支架植入。其中经桡动脉途径160例,经股动脉118例。对比两种途径手术操作时间、X线投照时间、造影剂用量及最终球囊对吻成功率。结果桡动脉途径的手术操作时间、X线投照时间、造影剂用量及最终球囊对吻成功率与股动脉途径差异均无统计学意义。结论经桡动脉途径处理,冠状动脉分叉病变治疗效果与股动脉途径相似。     

PDB冠状动脉分叉病变的分型

分叉病变是临床介入医生经常面对的病变类型,尤其本身的特殊病变特点及其相应的治疗策略特点,因此,对冠状动脉分叉病变的分型是十分重要的.目前,国内外已经有多种分型方法,包括Duke、Lefevre、Safian、Medina、Movahed分型等,以上各种分型均有其各自的优势,但也存在各自的不足,有的分型记忆非常困难,有的对病变的描述不完全,有的分型对于临床实践无指导意义.为了尽最大努力掌握冠状动脉分叉病变的分型及治疗策略,笔者认为,进行冠状动脉分叉病变分型的目的和意义在于易于记忆,易于应用于临床工作实践,对临床实践有指导意义.     

介入治疗分叉病变

分叉病变始终是冠状动脉介入治疗的一个难点,也是治冠状动脉介入治疗操作中最具有挑战性的病变之一,尽管药物洗脱支架减少了介入术后主支的再狭窄,但分支血管在术中的急性闭塞风险和术后再狭窄和支架内血栓问题仍值得关注。现对冠状动脉分叉病变的分型、治疗、新进展进行全面的回顾,以期对冠状动脉分叉病变有一个全面的认识。     

冠状动脉真性分叉病变置入单支架及双支架的疗效比较

目的比较冠状动脉真性分叉病变2种不同介入治疗的效果。方法选择2010年1月—2015年12月江苏省常州市武进人民医院心内科接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的冠状动脉真性分叉病变患者70例作为研究对象,以置入支架不同分为2组,单支架组37例、双支架组33例,比较2组患者的基线情况、冠状动脉真性分叉病变部位、SYNTAX评分、手术情况以及主要心血管不良事件(MACE)发生率。结果单支架组急性心肌梗死(AMI)比例高于双支架组(P<0.05),其余基线资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组患者的冠状动脉病变SYNTAX评分、分叉病变部位、主支与分支直径、主支与分支夹角、Medina分型等比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单支架组较双支架组手术时间更短[(92.43±39.26)min vs.(117.34±39.14)min,t=2.632,=0.011]、造影剂使用剂量更少[(197.33±33.00)ml vs.(264.38±75.09)ml,t=4.599,P=0.000]。术后门诊、电话随访6~12个月,2组MACE发生率差异无统计学意义(10.8%vs.9.1%,χ~2=0.000,P=1.000)。结论冠状动脉真性分叉病变采用单支架及双支架治疗均安全有效,单支架技术方法简单,效果不逊于双支架技术。     

冠状动脉分叉病变治疗策略的研究现状

冠状动脉分叉病变(CBL)至今仍是经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)中难以攻克的重大问题.本文结合分叉病变的解剖和血流动力学特点,分析动脉粥样硬化形成的原因,进一步探讨PCI术中影响分支受累的因素,并对单支架治疗中不同分支的处理策略以及药物涂层球囊(DCB)的即刻和远期疗效及安全性进行分析阐述.     

边支球囊保护技术应用于冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗中的效果观察

目的:观察边支球囊保护技术应用于冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗中的效果。方法:选择我院收治的66例冠状动脉分叉病变患者随机分为对照组与研究组。其中,对照组33例给予单导丝保护技术进行治疗;研究组33例给予边支球囊保护技术进行治疗,分析并比较两组患者术后8个月心血管事件的发生率及手术成功率。结果:研究组的手术成功率比对照组高,对照组术后8个月的心血管事件发生率高于研究组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:将边支球囊保护技术应用于冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗中,不仅能提高手术的成功率,还能降低心血管事件的发生率,建议临床应用与推广。     

药物洗脱球囊在冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗中的作用

即使在药物洗脱支架时代,分叉病变经皮冠状动脉介入治疗也常常复杂而难以获得理想的结果。药物洗脱支架植入后存在内皮愈合延迟、局部过敏性炎症反应、支架内血栓风险增加等问题。药物洗脱球囊带来新的希望,既能抑制新生内膜又不增加血栓风险,本文对药物洗脱球囊在分叉病变的应用情况做一综述。     

Clinical and Angiographic Predictors of Major Side Branch Occlusion after Main Vessel Stenting in Coronary Bifurcation Lesions

Background:

Major side branch (SB) occlusion is one of the most serious complications during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for bifurcation lesions. We aimed to characterize the incidence and predictors of major SB occlusion during coronary bifurcation intervention.

Methods:

We selected consecutive patients undergoing PCI (using one stent or provisional two stent strategy) for bifurcation lesions with major SB. All clinical characteristics, coronary angiography findings, PCI procedural factors and quantitative coronary angiographic analysis data were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of SB occlusion. SB occlusion after main vessel (MV) stenting was defined as no blood flow or any thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade decrease in SB after MV stenting.

Results:

Among all 652 bifurcation lesions, 32 (4.91%) SBs occluded. No blood flow occurred in 18 lesions and TIMI flow grade decreasing occurred in 14 lesions. In multivariate analysis, diameter ratio between MV/SB (odds ratio [OR]: 7.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.53–38.85, P = 0.01), bifurcation angle (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05, P < 0.01), diameter stenosis of SB before MV stenting (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03–1.07, P < 0.01), TIMI flow grade of SB before MV stenting (OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.48–8.72, P < 0.01) and left ventricular eject fraction (LVEF) (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02–1.11, P < 0.01) were independent predictors of SB occlusion.

Conclusions:

Among clinical and angiographic findings, diameter ratio between MV/SB, bifurcation angle, diameter stenosis of SB before MV stenting, TIMI flow grade of SB before MV stenting and LVEF were predictive of major SB occlusion after MV stenting.     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的伦理问题探讨

急性心肌梗死是心血管疾病急危重症,急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）是急性心肌梗死治疗的首选方法.在临床实践中存在适应证模糊、不能有效沟通、治疗欠公平等伦理学问题,影响了急诊PCI的合理应用和发展,甚至导致医患纠纷的发生.通过对患者生命权、知情权、公平权等权利的重视,在医学伦理学的基本原则下指导介入技术的实施,使其可以更好地为患者服务.     

介入治疗冠状动脉左主干病变临床研究

目的研究经皮冠脉介入术（PCI）和冠脉旁路移植术（CABG）对冠状动脉左主干病变的疗效和安全性.方法回顾性收集2005年5月至2008年10月在昆明医学院附一院及云南省内部分医院心内科住院治疗的30例左冠状动脉主干病变行PCI治疗的患者为PCI组,另收集2007年3月至2008年10月在昆明医学院附一院心外科住院治疗的16例冠状动脉搭桥治疗左主干病变患者为CABG组.观察PCI组及CABG组患者的临床特征.并对上述两组患者进行随访,观察死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建术、脑血管事件等终点事件的发生情况及心绞痛复发情况.结果两组的临床特征基本相近.PCI组有5例（16.7%）左主干末端分叉病变达到Ⅲ级病变,而CABG组8例（50.0%）左主干末端分叉病变达到Ⅲ级病变,P=0.045,差异有统计学差异.PCI组中药物洗脱支架（DES）应用占绝对优势（97.0%）,左主干病变支架置入成功率为100%.两组在心绞痛复发率、再次心肌梗死、血运重建率、主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生率、主要不良心脑事件（MACCE）发生率均无统计学意义.PCI组中急性冠脉综合症（ACS）与非ACS远期疗效比较在心绞痛复发率（29.4%VS0.0%,P〈0.05）及MACE发生率（41.2%VS7.6%,P〈0.05）差异有统计学意义.结论 （1）经选择无保护左主干病变PCI治疗的疗效与CABG治疗左主干病变比较PCI是可行和安全的,并取得较好的近远期疗效.（2）急性冠脉综合征可能是影响心绞痛复发率及MACE的因素之一.     

冠心病患者经PCI治疗后支架内再狭窄的原因分析

目的了解冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）后支架内再狭窄的原因，为进一步治疗和预防支架内再狭窄提供临床理论依据。方法对676例经冠状动脉造影（管腔狭窄≥50％）证实为冠心病患者进行PCI治疗，其中254例经冠状动脉造影随访，随访率36．1％，随访时间1～30（9．6±6．2）个月。造影证实原支架内血管直径狭窄≥50％，定为支架内再狭窄。再狭窄组101例，无再狭窄组153例，随访再狭窄率39．8％。入院后详细记录病史，体格检查，于次日晨空腹取静脉血检查血脂（标准酶法）、血浆纤维蛋白原（凝血酶法）水平和肝、肾功能等。高血压、糖尿病入选标准：①既往有明确高血压、糖尿病诊断者；②本次入院确诊者。每日吸烟1支以上，超过1年定为吸烟者。结果再狭窄组与无再狭窄组比较：男性更容易发生支架内再狭窄，P〈0．01。年龄、血脂水平对支架内再狭窄无明显影响，P〉0．05。再狭窄组吸烟、高血压、糖尿病例次和血浆纤维蛋白原水平均高于无再狭窄组，P〈0．05。多支病变患者冠脉内支架置入术后再狭窄率高，P〈0．01。急诊PCI治疗不增加支架内再狭窄发生率，P〉0．05。结论积极控制高血压、糖尿病，提倡戒烟，加强抗凝是预防支架内再狭窄的主要措施。急诊PCI治疗不增加再狭窄。     

辛伐他汀对PCI术后血浆可溶性Fas因子的影响

目的探讨老年冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术前后血浆可溶性Fas因子的改变以及与再狭窄的关系,并通过给予辛伐他汀干预治疗,观察其对血浆可溶性Fas因子的影响。方法选择行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的老年患者35例(老年PCI组),再根据6个月后回访冠状动脉造影结果又分为再狭窄组(21例)和无再狭窄组(14例);选择同期行皮冠状动脉介入治疗的非老年患者35例(非老年PCI组,冠心病组)和同期冠状动脉造影正常者35例为正常对照组;另选择同期行PCI治疗40例老年患者作短期辛伐他汀干预观察,干预组和对照组各20例,采用酶联免疫吸附测定血浆可溶性Fas因子水平。结果:经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后再狭窄组血浆可溶性Fas(513±135ng·L-1)显著高于正常对照组,(51±14ng·L-1)、非老年PCI组(146±28ng·L-1)和无再狭窄组(142±30ng·L-1)(P均<0.01);非老年PCI组和无再狭窄组血浆可溶性Fas也高于正常对照组(P均<0.01);而非老年PCI组和无再狭窄组之间血浆可溶性Fas差异无显著性。择期冠状动脉介入治疗术后6h血浆可溶性Fas水平急剧增高;术后3d对照组血浆可溶性Fas升高达最高峰,辛伐他汀治疗组则显著降低(分别为1987±413和1124±253ng·L-1,P<0.01);术后7d对照组仍维持在高水平,治疗组下降至最低水平(分别为1325±237和598±104ng·L-1,P<0.01)。结论冠心病患者血浆可溶性Fas因子水平明显增高,并在行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后进一步增高,且以老年人显著;再狭窄患者血浆可溶性Fas因子水平明显高于无再狭窄患者,辛伐他汀干预可显著降低血浆可溶性Fas因子水平,提示对接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的老年患者更应强调调脂、抗炎及稳定斑块的治疗。     

简单和复杂支架技术治疗主要冠状动脉分叉病变的临床疗效

目的：比较简单支架技术与复杂支架技术治疗主要冠状动脉分叉病变的临床疗效。方法：自1998年1月至2002年6月间我院共完成38例主要冠状动脉分叉病变，其中28例采用对吻球囊技术对主支和边支预扩张，仅主支内植入支架为简单支架术A组；10例采用“T型”或“Y型”支架技术，分别在边支和主支均植入支架为复杂支架术B组，随访6个月以上，记录主要不良心脏病事件（心绞痛、急性心肌梗死，急诊搭桥，心源性死亡）。结果：两组患之间基础临床情况及造影血管特征无显著差异，A组主支成功率为100％，边支成功率为89．3％（25／28例）3例边支因残余狭窄＞50％，随即植入支架获得成功：B组支架成功率为100％，3例因边支在球囊扩张后残后余狭窄轻，主支植入支架后边支残余狭窄＜50％，未植入支架，随访期间A组再发心绞痛5例（5／28，17．85），B组再发绞痛2例（2／7，28．6％），两组均无其他不良心脏事件发生，结论：复杂支架技术在治疗主要冠状动脉分叉病变的疗效方面并不优于简单支架技术。     

强化他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后的疗效观察

目的：探讨强化他汀治疗对急性冠状动脉综合征经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后短期疗效及安全性。方法从我院2014年5月至2016年5月收治的急性冠状动脉综合征患者中抽选410例,给予患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,并强化患者的降脂治疗,给予其每日40mg阿托伐他汀口服治疗,观察并比较本组患者治疗前和治疗1个月后的血脂水平变化情况,评价其临床疗效和安全性。结果强化他汀治疗1个月后,本组410例患者的TC、TG、LDL-C等临床指标较治疗前均有明显下降,前后比较有统计学意义,P<0.05;治疗前和治疗后患者的ALT、Cr水平比较差异不大,无统计学意义,P＞0.05;本组患者血脂达标率为96.59%;410例患者在治疗期间共有31例患者发生不良反应(7.56%)。结论强化他汀治疗对急性冠状动脉综合征经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者具有良好的疗效,给予患者介入治疗后早期服用大量阿托伐他汀,能显著降低其血脂水平,且不良反应发生率低,安全有效,值得临床推广。     

Short- and Long-term Outcomes in Patients with Connective Tissue Diseases Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Risk factors and clinical characteristics in these patients are not equivalent to those in traditional CAD patients. The objective of this study was to report short- and long-term clinical outcomes in a consecutive series of patients with CTD who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation.

Methods:

The study group comprised 106 consecutive patients with CTD who underwent PCI in Beijing Friendship Hospital between January 2009 and June 2012. Medical records were analyzed retrospectively including clinical basic material, coronary angiogram data, and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) during the short- and long-term (median 3 years) follow-up.

Results:

Ninety-two of the patients (86.8%) had one or more traditional CAD risk factors. Multivessel disease was present in more than 2/3 of patients (73.6%). The left anterior descending coronary artery was the most commonly affected vessel (65.1%). Five bare-metal stents and 202 drug-eluting stents were implanted. After a median follow-up period of 36 months, thirteen patients (12.3%) died from cardiac causes, the rate of stent thrombosis was 9.4%, and the rate of target vessel revascularization (TVR) was 14.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30–7.24, P = 0.041), anterior myocardial infarction (HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.06–7.03, P = 0.04), longer duration of steroid treatment (HR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.43–9.08, P = 0.032), and C-reactive protein level >10 mg/L (HR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.19–12.56, P = 0.036) were independent predictors of MACEs.

Conclusions:

Patients with CTD and CAD may have severe coronary lesions. PCI in these patients tends to result in an increased rate of stent thrombosis and TVR during long-term follow-up, which may be influenced by traditional and nontraditional risk factors.     

Effect of Transcatheter Embolization by Autologous Fat Particles in the Treatment of Coronary Artery Perforation During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:

Coronary artery perforation (CAP) is a rare but severe complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect and safety of transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles in the treatment of CAP.

Methods:

Once the CAP was confirmed, a little autologous subcutaneous fatty tissue was obtained from the groin of the patient and then was made into 1 mm × 1 mm fat particles. The perforated vessel was embolized by fat particles via a micro-catheter. There were eight patients undergoing transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles in the treatment of CAP during PCI in Peking University Third Hospital from February 2009 to June 2014, and the clinical data of these patients were collected and analyzed retrospectively.

Results:

The lesion morphology of the patients was classified based on the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force classification, there were one patient with Class B2 lesion and seven patients with Class C lesions (there were five patients with chronic total occlusion lesions). According to the Ellis classification of CAP, there were six patients with Class II perforations and two patients with Class III perforations. The causes of perforation included that seven patients induced by guide wire and one patient by balloon predilation. Three patients had pericardial effusion. All of the eight patients with CAP underwent transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles. Coronary angiography confirmed that all of them were embolized successfully. There was no severe complication after the procedure. The coronary angiography of one patient at 1 week and another patient at 2 years after the embolization showed that the embolized arteries had recanalized. The median follow-up time was 20.3 months (8.8–50.2 months), the event-free survival rate was 100%.

Conclusions:

Transcatheter embolization by autologous fat particles was an effective, safe, cheap, and easy way to treat the perforation of small vessels during PCI.     

Very Long-term Outcomes and Predictors of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug-eluting Stents Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Patients with Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

There are limited data on longer-term outcomes (>5 years) for patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the drug-eluting stents (DES) era. This study aimed at comparing the long-term (>5 years) outcomes of patients with ULMCA disease underwent PCI with DES and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the predictors of adverse events.

Methods:

All consecutive patients with ULMCA disease treated with DES implantation versus CABG in our center, between January 2003 and July 2009, were screened for analyzing. A propensity score analysis was carried out to adjust for potential confounding between the two groups.

Results:

Nine hundred and twenty-two patients with ULMCA disease were enrolled for the analyses (DES = 465 vs. CABG = 457). During the median follow-up of 7.1 years (interquartile range 5.3–8.2 years), no difference was found between PCI and CABG in the occurrence of death (P = 0.282) and the composite endpoint of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke (P = 0.294). Rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were significantly higher in the PCI group (P = 0.014) in large part because of the significantly higher rate of repeat revascularization (P < 0.001). PCI was correlated with the lower occurrence of stroke (P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed ejection fraction (EF) (P = 0.012), creatinine (P = 0.016), and prior stroke (P = 0.031) were independent predictors of the composite endpoint of cardiac death, MI, and stroke in the DES group, while age (P = 0.026) and EF (P = 0.002) were independent predictors in the CABG group.

Conclusions:

During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, there was no difference in the rate of death between PCI with DES implantation and CABG in ULMCA lesions in the patient cohort. CABG group was observed to have significantly lower rates of repeat revascularization but higher stroke rates compared with PCI. EF, creatinine, and prior stroke were independent predictors of the composite endpoint of cardiac death, MI, and stroke in the DES group, while age and EF were independent predictors in the CABG group.