原子吸收分光光度法测定制何首乌中的铁黑

目的:研究原子吸收分光光度法测定制何首乌中铁黑的含量。方法:经铁盐化学反应法初筛后,采用原子吸收分光光度法,以标准铁溶液为对照进行测定,并通过ICP-MS进行验证。结果:可以用原子吸收分光光度法测定制何首乌中的铁黑含量,其专属性强,铁原子在1.5～15μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为96.21%,RSD为1.3%(n=6)。且测定数据与ICP-MS法的测定结果极为接近。结论:部分市售制何首乌中含有化学染料铁黑,且可采用原子吸收分光光度法进行测定,方法可靠、简便易行。     

AAS法测定葡萄糖酸钙注射液的含量

目的建立原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸钙注射液含量方法。方法用火焰原子吸收分光光度法,采用标准曲线法。结果在9．80--50．20μg·mL^-1。的范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为Y=0．0036X＋0．0071,（r=0．9994,n=5）．回收率为（99．60±0．54）％。结论本法简便、快捷、准确性高．能很好的测定出葡萄糖酸钙注射液的含量。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定磺胺嘧啶银的含量

目的建立原子吸收分光光度法测定磺胺嘧啶银的含量方法。方法应用原子吸收分光光度法进行测定,采用标准曲线法计算样品含量。结果平均回收率为99.89%,RSD=0.21%。结论所用方法准确、精密度高,可作为该药的质量控制方法。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸钙含片的含量

目的:建立用原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸钙含片含量的分析方法。方法:用火焰原子吸收分光光度法,采用标准曲线法。结果:在20~60μg/ml的范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为Y=0.005 1X 0.000 2,r=0.999 5;回收率为(99.8±0.48)%(n=5)。结论:该方法准确,专属性强,操作简便,适用于提升该品种的质量标准。     

原子吸收分光光度测定葡萄糖酸钙含片的含量

目的:建立用原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸钙含片含量的分析方法.方法:用火焰原子吸收分光光度法,采用标准曲线法.结果:在20～60 μg/ml的范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为Y=0.005 1 X+0.000 2,r=0.999 5;回收率为(99.8±0.48)%(n=5).结论:该方法准确,专属性强,操作简便,适用于提升该品种的质量标准.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定右旋糖酐铁分散片中铁的含量

目的建立原子吸收分光光度法测定右旋糖酐铁分散片中铁的含量的方法。方法用原子吸收分光光度法,以氯化钙溶液为溶剂,检测波长248．3nm。结果在0～5．03ug／ml范围内吸收度与浓度呈良好的线性关系,r=0．999,回收率为101．2％,RSD为1．18％（n=6）。结论该方法重复性好,灵敏度高,结果准确。     

微波消解-原子吸收分光光度法测定明胶空心胶囊中的铬试验条件探讨

目的:建立并验证用微波消解-原子吸收分光光度法测定明胶空心胶囊中铬含量的方法。方法:采用微波消解系统消解样品,以石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定空心胶囊中铬元素的含量。结果:线性范围为0～60 ng.mL-1,回归方程为Y=0.01730X+0.0377,r=0.9995。样品加标平均回收率分别为102.5%,87.5%,82.9%,满足要求。结论:本法结果准确、操作简便、分析速度较快,适用于明胶空心胶囊中铬的测定     

局方至宝丸中雄黄的含量测定

目的建立局方至宝丸中雄黄的含量测定方法。方法采用原子吸收分光光度法测定雄黄中砷的含量。结果原子吸收分光光度法测定砷的线性范围为0~16 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.9973);平均回收率为99.1%~107.0%,RSD为0.87%~5.4%(n=3)。结论所建方法专属性强,重复性好,可用于局方至宝丸中雄黄的质量控制。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定黄芪中铅含量的不确定度评定

目的：对石墨炉原子吸收法测定黄芪中铅含量的不确定度进行评定,以期找出影响不确定度的因素,为评价检验结果提供科学依据。方法：用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定黄芪中铅含量,通过考察方法流程,分析不确定度的来源并进行不确定度的评定。结果：黄芪中铅的含量为1.44 mg·kg^-1,扩展不确定度为0.21 mg·kg^-1（包含因子k=2）。结论：本方法可为原子吸收分光光度法测定中药中重金属及有害元素含量的不确定度分析提供参考。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定地新糠糊中氧化锌的含量

建立火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定地新糠糊中氧化锌的含量。对样品进行高温灰化处理，采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法。结果锌在0．4～2．4μg．ml^-1范围内有良好的线性关系（r=0．9998）；平均回收率为101．0%，RSD为0．95%（n=9）。本法准确、快速，可作为测定地新糠糊中氧化锌含量的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.