Classification of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines.

Eleven human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines established in this laboratory were classified into three groups based on morphological features (light and electron microscopy), modal chromosome number, and ability to synthesize carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Group 1 cell lines contained both dedifferentiated and differentiating cells growing in tight clusters or islands of epithelium-like cells; their modal chromosome number was about 47, and they synthesized small to moderate amounts of CEA. Group 2 cell lines were more dedifferentiated, were hyperdiploid, and synthesized small amounts of CEA. Group 3 cell lines were morphologically similar to those of Group 1 by light microscopy. They differed ultrastructurally by containing microvesicular bodies; the modal chromosome number varied from hyperdiploid to hypertriploid or they had bimodal populations of hypodiploid and hypertriploid cells, and they synthesized relatively large amounts of CEA. No correlation could be found between Broder's grade or Duke's classification of the original tumor and modal chromosome number or ability to synthesize CEA. These findings support Nowell's hypothesis that the stem line is different for each solid tumor, which makes it difficult to relate chromosomal changes to the initiation of the neoplastic state.     

Effect of sodium butyrate and other differentiation inducers on poorly differentiated human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines

We have studied the effects of sodium butyrate, retinoic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide on two human ovarian carcinoma cell lines PE04 and PE01. PE04 cells, after treatment with sodium butyrate at cytostatic doses (2-3 mM for 4 days), exhibited phenotypic changes including induction of alkaline phosphatase and determinants recognized by the monoclonal antibodies 123C3 and 123A8. These effects are not simply the result of cytostasis as they were not produced by dimethyl sulfoxide or retinoic acid. Other markers are also modified by sodium butyrate including lipid, acid mucin, and glycogen. Retinoic acid modulated expression of lipid and CA125, while dimethyl sulfoxide reduced expression of CA125. Other short chain fatty acids such as propionic acid and valeric acid (in addition to butyric acid) also induced alkaline phosphatase and the determinants recognized by 123C3 and 123A8 in PE04 cells. Other differentiation inducers and cytotoxic agents studied did not induce these markers at cytostatic concentrations. The effects of sodium butyrate (and related short chain fatty acids) thus appear to be relatively specific for this cell line.     

水通道蛋白在人胃癌细胞株表达的初步研究

目的：研究水通道蛋白家族（Aquaponns，AQPs）在不同分化程度的人胃腺癌细胞株及人正常胃粘膜细胞株中的表达情况并初步探讨其意义。方法：采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测水通道蛋白AQP0～AQP12在人胃腺癌细胞株MKN45、AGS、SGC7901及人正常胃粘膜细胞株GES-1中的表达。结果：AGS、SGC7901与GES-1细胞株表达AQP0、1、3、4、5、7、11mRNA；低分化型细胞株MKN45仅表达AQP3mRNA。结论：不同分化程度的人胃癌细胞株中AQPs表达有差异，在低分化细胞株中仅少数AQPs表达，提示AQPs表达可能与胃癌的病理分级相关，并在胃癌发生、发展过程中发挥作用。     

Characterisation of seven human ovarian tumour cell lines.

Characteristics of a panel of seven human ovarian tumour cell lines are presented. Positive staining with HMFG2 and ultrastructural identification of desmosomes confirmed the epithelial nature of the cell lines. The lines showed wide variations in ploidy, doubling times and clonogenicity in soft agar. Both vimentin and keratin were equally expressed in five lines, one line showed strong preferential expression of keratin and one line showed preferential expression of vimentin. Karyotypic changes associated with ovarian cancer were identified in all the lines. Four of the seven cell lines showed loss of chromosome material distal to 11p13-15. These cell lines offer considerable potential for research into the biology and genetics of ovarian cancer.     

Nitric oxide of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines promotes tumour cell invasion

The present study investigates the role of nitric oxide and the involvement of nitric oxide synthase II isoform on the invasion of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines HRT-18 and HT-29. HRT-18 cells, which constitutively express nitric oxide synthase II mRNA were three-fold more invasive in a Matrigel invasion assay than nitric oxide synthase II mRNA negative HT-29 cells. Treatment of HT-29 cells with the nitric oxide donor Deta NONOate (50 nM) as well as induction of nitric oxide synthase II mRNA and production of endogenous nitric oxide by inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-1alpha) increased the invasiveness of HT-29 cells by approximately 40% and 75%, respectively. In HT-29 cells nitric oxide synthase II mRNA was also induced in co-culture with human monocytes. The invasiveness of HRT-18 cells and stimulated HT-29 cells was partly inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase II inhibitor 1400 W. These results show that nitric oxide increases the invasion of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines HRT-18 and HT-29, and the involvement of nitric oxide synthase II isoform in tumour cell invasion. Therefore, the production of nitric oxide and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by tumour-associated macrophages, which in turn induce nitric oxide synthase II isoform in tumour cells, promotes tumour cell invasiveness.     

Establishment and characterisation of six human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines

The establishment and characterisation (morphology, ultrastructure, tumourigenicity) of six cell lines from primary human colorectal adenocarcinomas is described. These lines were established from surgical specimens, from 49 unselected patients, without the use of 'feeder' cells, 'conditioned' medium or passage of cells in nude mice. The six cell lines exhibit considerable variation in morphology, CEA secretion and tumourigenicity in nude mice. At least two of the lines retain some of the differentiated characteristics of colorectal epithelium.     

Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of taxol and Taxotere against cisplatin-sensitive and-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell lines

Summary Using the sulforhodamine B assay, we compared the cytotoxic properties of the novel microtubule agent taxol and the semi-synthetic related compound Taxotere in nine human ovarian-carcinoma cell lines, including three pairs of cell lines rendered resistant to cisplatin or carboplatin. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the commonly used anticancer drugs cisplatin and adriamycin and the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide was determined. The results of continuous drug exposure showed that taxol [mean concentration producing 50% growth inhibition (IC₅₀), 1.1×10^–9 m; range, 2.8×10^–9–5×10^–10 m and Taxotere (mean IC₅₀, 5.1×10^–10 m; range, 7.2–3.3×10^–10 m) were >1,000 times more cytotoxic than either cisplatin (mean IC₅₀, 3.1×10^–6 m;P<0.05) or etoposide (mean IC₅₀, 2.3×10^–6 m;P<0.05) and >100 times more cytotoxic than Adriamycin (mean IC₅₀, 6.9×10^–8 m;P<0.05). Taxotere was more cytotoxic than taxol; following continuous exposure, the mean difference across the cell lines was 2 orders of magnitude (range, 1.1–3.9 orders of magnitude for individual lines). Although this difference did not reach statistical significance for any individual cell line (P values ranged from 0.17 for HX/62 to 0.9 for OVCAR-3), when all IC₅₀ values for the 96-h experiments were pooled, Taxotere was found to be significantly more potent than taxol (P=0.05). Following 2 h exposure, the mean cytotoxicity of Taxotere was 3.9-fold > that of taxol across the nine lines (range, 0.75- to 10-fold;P<0.05 for the CH1 cell line; overall pooled IC₅₀ data,P=0.05). Although a 71-fold range of sensitivity to cisplatin was observed across the six parent cell lines (IC₅₀ most resistant line/IC₅₀ most sensitive line), this was largely abolished by treatment with taxol (5.6-fold range) and Taxotere (2.2-fold rante). Following continuous exposure of the three pairs of lines exhibiting acquired resistance to platinum, no cross-resistance with either Taxotere or taxol was found (resistance factors, <1.5). In the 41M and 41McisR pair of lines, in which previous studies have shown resistance to be due to reduced platinum accumulation, taxol and Taxotere exhibited some collateral sensitivity (resistance factors, 0.69 and 0.66, respectively). Taxotere and, particularly, taxol showed a pronounced concentration times exposure duration (CxT) dependence as compared with cisplatin (P<0.05). The mean loss in potency across the nine lines for 2 vs 96 h exposure was 97 for taxol, 35 for Taxotere, 30 for Adriamycin and only 9.9 for cisplatin. However, these differences in potency loss observed between taxol and Taxotere did not reach statistical significance (P=0.18). These data indicate that Taxotere is approximately 2 times more cytotoxic than taxol and shows an encouraging lack of cross-resistance in three cell lines exhibiting acquired resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin.This study was supported by grants to the Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Cancer Hospital, from the Cancer Research Campaign and, through the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Clonogenic Assay Screening Group, by grant 90031 from Rhone-Poulenc Rorer.     

P-glycoprotein expression in multidrug-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell lines

Multiple selections with either vinblastine or vincristine in the human ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 resulted in variants with increasing degrees of multidrug resistance. SKOV3 derivatives that span a wide range in resistance (4- to 2000-fold) were obtained and analyzed for P-glycoprotein expression. In general, we observed a progressive increase in P-glycoprotein level (detected by Western blot) that paralleled the increase in multidrug resistance. However, a more detailed analysis of the P-glycoprotein mRNA and gene level indicated that the amount of P-glycoprotein expressed may be under complex control. At low levels of resistance, only an increase in P-glycoprotein mRNA and protein was observed. At intermediate to high levels of resistance P-glycoprotein gene amplification became evident. At the high level of resistance, an example was observed where only the amount of P-glycoprotein was increased without a concomitant increase in mRNA or gene copy. The mechanisms through which the content of P-glycoprotein in the plasma membrane is mediated are not understood; it is possible that the resistant variants identified here represent perturbations at different levels of regulation.     

Comparative cytotoxicity of CI-973, cisplatin, carboplatin and tetraplatin in human ovarian carcinoma cell lines

The clinical efficacy of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer is frequently compromised by drug resistance or dose-limiting renal and neurologic toxicities. CI-973 (NK-121), a 2-methyl-1,4-butanediamine analogue of carboplatin, has shown little nephro- and neuro-toxicity in pre-clinical model systems and in phase-I trials. Its in vitro spectrum of activity against ovarian cancer cell lines has not been previously characterized. The in vitro activities of CI-973, cisplatin, carboplatin and tetraplatin were compared in several platinum-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Cytotoxicity was assessed by inhibition of clonogenic survival in soft agar with continuous drug exposure. On a molar basis, cisplatin and tetraplatin were the most potent analogues, while carboplatin was consistently less potent. Cisplatin, carboplatin and CI-973 elicited a very similar response pattern by Spearman rank correlation, distinct from that seen with tetraplatin. The magnitude of resistance to CI-973 was comparable to cisplatin in 5 cell lines but was substantially lower in the highly cisplatin-resistant 2780-CP70 and OVCAR-10 cell lines. These results suggest that CI-973 and tetraplatin may have potential utility in some cases of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer. In addition, our data are consistent with the existence of at least 2 platinum-resistance phenotypes--one with moderate levels of resistance to cisplatin, carboplatin and CI-973 but highly resistant to tetraplatin, the other highly resistant to cisplatin and carboplatin but only partially cross-resistant with tetraplatin and CI-973. The recognition of different resistance phenotypes may facilitate the study of cellular resistance mechanisms to cisplatin and newer platinum analogues.     

Comparative evaluation of cisplatin and carboplatin sensitivity in endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines.

Platinum analogues are frequently used in the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. To study the sensitivity of endometrial cancer to cisplatin and carboplatin, we tested two long-established (RL95-2, KLE) and six new cell lines (UM-EC-1, UM-EC-2, UM-EC-3, UT-EC-2A, UT-EC-2B, UT-EC-3) using the 96-well-plate clonogenic assay. This assay has proven to be suitable for testing chemosensitivity of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The chemosensitivity was expressed as an IC50 value, the drug concentration causing 50% inhibition of clonogenic survival. IC50 values were obtained from dose-response curves after fitting the data by the linear quadratic equation, F = exp[-(alpha D + beta D2)]. The IC50 values of the two platinum derivatives varied considerably. The values for cisplatin varied between 0.022 microgram ml-1 and 0.56 microgram ml-1 and the corresponding values for carboplatin were 0.096-1.20 microgram ml-1. The range of the ratios between carboplatin IC50 and cisplatin IC50, from 1.5:1 to 4.4:1, was rather narrow. However, no constant ratio between carboplatin IC50 and cisplatin IC50 could be detected. The equivalent doses with regard to efficacy of these two platinum analogues remain to be determined.     

Biological properties of ten human ovarian carcinoma cell lines: calibration in vitro against four platinum complexes

Ten human ovarian carcinoma cell lines have been studied as a potential in vitro screen for the development of novel anticancer platinum complexes. Lines have been established and developed both from solid and ascitic tumours, from pretreated and untreated patients, and are available at a range of in vitro passage numbers. The biological properties of the lines were consistent with them being human, epithelial and of ovarian carcinoma origin. Using a tritiated thymidine or leucine uptake method, and a 96 hour continuous drug exposure, the lines have been calibrated against four platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents: cisplatin, iproplatin, carboplatin and tetraplatin. Striking differences in cytotoxicity were observed across the lines for each agent. Some lines were consistently resistant, others generally sensitive, whereas some showed clear evidence of differential sensitivity to a particular agent. Statistical analysis (Spearman rank correlation) involving the six possible pairings of drugs showed that cisplatin, iproplatin and carboplatin elicit a very similar pattern of response in these lines whereas tetraplatin elicits a completely different response pattern. Similar cytotoxicity values were obtained using a soft agar cloning assay. Results using a tetrazolium dye reduction assay, however, gave somewhat higher and more variable values, particularly with tetraplatin. The thymidine uptake assay will be adopted in further studies on a selected panel of six lines. This panel encompasses the spectra of sensitivities identified for each of the four agents against the original ten lines and may provide a useful screening facility for the development of novel platinum drugs, in that it detects both cell line-determined and structure-determined differences in cytotoxicity.     

DNA-binding properties of novel cis- and trans platinum-based anticancer agents in 2 human ovarian carcinoma cell lines

We have investigated the comparative initial DNA binding properties of 7 platinum-based anticancer drugs: 5 cis-oriented compounds, cisplatin, tetraplatin (Ormaplatin), JM118 [cis ammine dichloro (cyclohexylamine) platinum (II)], JM216 [bis-acetato cis ammine dichloro (cyclohexylamine) platinum (IV)] and JM149 [cis ammine dichloro (cyclohexylamine) trans dihydroxo platinum (IV)], and 2 trans-oriented compounds, transplatin and JM335 [trans ammine dichloro (cyclohexylamine) dihydroxo platinum (IV)] in SKOV-3 and CH1 human ovarian carcinoma cells. Unlike transplatin, the trans complex JM335 was comparably cytotoxic to its cis isomer JM149 and cisplatin. No significant correlation was observed between levels of total platinum bound to DNA after exposure to the 7 drugs and cytotoxicity in either cell line. Using a competitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, DNA extracted from CM1 cells exposed to the 5 cis platinum drugs was recognized by the monoclonal antibody ICR4 (raised against DNA platinated by cisplatin) in the order JM118 > cisplatin > JM216 > tetraplatin > JM149; a strong positive correlation which just attained statistical significance was observed between recognition by ICR4 and cytotoxicity. In contrast, DNA extracted from CH1 cells exposed to the trans platinum drugs transplatin and JM335 was no more immunoreactive than control DNA. Using alkaline elution, interstrand cross-link levels after exposure to drug did not correlate with cytotoxicity in either cell line. The 5 cis drugs formed interstrand cross-links in both cell lines, whereas transplatin formed very low levels in SKOV-3 and undetectable levels in CH1. JM335 was efficient at forming interstrand cross-links in SKOV-3 but, notably, none were observed in CH1. In contrast, in the CH1 cells, single-strand breaks were observed with JM335 (but not with any other drug). The novel trans complex JM335 was unique, among the platinum drugs studied, in its ability to form both DNA interstrand cross-links and single strand breaks (DNA lesion formation being cell line dependent), a property which may account for its cytotoxicity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Efficacy of five human melanocytic cell lines in experimental rabbit choroidal melanoma

This study was undertaken to compare the ability of five uveal melanocytic cell lines to produce primary and metastatic uveal melanomas in immunosuppressed rabbits and to determine whether animal survival was improved by antibiotic administration. One hundred albino rabbit eyes, five groups of 20, were implanted in the suprachoroidal space with four melanoma cell lines (MKT-BR, OCM-1, 92-1 and SP 6.5) and one melanocytic line (UW-1). Rabbits were immunosuppressed with cyclosporin A (CsA) at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day, decreased to 10 mg/kg/day after the fourth week. Prophylactic penicillin G, 10 to 2 x 10 IU, was administered intramuscularly at 5-day intervals. Animals were followed for 12 weeks and the ophthalmoscopic findings, weight and general well-being were recorded weekly. Autopsies were performed to study the eyes, liver and lungs under light microscopy. The mean global survival time in the groups was 43+/-4 days. Ophthalmoscopic intraocular tumours developed in 37% of the MKT-BR group, 50% of the OCM-1 group, 100% of the 92-1 group, 23% of the UW-1 group and 75% of the SP 6.5 group; histologically, tumours appeared in 36.8%, 45%, 100%, 58.8% and 100%, respectively. The 92-1 and SP 6.5 cell lines were associated with the most aggressive local behaviour. Lung metastases developed in the OCM-1 group (5%), 92-1 group (61.1%), UW-1 group (7.1%) and SP 6.5 group (42.1%), but were not present in the MKT-BR group. The 92-1 and SP 6.5 cell lines were the most efficient in local and metastatic tumour production. Prophylactic antibiotic administration did not improve animal survival.     

Establishment and characterization of a human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line OC-8611

A cell line designated as OC-8611 was derived from the malignant ascitic fluid of a patient with ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. The line showed epithelial morphology under the light or electron microscope. The chromosome number varied widely and showed aneuploidy, the model chromosome number was stable at triploid range. The pathological features of the tumor transplanted in nude mice were similar to those of the original lesions from the patient. Expression of the antigens CA-125, CA-50 and CEA and ability to secrete ovarian hormones were demonstrated in this cell line. This cell line may contribute to the study on ovarian carcinoma.     

The autocrine effect of activin A on human ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cells

The functions of activin, a member of TGF-beta superfamily, in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma remain unsolved, although we recently found that inhibin betaA-subunit, activin A, activin receptor type IA, type IB, type IIA, type IIB, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 were localized in tumor cells of the ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma tissue by immunohistochemistry. In the present study, in order to investigate the role of activin concerning cell growth in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cells, we determined the production of activin A and inhibin A, and the expression of activin receptors and Smads using the human ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cell line JHOC-5. Moreover, we examined the effects of activin A on the activation of activin signaling pathway and on the proliferation in JHOC-5 cells. We detected a measurable amount of activin A in the culture medium of JHOC-5 cells, although inhibin A was not detected. The expression of activin receptor type IA, IB, IIA, IIB, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 was observed in JHOC-5 cells. Activin A induced a significant increase in proliferation of JHOC-5 cells compared with the untreated control. On the other hand, activin A did not affect the growth of JHOC-5 cells and no statistically significant difference was observed in the presence of follistatin which is a specific binding protein of activin. Phosphorylated Smad2, an activated form of Smad2, was detected both in treated JHOC-5 cells and in untreated cells by activin A. Activin A significantly increased the expression of phosphorylated Smad2 in JHOC-5 cells. Therefore, it is possible that activin has autocrine roles in tumor growth of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cells.     

Cellular heterogeneity and drug resistance in two ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines derived from a single patient

Two ovarian cell lines were derived from the ascites of a patient before and after the onset of resistance to chemotherapy involving cis-platinum, chlorambucil and 5-fluorouracil. Characterization of these lines shows them to have various features in common and some significant differences. Cytologically the lines cannot be distinguished and they both contain high concentrations of oestrogen receptor. However, they do differ with respect to their growth characteristics, karyotype, glutathione content and sensitivity to cis-platinum. The karyotypes of the 2 lines show several marker chromosomes in common but the resistant line contained a chromosome 8 and a 17 which were absent from the earlier sensitive line. This suggests a clonal origin with subsequent divergence to a heterogeneous population.