What are the benefits of routine breast cancer follow-up?

The value of follow-up after potentially curative treatment of breast cancer remains controversial. Recurrence-free women (n = 402) attending a breast clinic over a 3 month period were studied. The women attended 423 appointments, 412 of which were routine. Eleven were requested by the patient or general practitioner (interval appointments). All 11 interval and 19 of the routine appointments resulted in investigations for possible recurrence. Three (27%) interval appointments and four (1%) routine appointments resulted in the diagnosis of a recurrence (P < 10(-5). The attitudes of 285 patients to follow-up were investigated by questionnaire. Two hundred and twenty-three (78%) questionnaires were completed. Regular follow-up in the breast clinic was preferred to attendance only when symptomatic by 190 (85%) women and 169 (76%) preferred regular breast clinic visits to general practitioner follow-up. Most women (n = 174) (81%) said they felt reassured and less anxious having attended the breast clinic. Routine follow-up after potentially curative treatment of breast cancer is inefficient in the detection of recurrence. It is, however, highly rated for providing reassurance and reducing anxiety. Reassurance rather than detection of recurrence may be the most important function of the breast cancer follow-up clinic.     

Costs and benefits of routine follow-up after curative treatment for endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVE: To examine the costs of routine outpatient follow-up after curative treatment of endometrial cancer, and to determine whether this leads to early detection of recurrence or survival. The impact of specific disease characteristics on survival is examined. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review, and calculation of costs. SETTING: Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre-Civic Division (ORCC-C). PATIENTS: All 432 patients referred to the ORCC-C with endometrial cancer between 1982 and 1991 who received treatment with curative intent and who continued with routine follow-up. RESULTS: Cancer recurred in 50 patients (11.57%). There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic recurrences, or between those with recurrences detected during routine follow-up visits or in the interval between routine visits. Of 4830 Papanicolaou (Pap) smears performed routinely, cancer was detected in 6 cases. The mean cost of the routine follow-up procedures for each patient with a recurrence was $19,200. CONCLUSION: Intensive follow-up of women with endometrial cancer does not result in improved survival. A prospective randomized study is warranted to evaluate other potential benefits of follow-up, such as improved quality of life or decreased morbidity. There is no economic or clinical justification for the routine use of the Pap smear in the follow-up of patients with endometrial cancer. The potential benefits of routine follow-up in endometrial cancer and other types of cancer with favourable prognoses warrant critical evaluation.     

中西医结合治疗71例乳腺癌术后患者的疗效分析

目的 研究乳腺癌术后中西医结合治疗疗效。方法 对71例乳腺癌术后患者予以化疗、放疗、内分泌治疗，配合中药治疗。结果 全组均存活，57例术后即以中西医结合治疗，复发2例(3．5％)，转移6例(10．5％)，此8例的中位无病生存期5．9年；另14例术后仅以西医治疗，复发、转移后方开始中药治疗，中位无病生存期3．5年。两者有显著性差异(P=0．033)。结论 中医药能预防、延缓乳腺癌术后的复发、转移。     

早期乳腺癌乳房保留手术后放射治疗近期疗效观察

目的:应用乳房保留手术加术后根治性放疗技术治疗早期乳腺癌,提高患者的存活质量.方法:随访1999年8月至2003年8月我科治疗的46例早期乳腺癌病人.观察放射治疗后肿瘤局部复发情况、乳房美容效果和生存率.结果:无局部复发者,远处转移2例,3年无瘤生存率为95.65%,乳房美容满意率93.18%,治疗后并发症主要有皮肤急性反应及上肢水肿.结论:乳房保留手术加术后根治性放射治疗早期乳腺癌可获得满意的局部控制和存活质量.     

保乳术后放疗治疗早期乳腺癌49例临床疗效

目的:探讨保乳术后根治性放疗治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法:对49例早期乳腺癌保乳术后行放疗6～12周,化疗4～6疗程,内分泌治疗5年。观察肿瘤局部复发情况、乳房美容效果和生存率。结果:无一例局部复发,脑转移1例,肺、骨转移1例均病死。对侧乳腺原发癌1例行根治术,3年无瘤生存率为93.88%。乳房美容评价:医生打分满意度佳、良85.71%,患者自评满意度佳、良91.83%,治疗后并发症主要有皮肤急性反应。结论:保乳术后根治性放疗治疗早期乳腺癌可获得满意的疗效和美容效果,但必须严格掌握保乳手术适应证及综合治疗的相关技术。     

Thirty-four year follow up of patients with breast cancer in clinical trial of postoperative radiotherapy

An extended follow up to a maximum of 34 years was carried out on a series of 1461 patients who had been entered into a randomised clinical trial comparing immediate postoperative radiotherapy (treated group) with an optional delayed radiotherapy policy (watched group) after Halsted radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer. Long term survival was compared separately in patients with negative and positive axillary nodes and in two periods when different techniques of radiotherapy were used. No significant differences were noted in survival overall or in any subgroup. In patients with negative axillary nodes treated in the earlier period when the "quadrate" radiotherapy technique was used, however, the difference in survival was of borderline significance (p = 0.052), to the benefit of the watched group. Because of the large numbers of patients entered and the long follow up any possible harmful or beneficial effect of immediate postoperative radiotherapy would have been apparent in the results of this trial. The absence of any such effect implies that postoperative radiotherapy given to prevent or delay local recurrence of breast cancer is unlikely to be associated with a detectable effect on survival.     

乳腺癌临床病理特征对预后判断的价值

目的:分析乳腺癌患者术后临床病理学特征、治疗以及预后,探讨其预后的影响因素。方法:收集338例可手术的经病理证实的乳腺癌患者的临床及病理学资料,回顾性分析其临床及病理学特征、复发转移及生存情况,通过生存分析研究预后相关因素。结果:患者的随访时间为4～115个月,中位随访时间42个月,患者术后5年无病生存（DFS）率为77.46%,5年总生存（OS）率为81.69%。单因素分析结果显示,影响患者DFS及OS的因素包括:肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移数目以及放疗（P<0.01）,多因素分析结果显示肿瘤大小以及淋巴结转移数目是乳腺癌患DFS和OS的独立影响因素（P<0.01）。结论:肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移数目是影响乳腺癌患者预后的独立危险因素。     

Value of routine follow up of women treated for early carcinoma of the breast

The value of routine follow up of women treated for early breast cancer by mastectomy with or without postoperative radiotherapy was assessed retrospectively. Over eight years 546 patients made 6863 clinic visits, during which 192 first relapses were detected. Ninety three relapses were detected at scheduled (routine) visits and 99 at unscheduled (interval) visits. First relapses within the treated area or in the contralateral breast were detected significantly more commonly at routine visits than were first metastatic relapses (66/89 (74%) compared with 27/103 (26%)). Patients whose local relapse was detected at a routine visit had a significantly better survival than those whose local relapse was detected at an interval visit. A relapse that was potentially curable (local or in the contralateral breast) was detected at 66 (1%) of 6764 routine visits, but only 26 (39%) of these patients remained free of disease. It is concluded that the intensity of follow up of such patients could be reduced without any adverse effect on prognosis but with appreciable financial and other benefits.     

CK19检测早期宫颈癌淋巴结微转移的临床研究

目的：采用免疫组化法检测常规病理检查无淋巴结转移的早期宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结中CK19的表达,探讨早期宫颈癌微转移的检测率及检测方法,论证检测早期宫颈癌淋巴结微转移的意义。方法：对于入选患者275例按随访结果将有术后复发或远处转移者32例（复发转移率11.6%）纳入病例组,其余无复发或转移者随机的按照下列因素进行配比纳入对照组：治疗、年龄、组织类型、手术病理分期和肿瘤最大径。将选取的患者淋巴结石蜡切片采用免疫组化法检测其中CK19的表达。结果：①病例组477个淋巴结中11个CK19阳性（2.3%）,来自32名患者中的8人（25%）;对照组425个淋巴结中均无CK19阳性表达（0/425）,32名患者中CK19的阳性表达率0。二者之间比较差异有统计学意义;②CK19表达与病理类型及组织的分化程度有相关性（P〈0.05）。②微转移与术后复发转移有相关性（P〈0.05）。结论：采用免疫组化技术检测淋巴结中CK19表达可检测出早期宫颈癌淋巴结中的微转移,与传统的病理组织学比较,显著提高微转移的检出率。通过本研究证实微转移与术后的复发转移有相关性。     

乳腺癌复发转移类型分析

目的：观察乳腺癌术后复发的类型，探讨影响乳腺癌术后复发转移的原因及防治措施。方法：对1 264例乳腺癌术后的162例复发患者进行回顾性分析，对其术后复发的临床病案资料、病理组织学和系统的随访资料进行单因素和多因素分析。结果：肿瘤直径、总分期、淋巴结转移是乳腺癌复发转移的主要影响因素。结论：乳腺癌术后的复发转移多发生在术后3年内，术后定期随访，对复发转移者也应做到“三早”进行综合治疗，可提高疗效。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳大分割照射同步瘤床加量与常规分割放疗的效果对比

目的 比较对早期乳腺癌患者保留乳房手术后行全乳大分割照射并瘤床区同步加量调强放疗(简称HF-SIB-IMRT)与常规分割放疗方案的临床效果及安全性。 方法 2015年8月—2017年8月在浙江省肿瘤医院共纳入60例早期浸润性导管乳腺腺癌(T1~T2N0M0期)行保乳术患者。根据随机数字表法将其分为HF-SIB-IMRT组(30例)和常规放疗组(30例)。术后放疗方案:HF-SIB-IMRT组为全乳腺照射同步行瘤床区推量照射,总疗程24 d。常规放疗组为全乳腺照射后序贯瘤床区局部加量照射，总疗程44 d。比较2组的局部控制率，美容效果，放疗相关毒副反应发生率及复发率。 结果 随访1.5年，2组均无复发及死亡病例，局部控制率和1年生存率均为100%。HF-SIB-IMRT组和常规放疗组放疗结束后1个月、6个月美容效果优良率比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)；2组≤2级急性不良反应、晚期皮肤/皮下组织的不良反应，中性粒细胞、血小板减少等血液毒性不良反应发生率比较，差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。 结论 对早期乳腺癌患者保乳术后行全乳大分割照射并瘤床区同步加量放疗，可获得较为满意的近期疗效，并不增加放疗毒副反应，可缩短术后放疗总疗程时间是其临床优势。      

体质量指数变化对乳腺癌复发转移的影响

目的：探讨 BMI 对乳腺癌患者规范化治疗后复发转移的影响。方法收集1061例诊断为乳腺癌并经规范化治疗的患者肿瘤分期、绝经状态、年龄、民族、免疫组化结果、身高、体质量等资料。随访时间2～62个月,中位随访时间为48个月。分析 BMI 变化对乳腺癌患者肿瘤复发转移的影响。结果乳腺癌复发转移患者 BMI 变化（1．2375±0．8804）较未复发转移患者（0．7042±0．5338）有显著差异（t＝8．092,P＝0．000）,BMI 上升趋势、平坦趋势和下降趋势之间差异显著（P＝0．000）,BMI 上升趋势的乳腺癌患者肿瘤复发转移风险大。结论 BMI 持续增高增加乳腺癌患者肿瘤复发转移风险,维持合理的体质量有助于乳腺癌复发转移的防治。     

全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术治疗早中期乳腺癌的技巧探讨

目的:观察全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)治疗早中期乳腺癌的近期疗效和安全性,探讨手术技巧。方法:选取行2~4周期TEC方案新辅助化疗方案的早中期乳腺癌患者63例为研究对象,实施腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合腔镜SLNB,并对前哨淋巴结转移病例进一步行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫。记录术中前哨淋巴结活检结果、手术效果、术后并发症和复发、转移情况。结果:63例患者前哨淋巴结检出率100%(63/63),获取前哨淋巴结1~8枚,平均(3.5±0.7)枚,其中32例SLNB阳性者行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术。术后并发症主要为乳头部分坏死4例、3例皮下气肿。术后随访平均(7.6±2.1)个月,无局部复发和远处转移。结论:全腔镜乳房皮下腺体切除术联合SLNB治疗早中期乳腺癌安全可行,良好的操作空间、充分溶脂、保护乳头乳晕处皮肤和皮下血运是手术成功的关键。     

112例早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的中长期疗效分析

目的 评价早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的中、长期疗效.方法 回顾分析2006年1月至2012年12月行保乳根治术治疗的112例早期乳腺癌患者的临床特征、复发、转移及生存资料.112例患者均接受肿块局部扩大切除＋腋窝淋巴结清扫术,术后根据情况行放疗、化疗、内分泌治疗等.结果 中位随访时间为40个月,平均随访时间为42.2个月（3～84个月）.乳腺局部复发2例,远处转移10例,死亡4例,2例乳腺局部复发后行乳房单纯切除术.发生远处转移的部位是肺转移4例、肝转移2例、骨转移4例、脑转移3例.Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,112例患者3、5年的生存率分别是98.6％和96.4％,3、5年无病生存率分别是96.5％和93.1％.83例肿瘤大小≤2 cm患者的3、5年生存率高于其余29例肿瘤直径＞2 cm者（P＜0.05）;68例给予内分泌治疗患者的3、5年生存率较44例未接受内分泌治疗者高（P＜0.05）;腋窝淋巴结阳性患者的3、5年无病生存率低于腋窝淋巴结阴性者（P＜0.05）.结论 在严格掌握保乳指征的前提下,早期乳腺癌病例进行保乳治疗安全可行.     

Management of recurrent cervical cancer

Approximately 30% of cervical cancer patients will ultimately fail after definitive treatment. The reported 5-year survival rates of patients with treatment failure are between 3.2% and 13%. Management of recurrences depends on the extent of disease, primary treatment, and performance status/comorbidity. Primary treatment, relapse pattern, and characteristics at presentation are determinants for prognosis after recurrence. Concurrent chemoradiation achieves significantly better outcome than radiation alone in patients with recurrences after primary radical hysterectomy. Isolated paraaortic lymph node metastasis and local recurrence confined to cervix were associated with better outcome in failure after definitive radiotherapy. When definitive radiotherapy or surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy has failed, pelvic exenteration is usually necessary for those had central relapse with clear pelvic side-wall and free of distant metastasis. Radical hysterectomy with or without pelvic node dissection is considered feasible for small uterine and/or vaginal recurrences with high operative morbidity. For patients who have recurrences involving the irradiated pelvic wall, pelvic exenteration is usually not an option for curative intent. Intraoperative radiotherapy, combined operative radiotherapeutic treatment, and laterally extended endopelvic resection have been used in such situations with some success. Chemotherapy alone is basically palliative. Generally, combination chemotherapy could attain higher response rates with no significant improvement in overall survival than cisplatin alone. Recent investigations indicated benefits of positron emission tomography in more accurate restaging of recurrent disease. The impact of various post-treatment surveillance strategies to early detect treatment failure remains to be evaluated.     

多普勒超声对乳腺癌放疗前后疗效评价的研究

目的使用多普勒彩色超声仪评价乳腺癌患者保乳术后放疗的疗效。方法使用多普勒彩色超声仪对25例女性乳腺癌患者进行疗效评价,主要包括患者放疗前后血管分布分级和血流阻力情况,2年内的双乳、腋下、甲状腺和颈部淋巴结复发情况及放疗后并发症。结果 16例患者疗效为完全缓解,5例患者为部分缓解,3例患者放疗前后比较无变化,只有1例患者出现了进展的情况。放疗前后患者平均血流阻力指数存在明显差异（P〈0.05）。在术后放疗和未放疗患者2年内的复发率分别为16%和48%。而患者并发症的情况,放疗组的患者比未进行放疗的对照组患者多。结论多普勒超声检测能够显示绝大多数乳腺癌患者在放疗后病灶变化,放疗后乳腺癌内血管分布分级情况,术后2年内复发率等,可对乳腺癌患者放疗后的疗效进行良好的评价。     

Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌保守手术组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗临床观察

为探讨Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌保守手术组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗的方法、疗效和美容效果,对Ⅰ期１例,Ⅱ期７例共８例早期乳腺癌保守术后组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗的效果进行临床观察研究。全部病例均于术后１个月内接受根治性放射治疗。放射治疗范围包括病侧乳腺、胸壁、内乳区以及腋窝和锁骨上淋巴结引流区。组织间插植于乳腺、胸壁外照射开始１～２周后进行,靶区范围包括手术疤痕及其周围１５～２ｃｍ乳腺组织。随访１０个月～５年余,全部病例健在。３年和５年生存率均达１００％,无不良反应,未见局部复发及远处转移征象,并有良好的保留乳房、保持美容、保持功能状态和提高生存质量的效果。认为Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌保守手术组织间插植配合根治性放射治疗,是能取代根治手术的一种可靠有效的治疗方法,符合Ⅰ～Ⅱ期的早期乳腺癌病人应给予保留乳房的治疗。     

保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术和即时乳房假体重建

目的观察早期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕的乳腺皮下切除,腋窝淋巴结清扫即期人工假体乳房重建手术的临床疗效。方法对20例早期乳腺癌患者（TNM分期：Ⅰ期6例,Ⅱ期14例）行保留乳头乳晕的的乳腺皮下切除,腋窝淋巴结清扫即期人工假体乳房重建手术,术后给予CMF（环磷酰胺、氨甲蝶呤、5-氟脲嘧啶）方案或FEC（5-氟脲嘧啶、表阿霉素、环磷酰胺）方案化疗,放疗及内分泌治疗等综合治疗。结果术后平均随访期为52．3个月,其中18例患者随访期超过36个月,全组患者均存活,无局部或区域肿瘤复发,1例患者在术后9个月发现多发肝转移及骨转移,现带瘤生存5年。结论保留乳头乳晕的乳腺皮下切除,腋窝淋巴结、清扫即期人工假体乳房重建手术并不增加术后并发症、肿瘤局部或区域复发、远处转移的危险性,不影响术后化疗、放疗及内分泌治疗等综合治疗和长期生存,该术式可获得满意的美容效果,从而进一步提高患者的生活质量。     

DWI序列表观扩散系数可预测 乳腺癌复发风险

目的 探讨MRI检查DWI序列表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）预测乳腺癌复发的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析义乌市中心医院2015年1月至2017年12月行手术治疗的乳腺癌患者临床资料,术前行MRI检查DWI序列扫描,获得ADC值。采用多因素Cox回归分析乳腺癌复发的危险因素。结果 中位随访59个月,49例患者复发（复发组）,189例患者未复发（非复发组）。单因素分析显示,复发组年龄≤40岁、低ADC、有淋巴结转移、T3分期、ER阴性、Ki-67>30%的比例及均高于非复发组,术后放化疗比例低于非复发组（P<0.05）。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,低ADC值（95%CI: 1.0622.641,P=0.025）、T3期（95%CI: 1.1533.267,P=0.010）是乳腺癌复发的独立危险因素,术后放化疗是保护因素（95%CI: 0.3240.839,P<0.001）。受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线分析显示,ADC值预测乳腺癌复发的曲线下面积（area under the curve,AUC）为0.803（95%CI: 0.7370.869,P<0.001）,敏感度为81.63%,特异性为62.96%。结论 术前ADC值降低是乳腺癌复发的独立危险因素,可高效预测乳腺癌患者复发风险。