丁苯酞联合小剂量rt-PA治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的观察丁苯酞联合小剂量rt-PA治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及安全性。方法采用随机分组研究方法,设小剂量组rt-PA(0.7mg/kg,最高总剂量50mg)36例,其中20例加用丁苯酞为A组,16例未加用丁苯酞为B组,rt-PA标准剂量0.9mg/kg(最高总剂量90mg)16例为C组,于治疗前、治疗后24h、15d分别采用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评定神经功能缺损程度,90d采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评定预后,并观察颅内出血发生率及不良反应。结果采用rt-PA0.7mg/kg其NIHSS评分与rt-PA0.9mg/kg比较:神经功能缺损评分均较溶栓前明显改善,且进行溶栓前及治疗后(24h、15d)NIHSS评分比较无统计学差异;采用rt-PA0.7mg/kg颅内出血发生率为5.56%,低于0.9mg/kg发生率12.25%;死亡率三组无差异;90d预后加用丁苯酞组预后良好达70.0%,明显高于单用rt-PA两组患者。结论丁苯酞联合小剂量rt-PA治疗急性期脑梗死临床疗效好、不良反应率低。     

超早期脑梗死患者接受不同剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（rt-PA）静脉溶栓治疗分析

目的 探讨超早期脑梗死患者接受不同剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（rt-PA）静脉溶栓治疗后的疗效,探讨使用rt-PA的最佳剂量及安全性与可行性.方法 对我院2006-02-2012-02收治入院的300例发病6 h以内的脑梗死患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中200例接受rt-PA治疗,并根据治疗剂量不同分为2组,A组100例给予rt-PA 0.9 mg/kg,B组100例给予rt-PA 0.6～0.8 mg/kg.C组对照100例患者未接受rt-PA治疗.以治疗前与治疗后11 d、21 d、90 d的NIHSS、Barthel指数为指标进行疗效评定.结果 A组、B组在治疗前、治疗后11 d、21 d及90 d的NIHSS、Barthel评分比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.A组、B组与C组90 d的神经功能缺失评分比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;A组、B组疗效明显高于C组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.A组基本痊愈＋显著进步69例,占 69.0%;B组77例,占77.0%;C组39例,占39%.B组优于A组;3组再发脑梗死发生率较高,C组高于A、B 2组;A、B 2组比较无明显差异.A组非症状性脑出血3例,症状性脑出血4例;B组非症状性脑出血2例,症状性脑出血3例.3组比较,P〈0.001;A与B比较,P〉0.05;A与C、B与C组比较,P〈0.001.结论 超早期脑梗死静脉应用rt-PA溶栓治疗安全有效.     

不同剂量rt-PA静脉治疗急性缺血性卒中临床分析

目的 重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（reconstructive tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA）在静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中时,美国食品药品管理局（food and drug administration,FDA）批准剂量为0.9mg/kg（总量≤90mg）,国内亦有应用剂量0.6～0.8mg/kg（总量50mg）。本试验拟探讨两种剂量rt-PA的疗效及安全性。方法 纳入急性缺血性卒中患者30例,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（N ati o n a l I n sti tu te s of Health Stroke Scale NIHSS）评分2～26分,发病时间0.5～6h,无溶栓禁忌证。随机分为两组：rt-PA0.6～0.8mg/kg（总量50mg）组（A组）和0.9mg/kg组（B组）。比较两组治疗前、治疗后24h及14d的NIHSS评分改善率（≥4分）及颅内出血率、死亡率。结果 两组治疗前的基本资料无统计学差异,NIHSS评分平均为10.17分。B组治疗后14d NIHSS评分改善率明显优于A组（86.67% vs 53.3%,P <0.05）。两组发生颅内出血的比例均为6%。两组死亡病例均为非出血性病变,A组死亡率略高于B组,但无统计学差异（26.67% vs 20%,P =0.67）。结论 rt-PA 0.9mg/kg剂量疗效优于0.6～0.8mg/kg剂量,并未增加颅内出血并发症及死亡率,该溶栓剂量同样适用于国人。     

小剂量rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死临床分析

目的美国及欧洲缺血性脑卒中治疗指南建议0.9mg.kg-1为重组组织型纤维酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓标准治疗剂量。鉴于国人尤其是我国南方人在种族、体质及脑梗死危险因素等方面的不同,也按0.9mg.kg-1国际标准剂量治疗是否完全适合,有很大争议。本试验比较小剂量rt-PA 0.7mg.kg-1与0.9mg.kg-1标准剂量治疗急性脑梗死的疗效、安全性及预后。方法 28例急性脑梗死患者,发病时间窗为4.5h内,具有溶栓指征,无溶栓禁忌症。随机分为小剂量组rt-PA(0.7mg.kg-1,最高剂量50mg)和对照组(0.9mg.kg-1,最高剂量90mg)。比较两组治疗前、治疗后24h及14d的NIHSS评分,颅内出血率、死亡率以及90d mRS评分。结果两组治疗前的基本临床资料比较差异无统计学意义。各组均能有效改善神经功能,各组治疗后NIHSS评分与治疗前相比有显著差异。但治疗后24h及14d时两组比较差异无统计学意义。两组90d mRS评分比较差异无统计学意义。小剂量0.7mg.kg-1组颅内出血发生率为7.1%,0.9mg.kg-1组为14.3%,两组比较差异无统计学意义。0.9mg.kg-1组死亡1例,小剂量组无死亡病例,两组死亡率比较差异无统计学意义。结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓0.7mg.kg-1剂量安全有效,该剂量可能更适合国人,尤其是南方人。     

北京地区rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期脑梗死患者临床分析

目的分析北京地区12所医院202例超早期脑梗死患者经不同剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt- PA)静脉溶栓治疗后的疗效及其不良事件,探讨使用rt-PA的最佳剂量及其安全性与可行性。方法287例发病6h以内的脑梗死患者,男201例,女86例,年龄38～80岁,平均64岁。所有患者均伴有偏瘫,头颅CT未见出血及责任梗死灶,无溶栓禁忌证。202例接受rt-PA治疗,分为A组与B组,A组88例,给予rt-PA 0．9 mg/kg。B组114例,给予rt- PA0．6～0．8 mg/kg。C组(对照组)85例患者给予低分子右旋糖酐、复方丹参等治疗。分别比较治疗前与治疗后11d、21 d、90 d的美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、Barthel指数,并进行疗效评定。结果A组、B组分别与C组90 d的NIHSS评分、Barthel指数相比有显著差异。A组、B组及C组的基本痊愈及显著改善率分别为69%、77%及40%．A组、B组分别与C组脑出血的发生率为7．96%、4．38%及0%。症状性出血(4．55%、2．63%及0%),非症状性出血(2．63%、1．75%及0%)。结论超早期脑梗死静脉应用rt-PA溶栓治疗是安全有效的。不同剂量的rt-PA均减轻了脑梗死的致残率,但两组间无明显差异。中国人rt-PA溶栓治疗最佳剂量尚需要进一步进行大样本的前瞻性、多中心、随机对照研究．     

脑梗死尿激酶静脉溶栓后应用阿斯匹林联合低分子肝素防治再闭塞的疗效观察

目的:探讨尿激酶静脉溶栓后应用阿斯匹林联合低分子肝素防治再闭塞的疗效。方法:70例发病≤6h,头颅CT排除脑出血的急性脑梗死患者,随机分为2组,A组静脉注射尿激酶100～150万u,6h后应用阿斯匹林0.15g口服,每天1次,同时低分子肝素5000u皮下注射,每天2次,连用7天。B组静脉注射尿激酶100～150万u,24h后应用阿斯匹林0.15g口服,每天1次,连用7天。结果:2组共发生再闭塞8例,发生率11.4%。其中A组1例,占A组2.7%,B组7例,占B组21.2%,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。再闭塞组的院内死亡率37.5%,非再闭塞组的院内死亡率4.8%,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。再闭塞50%发生在溶栓后24h左右,37.5%发生在3d,12.5%发生在4～5d。2组发生脑出血率差异无统计学意义。2组14d有效率、显效率、痊愈率差异无统计学意义。结论:溶栓治疗后发生再闭塞率仍然较高,可能是急性脑梗死患者早期临床症状恶化的主要原因,再闭塞患者院内死亡率高,预后差。本试验显示溶栓治疗6h后应阿斯匹林加低分子肝素防治再闭塞的治疗是安全、有效的。     

阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中临床分析

目的探讨不同剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(reconstructive tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA,阿替普酶)静脉治疗合并房颤的急性缺血性卒中的安全性与疗效。方法选择2017-01-2019-11在河南科技大学第一附属医院神经内科接受rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的70例合并心房颤动的急性缺血性脑卒中患者为实验组,选择同时期未给予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的38例合并心房颤动的急性缺血性脑卒中患者为对照组。将实验组患者随机分为低剂量组(0.6 mg/kg,A组)与标准剂量组(0.9 mg/kg,B组)。记录实验组溶栓前和溶栓后7 d NIHSS评分,记录对照组入院时和入院7 d NIHSS评分,记录3组患者7 d内的颅内出血发生情况和90 d病死率,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)对各组患者90 d预后进行分析。结果低剂量组和标准剂量组患者溶栓后7 d较溶栓前NIHSS评分改善率均较对照组增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。rt-PA静脉治疗后,低剂量组颅内出血发生率和90 d病死率均低于标准剂量组,但组间比较无显著性差异(P0.05);低剂量组与标准剂量组90 d预后良好率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于合并心房颤动的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,低剂量rt-PA与标准剂量rt-PA在功能恢复方面相比无显著性差异,但具有潜在较低的脑出血率及病死率。     

rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期脑梗死疗效观察

目的 观察重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗超早期脑梗死(<3 h)的疗效及安全性.方法 将60例符合入选标准的超早期脑梗死患者随机分为溶栓组和对照组,各30例.溶栓组给予rt-PA总量0.9 mg/kg,最大剂量90 mg,10%剂量,2 min一次性静脉注入,其余1 h静滴;24 h经头颅CT证实无出血者,用奥扎格雷钠80 mg,2次/d静滴,连续14 d;对照组应用奥扎格雷钠80 mg,2次/d静滴,连续14 d;2组均辅以脑保护剂(银杏叶、血塞通、胞二磷胆碱等).结果 溶栓组疗效明显优于对照组,治疗组有效率96.6%,对照组有效率83.3%.结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期脑梗死(发病3 h内)疗效显著,安全有效.     

低剂量尿激酶与重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效

目的比较低剂量尿激酶(UK)与重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的有效性和安全性。方法选择发病<6h的急性脑梗死患者42例,分为rt-PA(0.9mg/kg)静脉溶栓组23例,低剂量UK(50万~70万IU)静脉溶栓组19例,对2组治疗前、治疗后24h、10d的神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分及治疗前与治疗后10d的日常生活(barthel)指数评分进行比较,同时观察2组溶栓后出血等不良反应。结果 (1)rt-PA组及UK组治疗后24h、10d的NIHSS及Barthel评分与溶栓治疗前相比均有显著改善(P<0.05);2组间溶栓治疗前及治疗后24h、10d的NIHSS、Barthel评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)rt-PA组治疗后总有效率为95.7%,UK组为78.9%,rt-PA组总有效率较UK组高,但2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。UK<3h组总有效率92.3%,UK3~6h组总有效率50.0%,rt-PA治疗组总有效率与UK3~6h组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)溶栓后rt-PA组脑出血2例,均为非症状性,UK组无脑出血,2组均无其他系统出血并发症。结论低剂量尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗3h内急性脑梗死与rt-PA相比同样有效,且安全性更好。     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂动静脉联合溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中

目的 探讨使用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)动静脉联合溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中的临床疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析104例发病在6h内急性缺血性卒中患者的临床表现、治疗方法及疗效.其中超选择性动脉溶栓 静脉溶栓组(联合组)59例,同时超选择性动脉溶栓组(动脉组)45例.动脉组用微导管超选择至病变动脉,输注rt-PA50mg;联合组先静脉输注rt-PA,再经病变动脉输注rt-PA,总量＜50mg,在溶栓前和溶栓后6h、24h、7d、30d时,采用欧洲卒中量表(ESS)评价神经功能缺损情况.结果 治疗前ESS评分,联合组为41±3,动脉组为42±10,治疗后24h、30d时,ESS评分联合组为81±23、88±25;动脉组为75±27、80±23.治疗后总再通率联合组为53%(31/59),动脉组为33%(15/45),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).颅内出血的发生率联合组为7%(4/59),动脉组为9%(4/45),2组比较差异无统计学意义.结论 脑梗死患者起病6h内,动静脉联合溶栓是相对安全、有效的治疗方法.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.