亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效观察

目的研究亚低温对重型颅脑损伤患者的治疗效果。方法49例患者随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组，亚低温治疗组25例，均于伤后24h内进行亚低温治疗，直肠温度（RT）为32．0～35．0℃，脑温度为33．0～35．0℃，持续1～7d。同时监测患者的生命体征、颅内压（ICP）及血糖变化。对照组24例采取常规治疗方法，降温但未使用冬眠疗法。结果亚低温治疗组与对照组相比，治疗组患者伤后早期高ICP、高血糖血症分别显著下降（P〈0．05）；无严重并发症，病死率低，预后显著改善。结论亚低温具有一定的脑保护作用，用于治疗重型颅脑损伤患者，可降低病死率，减少并发症，提高生存质量。     

亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人的临床疗效

目的研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人治疗作用及临床效果。方法共78例病人（GCS昏迷≤8分）随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组。亚低温治疗组40例,均于伤后24h内行亚低温治疗。直肠温度控制在33～35℃,持续1～7d,平均（65．3±28．2）h。同时监测病人的生命体征、颅内压（ICP）、血气、血电解质及动脉血氧饱和度。对照组38例,直肠温度控制在36．5～37．5℃,其他治疗同亚低温组。两组病人均于伤后3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效。结果与对照组相比,亚低温治疗组病人伤后早期的高颅内压明显下降（P〈0．05）;生命体征、血气、血糖、血电解质、动脉血氧饱和度差异无显著性;无严重并发症,死亡率降低,恢复良好率提高,预后显著改善。结论亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用,用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人,可降低死亡率,提高生存质量,无严重并发症。     

亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤临床分析

目的 探讨早期局部亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤患者的临床效果.方法 将88例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组,亚低温治疗44例,均在受伤后24h内进行亚低温治疗,直肠温度(RT)控制在32.0～35.0℃,持续3～5d,同时监测患者的生命体征、颅内压(ICP)及血糖变化；对照组44例患者应用脱水降颅压、营养神经、止血、抑制胃酸分泌、营养支持等常规治疗,直肠温度控制在36.5 ～37.5℃,降温但未使用冬眠疗法.结果 亚低温治疗组患者伤后早期高ICP、高血糖均显著下降(均P＜0.05),无严重并发症,病死率、伤残率下降,预后显著改善.结论 亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤患者具有脑保护作用,能提高临床疗效及生存率,改善生存质量,值得推广应用.     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效观察

目的探讨亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效。方法将178例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为亚低温治疗组和常温对照组。亚低温治疗组于伤后24 h内行亚低温治疗,其余治疗同常温对照组。密切监测患者的生命体征、颅内压（ICP）变化情况、血气分析、血电解质等。结果伤后或术后24 h内两组患者ICP值无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。48 h后亚低温治疗患者ICP值则显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）。亚低温治疗组病死率2.25%、良好率76.40%;对照组病死率6.73%,良好率51.69%,有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论亚低温治疗对防治严重颅脑损伤后继发性脑损伤是安全有效的疗法,且能降低死亡率,改善预后,提高生存质量。     

亚低温治疗对重症颅脑损伤患者脑保护作用的临床研究

目的分析亚低温治疗对重症颅脑损伤患者脑保护作用。方法我院神经外科的重症颅脑损伤（GCS≤8分）患者共68例,随机分为对照组和亚低温组,每组各34例。其中对照组给予常规脱水降低颅内压等治疗,亚低温组在常规治疗基础上行亚低温低温疗法。根据GOS评分对患者6个月时的神经系统进行评分,并治疗12个月后的生活质量急性评估,治疗过程中记录亚低温的副作用包括低血压、肺部感染、心动过缓及颅内高压反跳导致致死性脑疝等发生情况。结果两组患者随机分为对照组和亚低温组,各34例,两组在年龄、性别、病程及神经系统评分（GCS评分）上均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,组间具有可比性。根据GOS评分对患者6个月时的神经系统进行评分,亚低温组的神经系统评分明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）,治疗12个月后的生活质量急性评估,亚低温组的远期生活质量明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论亚低温对于重度颅脑损伤患者具有明确的脑保护作用,治疗过程中无明显副作用。     

重型颅脑损伤65例患者亚低温治疗的护理

亚低温治疗在国内已被列为重型颅脑损伤患者的常规治疗,尤其是广泛脑挫裂伤脑水肿出现严重颅内高压的重型颅脑损伤患者.亚低温治疗主要是指全身降温和局部降温,头部局部降温通常难以使脑降至亚低温水平,而全身降温方法较可靠[1].由于32℃以下亚低温可能引起低血压和心律失常等并发症,目前临床多采用32～35℃亚低温.     

亚低温治疗重度颅脑损伤患者的疗效及分析

目的探讨亚低温治疗重度颅脑损伤患者的疗效。方法随机抽取68例重度颅脑损伤患者（34例作常温治疗,34例作亚低温治疗）作对比分析,比较其治疗前后GCS评分,评价其疗效。结果常温及亚低温治疗4～7d后两组患者的GCS评分有明显统计学差异,亚低温治疗组的疗效明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论亚低温治疗能明显改善重度颅脑损伤患者预后,减少并发症。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤疗效观察

目的:探讨亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果.方法:患者被随机分为两组各21例,亚低温治疗组均于伤后24h内接受亚低温治疗,直肠温度控制在33～35℃,维持5～6d;常温治疗组未采用亚低温治疗,根据GOS预后评估系统评估两组患者疗效.结果:与常温治疗组相比,亚低温治疗组患者伤后早期颅内压显著下降(P＜0.05);生命体征...     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤53例临床研究

目的 探讨亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤病人的作用及临床效果.方法 共100例病人(昏迷GCS＜8分)随机分为亚低温治疗组53例,入院后尽快采用亚低温治疗,直肠温度控制在32℃～35℃,持续3～14天;对照组47例,常规治疗,直肠温度控制在36.5℃～37.5℃,两组病人均于伤后3个月时根据GOS评估法判断疗效.结果 亚低温治疗组病人恢复良好率提高,病死率降低,预后显著改善,无严重并发症.结论 亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用,用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人,效果显著,可降低死亡率,提高生存质量,无严重并发症.     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤20例疗效分析

目的 评价亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法 40侧重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为亚低温冶疗组20例和对照组20例，比较其显效率。结果 总显效率治疗组为80％，对照组50％，治疗组明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 亚低温治疗可提高重型颅脑损伤的疗效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.