血管腔内介入治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症40例

目的：探讨下肢动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗的临床经验。方法：采用血管腔内介入方法治疗下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症（ASO）患者40例（44条肢体）,包括髂动脉病变18例,其中单纯球囊扩张术（PTA）6例,内置支架术（PTA＋stenting）12例;股浅动脉病变13例,其中PTA5例,PTA＋stenting8例;腘动脉病变2例,行PTA治疗;膝下动脉病变7例,单纯deep球囊扩张,不放置支架。结果：本组无手术死亡。髂动脉18例手术全部获得成功;股浅动脉13例,11例获得成功,1例致血栓形成取栓治疗成功,1例介入失败转为人工血管转流手术;腘动脉2例获得成功;膝下动脉7例中5例获得成功。结论：血管腔内介入治疗下肢ASO,操作简单,短期效果良好,值得临床推广应用;     

自体骨髓干细胞血管腔内移植治疗糖尿病下肢动脉闭塞症

背景:自体骨髓干细胞通过肌肉注射移植治疗肢体缺血的疗效在动物实验和临床上均得到证实。近年来,小球囊扩张是治疗糖尿病下肢动脉闭塞症的常见方法。然而,通过导管注入自体骨髓干细胞这种干细胞移植和介入治疗结合方式在临床上常见于治疗冠心病,而鲜见于下肢动脉闭塞症的治疗。目的:多指标客观评估自体骨髓干细胞血管腔内移植治疗糖尿病下肢动脉闭塞症的临床效果。方法:选择2007-06/2009-06河南省人民医院老年医学部内分泌科收治的糖尿病下肢动脉闭塞症患者51例,男27例,女24例,随机分为两组:实验组:接受小球囊扩张和血管腔内自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗。对照组:仅接受小球囊扩张治疗。移植前后两组患者疼痛、冷感、间歇性跛行及移植后踝肱指数的变化、及并发症发生情况。结果与结论:移植2周后,实验组患者下肢疼痛症状、冷感、间歇性跛行明显缓解率、好转率、无效率均高于对照组(P0.01)。踝肱指数变化差异亦有显著性意义(P0.01)。所有患者未出现并发症和不良反应。提示自体骨髓干细胞血管腔内移植治疗糖尿病下肢动脉闭塞症是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

膝以下动脉硬化闭塞症的介入治疗

目的：探讨膝以下动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗的方法、难点、并发症处理以及预后。方法：2008年1月至2011年12月,采用介入方法治疗膝以下动脉硬化闭塞症72例（84条肢体）。采取股总动脉顺行或逆行穿刺,下肢动脉造影,以导丝配合导管通过动脉狭窄段,或开通动脉闭塞段;开通失败者,尝试内膜下血管成形术;经导丝引入球囊进行扩张,扩张完毕后造影,如残余狭窄＞30％,则再次扩张;出现动脉夹层者,行药物洗脱支架植入。结果：84条肢体行介入治疗,82条肢体获得影像学成功,技术成功率为97．6％。术后16例间歇性跛行患者跛行距离平均增加500 m（50～2500 m）,43例静息痛者疼痛均减轻或消失,8例足趾溃疡者经换药3个月内溃疡全部愈合,1例足趾溃疡患者因介入术后支架内血栓形成而行股-腘动脉自体大隐静脉原位转流术。3例足趾坏疽者行截趾术,术后3个月内创口愈合。1例前半足坏疽者行膝下截肢。术后6个月、1年肢体通畅率分别为96．3％和95．0％,术后1年肢体保全率为95．0％。结论：对于膝以下动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变者行腔内治疗,成功率高、效果明显、并发症少、保肢率高、可重复治疗,是安全有效的治疗方法。     

不同自膨式金属支架混合置入治疗股腘动脉硬化闭塞:生物相容性及保肢率

背景:支架置入治疗已成为下肢动脉硬化闭塞症TASCⅡC/D型病变的首选治疗方法,但TASCⅡC/D型股腘动脉病变较长,需要多个支架串联置入才能完全覆盖病变血管。目的:评价不同种类自膨式金属裸支架混合置入治疗长段股腘动脉硬化闭塞性病变的近、中期疗效。方法:纳入长段股腘动脉硬化闭塞性病变患者39例(40条患肢),其中男34例,女5例,年龄44-87岁,每条患肢均为1枚LifeS tent金属裸支架与其他不同种金属裸支架串联置入硬化闭塞段动脉,随访39个月,评价支架置入成功率,以及支架置入后的生物相容性、保肢率、一期与二期血管通畅率。结果与结论:40条患肢成功放置93枚支架,其中27条患肢放置了2枚支架,13条患肢放置了3枚支架;置入Life Stent支架40枚、Luminexx支架45枚、Smart支架1枚、Aurora支架2枚、Pulsar18支架2枚、Invatec支架3枚,支架置入成功率为92%。支架置入后12个月保肢率为95%,置入后24个月血管一期通畅率与二期通畅率分别为(42.0±0.1)%,(59.0±3.7)%,未发生因支架置入导致的血管严重损伤及组织病变。表明自彭式LifeS tent金属裸支架与其他不同种自彭式金属裸支架混合置入治疗下肢动脉狭窄闭塞性病变具有较高的生物相容性与保肢率,近中期临床疗效较满意。     

腔内治疗合并高压氧治疗糖尿病足的临床作用

目的探讨腔内治疗合并高压氧治疗在糖尿病足患者中的应用。方法对22例糖尿病足患者24侧下肢行DSA造影检查,造影后行经皮腔内球囊成形术（PTA）,同时结合高压氧辅助治疗2个疗程,6例患者扩张后行支架植入术。结果术后患者缺血症状均得到不同程度的改善,术后6月后复查,行PTA及高压氧治疗患者10例出现再狭窄,其中有7例合并膝下病变,支架植入者血流通畅。结论经皮腔内球囊成形术合并高压氧治疗糖尿病足对改善下肢缺血能够起到一定的作用,但其远期疗效有待进一步探讨。     

腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的评价血管内支架置入治疗夹层动脉瘤的安全性和临床疗效。方法2000年1月至2006年12月,48例StanfordB型夹层动脉瘤患者行腔内修复术。所有患者在DSA下行左肱动脉穿刺插管、造影,了解主动脉真、假腔、夹层裂口及其与重要血管分支位置关系。腹股沟区纵切口显露股动脉,送入人工血管输送器至病变处,准确定位后,释放人工血管进行腔内修复。术后复查造影,观察真假腔血液动力学变化、内脏及下肢动脉供血的改变。结果48例患者一次性成功置入人工血管支架,2例支架未能完全封堵漏口、内漏明显,手术成功率95.8%。支架置入后假腔血压下降,机体脏器缺血状况改善,临床症状好转或消失。结论支架性人工血管腔内修复术治疗夹层动脉瘤安全可行、效果明显,值得临床进一步推广。     

覆膜支架在腘动脉瘤腔内治疗中的应用

目的 分析使用覆膜支架对腘动脉瘤患者行腔内治疗的效果。方法 纳入联勤保障部队第九二〇医院行腔内修复的12例腘动脉瘤患者。观察动脉瘤变化,置入支架通畅情况,支架有无移位、断裂、内漏,肢体有无缺血及其他并发症。结果12例患者腔内修复术均获得成功。3例出现围术期并发症,其中切口血肿1例,蓝趾综合征1例,消化道出血1例。患者术后无夹层、血栓及假性动脉瘤形成,Viabahn支架无内漏、移位及断裂。随访期间1例出现股浅-腘动脉段动脉瘤形成,予以腔内覆膜支架修复;1例出现支架远心端局限性狭窄,狭窄约60%,予以球囊扩张后狭窄明显好转。随访1年,覆膜支架修复腘动脉瘤的通畅率为100%。1例患者术后16个月因心肌梗死死亡。结论 使用覆膜支架腔内修复腘动脉瘤的短中期疗效较好,安全有效。     

48例慢性下肢缺血的治疗体会

目的观察慢性下肢缺血的各种方法治疗效果。方法2006年11月～2008年6月，共收治慢性下肢缺血患者48例。单纯药物治疗13例，腔内介入治疗31例，下肢旁路或原位动脉重建7例。结果药物治疗：改善9例，无改善3例。下肢旁路或原位动脉重建治疗：明显改善6例，改善1例，无改善1例，后进展为截肢1例，脑出血死亡1例。腔内成形治疗：明显改善5例，改善16例，无改善9例（未能成功行球囊扩张5例），脑出血死亡1例。结论应根据临床症状及影像学检查等对于每位下肢慢性缺血患者进行充分的评估，选用合适的治疗方式。     

远端桡动脉入路在下肢动脉疾病腔内治疗中的应用

目的 探讨经解剖鼻烟壶区远端桡动脉入路在下肢动脉疾病腔内治疗中的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院因下肢动脉疾病行腔内治疗的11例患者的临床资料,统计患者穿刺及手术相关指标。结果 所有患者均成功穿刺远端桡动脉,穿刺成功时间（2.8±1.5）min,穿刺次数（1.6±0.6）次,仅1例穿刺点周围淤青,无穿刺部位相关的严重并发症发生;患者手术均成功进行,手术成功率100%,其中机械吸栓3例,球囊扩张3例,球囊扩张+支架置入4例,股动脉假性动脉瘤硬化治疗1例;干预血管总数16根,平均（1.45±0.52）根,手术时间（114.3±58.4）min,X射线照射时间（45.3±23.6）min,造影剂用量（147.3±54.6）mL,围术期未发生重大并发症。结论 远端桡动脉入路是一种安全可行的下肢动脉疾病腔内治疗的手术入路,有较高的穿刺成功率和较低的并发症并发生率。但由于导管长度限制,远端桡动脉入路在处理膝下动脉病变时有一定局限性。     

16层螺旋CT血管成像诊断下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症

目的探讨利用16层螺旋CT血管成像技术诊断下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症的可行性.方法对25例临床拟下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症的患者进行16层螺旋CT下肢血管成像检查,采用最大密度投影(MIP)、容积再现技术(VR)、曲面重建(CPR)及仿真内窥镜(CTVE)进行重建分析方法进行.结果全部螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)检查均获得成功,其中腹主动脉狭窄2例;髂动脉狭窄5例,闭塞1例;股动脉狭窄7例,闭塞3例;小腿动脉狭窄6例,闭塞1例.全部患肢均存在股动脉以下不同程度的狭窄或闭塞.结论利用16层螺旋CT下肢血管成像技术可以直观、全面地诊断下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症,了解病变的范围和程度,这是一种安全、准确、无创的检查方法.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.