Association between Bone Mineral Density and Clinical Consequences: Cross-Sectional Study of Korean Postmenopausal Women in an Orthopaedic Outpatient Clinic

This study is to identify the characteristics of BMD and the related clinical consequences through a nationwide, consecutive, cross-sectional study. A total of 1,281 postmenopausal women was enrolled nationwide and underwent measurement for BMD using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Following the T-spine and L-spine plane radiography, they were evaluated for vertebral fracture by a semi-quantitative method using the Genant''s method. Relationship between BMD and osteoporotic fracture and a degree of deformity in vertebral fracture, treatment history in osteoporosis and the EQ-5D was analyzed. The distribution of the normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis group was 25.9%, 37.0%, and 37.2% in lumbar spine, and 31.4%, 45.3%, and 23.3% in femur neck, respectively. BMD in subjects with symptomatic or asymptomatic vertebral fracture was significantly lower than those without fracture. The femur neck and total hip BMDs were significantly lower in hip fracture group (0.646 g/cm² and 0.643 g/cm², respectively) and wrist fracture group (0.661 g/cm² and 0.712 g/cm², respectively) than in subjects without fracture (0.721 g/cm² and 0.712 g/cm², respectively). The BMD was significantly lower with more severe degree of deformity in vertebral fracture and lower scores in mobility, usual activities and pain/discomfort of the EQ-5D. In Korean postmenopausal women, the prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral, hip and wrist fracture increase and quality of life decreases with lower BMD.

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绝经期妇女骨密度改变与血浆白细胞介素-6关系的探讨

目的观察绝经后妇女骨密度 (BMD)改变与血浆白细胞介素 -6(IL -6)的关系。方法应用单光子骨密度仪测量非优势前臂尺桡骨中远端1/3交界处桡骨BMD ,小于0.601g/cm2则诊断为骨质疏松 ,据此将38名绝经期妇女分为绝经后非骨质疏松组和绝经后骨质疏松组两组 ,测定其外周血IL-6浓度及其他代谢指标。结果两组年龄、身高、体质量、体质量指数、血钙、血磷、血清总雌二醇、总睾酮均无显著性差异 (P>0.05)。绝经年限、血总碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)、血清骨钙素 (BGP)、骨密度、血浆IL -6浓度有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论绝经后雌激素水平下降 ,血浆IL -6分泌增加 ,促进骨吸收增加 ,随时间的延长导致骨质疏松形成。     

Non-association Between Polymorphisms of the Frizzled Receptor Genes and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Korean Women

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骨折患者血清25-羟基维生素D和甲状旁腺素水平与骨密度的相关性

目的探究骨折患者血清25-羟基维生素D(250HD)和甲状旁腺素(PTH)水平与骨密度的相关性。方法选择2015年12月至2017年12月于我院骨科住院治疗的110例骨折患者作为研究对象,所有患者均行骨密度检查,根据骨密度T值将患者分为正常组、骨质减少组、骨质疏松组。测定骨质疏松四项标志物即血清250HD、PTH、血清1型胶原氨基端前肽(PINP)、β胶原降解产物(β-CTX)水平。结果正常组各部位骨密度值显著高于骨量减少组、骨质疏松组(P<0.05);骨量减少组各部位骨密度值显著高于骨质疏松组,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05);骨量正常患者血清250HD显著高于骨量减少、骨质疏松组(P <0. 05);血清PINP、PTH水平均显著低于骨量减少、骨质疏松组(P <0. 05);相关性分析示骨质疏松患者血清250HD与腰椎1-4、全髓关节及股骨颈骨密度值呈正相关关系(P<0. 05)。结论骨质疏松患者血清中250HD明显下降,与患者骨密度呈正相关,PTH水平虽在骨质疏松患者中明显上升,但其与骨密度无相关性。     

Bone Mineral Density and Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Korean Women with Low-Energy Distal Radius Fractures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone mineral density and the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Korean women with low-energy distal radius fractures and compared with those of aged-matched normal Korean women. Two hundred and six patients with distal radius fractures between March 2006 and March 2010 were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups by age; group 1 (50-59 years), group 2 (60-69 years), and group 3 (70-79 years). Controls were age-matched normal Korean women. The bone mineral density values at all measured sites, except for the spine, were significantly lower in group 1 than those of control. While the bone mineral density values in group 2 and 3 were lower than those of controls, these differences were not statistically significant. All groups had significantly higher prevalence of osteoporosis at the Ward’s triangle; however, at the spine, femoral neck and trochanteric area it was not significantly different from those of age-matched controls. Although the prevalence of osteoporosis of the postmenopausal women with low-energy distal radius fractures may not be higher than that of the control, osteoporosis should be evaluated especially in younger postmenopausal patients to prevent other osteoporotic hip and/or spine fractures.     

Complex Segregation Analysis Accounting for GxE of Bone Mineral Density in European Pedigrees Selected Through a Male Proband with Low BMD

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Factors Related to Decreased Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Cancer Survivors

The risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia is known to increase after childhood cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patterns of bone mineral density (BMD) and to identify factors related to the decreased BMD in childhood cancer survivors. We studied 78 patients (34 boys, 44 girls) treated for childhood cancer. Twenty (25.7%) patients had lumbar BMD (LBMD) standard deviation score (SDS) lower than -2. Nineteen (24.4%) patients had femur neck BMD (FNBMD) SDS lower than -2. The patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had lower LBMD SDS (-1.17 ± 1.39 vs -0.43 ± 1.33, P = 0.025). The risk of having LBMD SDS < -2 was higher in the patients treated with glucocorticoid (GC) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (36.6% vs 13.5%; odds ratio [OR], 3.7; P = 0.020). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, longer duration of GC treatment for GVHD (OR, 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.20) and lower body mass index (BMI) SDS (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36-0.95) were associated with decreased LBMD SDS. These findings suggest that prolonged GC use and reduction in BMI are risk factors for decreased BMD in childhood cancer survivors. Anticipatory follow-up and appropriate treatment are necessary, especially for the patients with risk factors.     

Low handgrip strength is associated with low bone mineral density and fragility fractures in postmenopausal healthy Korean women

Osteoporosis is a widely recognized health problem in postmenopausal women. Osteoporotic fractures reduce independency, limit daily living activities, and increase the mortality rate. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that low handgrip strength is a risk factor for functional limitations and disabilities, and all-cause mortality. We investigated the relationship between handgrip strength and bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine, femur neck, and total hip, as well the relationship between handgrip strength and previous fragility fractures in 337 healthy postmenopausal Korean women (mean age of 59.5 ± 6.8 yr) who were free of diseases or medications affecting bone metabolism. Age and handgrip strength were associated with BMD of the spine, femur neck, and total hip in multiple regression models. Low handgrip strength (odds ratio [OR], 0.925; range, 0.877 to 0.975; P = 0.004) and low femur neck BMD (OR, 0.019; range, 0.001 to 0.354; P = 0.008) were independent predictors of previous fragility fractures in a multiple regression model. Our results demonstrate that low handgrip strength is associated with low BMD of the spine, femur neck, and total hip, and with increased risk of previous fragility fractures.     

绝经早期妇女血清PINP、ICTP和OC水平与骨密度的关系

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density in Korean HIV-Infected Patients: Impact of Abacavir and Zidovudine

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is common in HIV-infected patients. We aimed to describe the prevalence of low BMD and risk factors in Korean HIV-infected patients and to assess the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on BMD. We retrospectively evaluated 224 HIV infected-patients. The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were 41.5% and 12.9%. These were much higher in 53 patients aged 50 yr and older (52.8% and 34.0%). Older age, lower body mass index, and ART > 3 months were independent risk factors for low BMD. Osteoporosis was more prevalent in patients on the abacavir-based regimen for < 1 yr than ≥ 1 yr; however, it was more prevalent in patients on the zidovudine-based regimen for ≥ 1 yr than < 1 yr (P = 0.017). Osteoporosis in patients on the abacavir-based regimen was more common in the spine than in the femur (P = 0.01). Given such a high prevalence of low BMD, close monitoring of BMD for HIV-infected patients on ART is required. The different prevalence of osteoporosis over time and affected areas between two regimens suggest they may play roles in different mechanisms in bone loss.     

Influence of Obesity on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Asthma Patients Undergoing Treatment with Inhaled Corticosteroids

OBJECTIVES:

The etiology of osteoporosis in asthma is complex as various factors contribute to its pathogenesis. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of obesity and inhaled steroids, as well as the severity and duration of asthma, on osteoporosis in postmenopausal asthma patients as compared to healthy controls.

METHODS:

A total of 46 patients with asthma and 60 healthy female controls, all postmenopausal, were enrolled in our study. Bone mineral density was assessed at the lumbar spine and hip using a Lunar DPX-L densitometer.

RESULTS:

Bone mineral density (BMD) scores were comparable between the asthmatic and control groups, with average scores of 0.95 ± 0.29 and 0.88 ± 0.14 g/cm², respectively. Likewise, osteoporosis was diagnosed in a similar percentage of patients in the asthmatic (39.1%) and control (43.3%) groups. Bone fracture was identified in four patients with asthma (8.6%) and in six patients from the control group (10%). We could not detect any relationship between BMD and duration of asthma, asthma severity, inhaled steroids or body mass index (BMI). There was no difference between the two groups with respect to age or years since menopause. Although asthma patients were more likely to be overweight and presented higher BMD scores on average than the control subjects, these differences were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is a slight positive protective effect of high BMI against osteoporosis in asthma patients, but this effect is overcome by time and menopause status. Therefore, the protective effect of obesity against osteoporosis in asthma patients seems to not be significant.     

奎屯市妊娠妇女骨密度检测分析

目的：超声骨密度检测仪检测妊娠各期桡骨远端骨密度。方法在奎屯市妇幼保健院围产期保健门诊进行检查的430例各期孕妇进行骨密度测量,同时段选取100正常健康妇女作对照。结果各个孕期骨密度较对照组明显下降P<0.05,各个孕期骨密度之间呈明显负相关。结论妊娠妇女中晚期骨密度明显的下降。通过超声骨密度检测仪的检测,可以很好的了解妇女孕期的骨钙代谢情况,科学合理的指导孕妇营养保健,保障母婴安全。     

Factors Associated with Low Bone Density in Opioid Substitution Therapy Patients: A Systematic Review

Background: Long-term opioid therapy is a risk factor for low bone mineral density (BMD). However, other factors may also contribute to low BMD. Several studies have examined the variables that might contribute to low BMD in patients receiving opioid replacement therapy (OST). However, to our knowledge, there was no systemic review conducted to address this particular issue. Thus, we reviewed the articles on the factors associated with low BMD in the population of opioid use disorder receiving substitution therapy.Methods: The articles that examined correlates or risk factors of low BMD in OST population were retrieved from OVID, SCOPUS, and PUBMED from inception until July 2020 by two independent investigators.Results: A total of 429 articles from three databases were retrieved initially. After screening based on eligibility criteria, five articles were included in the final analysis. The risk factors or correlates found to be significantly associated with low BMD in the OST population include male gender, low body mass index, low testosterone level, methadone or heroin use, and longer duration of heavy alcohol use. The review limitations include small sample sizes and inconsistent definition of variables.Conclusion: OST patients should be screened for BMD and its associated factors. Guidelines and training of practitioners involving in the OST service should be provided to increase the detection of low BMD in the OST population.     

Correlation of Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin (ucOC) Concentration and Bone Density with Age in Healthy Korean Women

Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is important in evaluating vitamin K status and it is inversely associated with bone mineral density (BMD). We studied the correlationship between ucOC and BMD in healthy Korean women. This study recruited 337 healthy women between ages 20-70 were recruited. Serum ucOC, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, body mass index (BMI), and BMD were measured and compared. Mean BMI was lowest (20.3±1.9 kg/m²) in the 20 yr old group and highest (24.8±2.6 kg/m²) in the 60 yr old group. Women age 20-70 yr old had ucOC inversely related to BMD independent of other factors that may influence BMD. Serum ucOC concentration and BMD of lumbar spine showed a significant inverse relationship. Serum mean alkaline phosphatase was lowest (122±30 IU/L) in the age 30 group and highest (190.3±55.8 IU/L) in the age 60 group. Serum ucOC was inversely associated with BMI, and positively associated with alkaline phosphatase. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) was inversely associated with spinal BMD in healthy Korean women. Serum mean ucOC was highest in the age 20 group, followed by age 50 group, which may indicate vitamin K insufficiency could be related to high bone turnover in these groups. These results suggest that vitamin K supplement may be considered to help both bone growth and bone loss during these periods.     

2型糖尿病患者六项性激素与骨密度的相关性研究

探讨2型糖尿病男性患者六项性激素水平与骨密度(BMD)的关系.应用RIA检测49例男性2型糖尿病患者和46例男性非糖尿病患者血清促卵泡生成激素(FSH)、促黄体生成激素(LH)、垂体泌乳素(PRL)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)和睾酮(T)的水平;用双能X线吸收法测定患者桡骨远端BMD,并按其BMD值分为骨质疏松(OP)组、骨量减少(L)组和骨量正常(N)组.结果显示,2型糖尿病组中BMD明显低于非糖尿病组,有显著差异(P＜0.05);在糖尿病组OP患者FSH、LH、PRL水平升高,E2、T、P水平降低,与非糖尿病组OP者比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);与BMD相关因素进行直线回归分析显示:OP患者BMD与FSH、LH、PRL水平呈显著负相关,与T、E2、P水平呈正相关.作者认为男性2型糖尿病患者伴有骨量丢失与垂体-性腺轴功能失衡有关,性腺激素缺乏更容易患骨质疏松.     

甲亢患者骨矿物含量与血清PTH、BGP和CT的关系

为探讨甲亢患者骨矿物含量(BMD)与血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、骨钙素(BGP)和降钙素(CT)的关系,以167例甲亢患者为甲亢组,58名正常人为对照组,测定两组BMD和用RIA测定血清BGP、PTH、CT.结果表明,甲亢组的BMD(0.52±0.21g/cm2)和 CT(70.3±12.9ng/L)比正常组(0.79±0.36g/cm2, 102.7±27.4ng/L)下降(P＜0.01).甲亢组血清PTH(30.4±9.6ng/L)和BGP(12.6±4.1μg/L)比对照组(22.8±8.1ng/L,6.3±1.1μg/L)升高(P＜0.01).本文提示,甲亢患者的BMD与血清PTH、BGP、CT水平有关.     

Fracture Risk and Its Prevention Patterns in Korean Patients with Polymyalgia Rheumatica: a Retrospective Cohort Study

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Effects of Body Composition, Leptin, and Adiponectin on Bone Mineral Density in Prepubertal Girls

Body weight is positively associated with bone mineral density but the relationship between obesity and bone mineral density is unclear. Leptin and adiponectin are potential independent contributors to bone mineral density. We assessed the correlations of body composition, leptin and adiponectin with bone mineral density, and whether leptin, adiponectin and body composition determine bone mineral density independently in prepubertal girls. Forty-eight prepubertal girls were classified into obese and control groups by body mass index. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy radiography absorptiometry and body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Lean and fat mass, and leptin were positively correlated with bone mineral density. Lean mass was a positive independent predictor of femoral and L-spine bone mineral density. Serum leptin was a postivie independent predictor of femoral bone mineral density. Fat mass was a negative independent predictor of femoral bone mineral density. In prepubertal girls, lean mass has a favorable effect on bone mineral density. Fat mass seems not to protect the bone structure against osteoporosis, despite increased mechanical loading. Serum leptin may play a biological role in regulating bone metabolism.     

健康女性不同部位骨密度与性激素关系研究

目的 探讨健康女性不同部位骨密度与性激素的关系。方法 对74名健康女性血雌二醇（E2）、雌三醇（E3）、睾酮（T）及前臂（Forearm）、腰椎正、侧位（TLS－A，TLS－L）、腰椎侧位中点感兴趣区（M－IALS）、髋部（TH）骨密度等指标。结果 E2以及除TH以外的其他部位的骨密度，在绝经后均有显著性下降（P均＜0．05）；TLS－L、TH、Forearm分别与E2（r=0.2986,P＜0．05）、T(r＝0．2687，P＜0．05）和E3（r＝0．3380，P＜0．05）有显著性相关。结论 不同部位骨密度与不同性激素分别有不同的相关性。