2010—2019年中国汉族9～18岁学生校内体育活动时间趋势分析

目的 分析2010—2019年中国汉族9～18岁学生校内体育活动时间1 h报告率的变化趋势。方法 选取2010—2019年3次全国学生体质与健康调研中9～18岁的汉族学生为研究对象，共纳入503 905人进行研究。采用χ2检验和Cochran-Armitage趋势检验比较各年份不同特征学生校内体育活动时间1h报告率的差异，以及学生校内体育活动时间1 h报告率在年度间的差异和变化趋势。采用log-binomial回归模型，计算2010年和2019年相对于2014年校内体育活动时间1 h报告率的现患比(prevalence ratio,PR)值。计算校内体育活动时间1 h报告率年均增长值。结果 中国汉族9～18岁学生校内体育活动时间1h报告率总体呈现上升趋势，在2010年时为22.69%，在2014年时上升为25.96%，最终上升至2019年的41.36%。2010年、2014年和2019年男生(25.33%、28.55%、43.06%)校内体育活动时间1 h报告率均高于女生(20.06%、23.38%、39.66%)(χ²=660.87、598.65、195.27，...     

2010—2019年中国7～18岁汉族儿童青少年近视的流行趋势

目的分析2010—2019年中国汉族7～18岁儿童青少年近视的流行趋势。方法利用2010、2014和2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 分别将213 833、212 742和209 942名7～18岁汉族儿童青少年纳入研究。采用χ2检验比较不同特征汉族儿童青少年近视检出率的差异, 采用logistic回归比较7～18岁12个年龄组儿童青少年近视检出率在不同调查年度间差异, 采用多项式回归模型拟合2010—2019年汉族儿童青少年近视增长速度模型, 分析近视检出率变化速度在不同年龄组间的差异。结果 2019年中国汉族7～18岁儿童青少年总体近视检出率为60.1%, 近视检出率城市高于乡村(62.7%比57.4%), 女生高于男生(63.5%比56.7%)(均P<0.001)。2019年各省(市、区)近视检出率差异较大, 最低为贵州(49.6%), 最高为浙江(71.3%)。2010—2019年间中国汉族儿童青少年整体近视检出率呈现上升趋势, 从2010年的55.5%, 上升到2014年的57.1%, 最终上升至2019年的60.1%, 城乡儿童青少年近视检出率差距逐渐缩小;20...     

中国9～18岁儿童青少年不健康生活方式与心理困扰的关联研究

目的分析我国儿童青少年不健康生活方式与心理困扰的关联。方法利用2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 选择心理困扰量表信息及生活方式信息完整的9～18岁汉族儿童青少年120 285名, 其中男生58 432名, 女生61 853名。心理困扰通过凯斯勒心理困扰量表(K10)测量, 同时采用问卷调查体育锻炼及久坐情况、饮食和睡眠情况等生活方式。采用t检验比较男女生的K10评分, 采用χ2检验比较其心理困扰情况;采用logistic回归分析影响高心理困扰的生活方式因素, 采用多元线性回归分析K10评分与生活方式得分的变化关系。结果 2019年我国9～18岁汉族儿童青少年的K10评分为21.25±7.35, 女生的K10评分(21.43±7.35)高于男生(21.06±7.36), 差异有统计学意义(t=8.72, P<0.001);高心理困扰率为29.81%, 女生高心理困扰率(31.08%)高于男生(28.46%), 差异有统计学意义(χ2=98.54, P<0.001)。56.10%的儿童青少年总体生活方式不健康, 女生(58.77%)高于男生(53.27%), 差异有统计学...     

中国9～18岁儿童青少年心理困扰流行现状

目的描述2019年中国9～18岁儿童青少年心理困扰流行情况, 并分析其影响因素。方法使用2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 纳入148 892名9～18岁汉族儿童青少年。使用凯斯勒心理困扰量表(K10)评分对心理困扰进行测量:≤19、20～、25～、≥30分别表示无、轻度、中度、重度心理困扰(中度和重度心理困扰合称高心理困扰)。使用方差分析、t检验和χ2检验比较不同特征儿童青少年K10评分和高心理困扰率的差异, 使用方差分析和趋势χ2检验分析趋势, 使用修正泊松回归模型分析高心理困扰的影响因素。结果 2019年中国9～18岁儿童青少年K10评分为21.5±9.2, 高心理困扰率为31.6%。9～、13～、16～18岁儿童青少年的高心理困扰率分别为22.3%、35.9%和38.8%, 随着年龄升高其K10评分和高心理困扰率均呈上升趋势(趋势检验均P<0.001)。年龄较高、女生、乡村、中低人均GDP水平地区、父/母亲文化程度较低儿童青少年高心理困扰率更高(均P<0.001)。多因素修正泊松回归模型分析显示, 13～15岁、16～18岁、女生、乡村和中低人均GDP水平地区的...     

中国13～18岁儿童青少年体质水平及其与心理困扰的关联研究

目的描述2019年中国13～18岁儿童青少年的体质水平, 并且分析其与心理困扰之间的关联。方法使用2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 研究对象为90 633名13～18岁汉族儿童青少年。按照《国家学生体质健康标准》(2014年修订)对测量的体质指标进行评价。根据凯斯勒心理困扰量表的得分对心理困扰程度进行判定:≤19、20～、25～、≥30分别表示无、轻度、中度、重度心理困扰, 中度和重度心理困扰合称高心理困扰。使用χ2检验比较性别差异, 采用Cochran-Armitage检验分析趋势, 建立混合效应模型中的无序多分类logistic回归模型分析体质水平与心理困扰程度的关联。结果 2019年中国13～18岁儿童青少年体质不及格率为17.2%;优良率为18.2%, 男生体质优良率(15.9%)低于女生(20.5%), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。体质优良率随年龄的增加呈降低的趋势(趋势检验P<0.05)。2019年中国13～18岁儿童青少年高心理困扰率为39.3%, 男生高心理困扰率(37.0%)低于女生(41.6%), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05), 且...     

2010—2019年中国7～18岁汉族儿童青少年营养不良的流行趋势

目的分析2010—2019年中国7～18岁汉族儿童青少年营养不良的流行趋势。方法利用2010、2014和2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 分别将215 102、214 268和212 713名7～18岁汉族儿童青少年纳入研究。采用国家卫生标准《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准》判定营养不良, 计算7～18岁汉族儿童青少年的营养不良检出率, 并分析2010—2019年营养不良检出率的趋势。结果 2019年中国7～18岁汉族学生的营养不良检出率为8.64%(18 381/212 713), 其中生长迟缓、中重度消瘦及轻度消瘦分别为0.50%(1 062/212 713)、3.25%(6 914/212 713)和4.89%(10 405/212 713)。2019年7～18岁男生营养不良检出率高于女生(9.97%比7.31%), 乡村地区检出率高于城市(9.30%比7.98%), 7～9岁、10～12岁、13～15岁和16～18岁4个年龄段的检出率分别为9.74%(5 252/53 916)、8.17%(4 408/53 937)、7.29%(3 885/53 310)、9.38%(4...     

宁夏儿童青少年体育锻炼行为及相关因素社会生态模型分析

目的 了解2019年宁夏9～18岁儿童青少年体育锻炼行为及其影响因素,从社会生态模型出发为促进儿童青少年体育锻炼提供建议。方法 基于2019年“全国学生体质与健康调研”中宁夏地区12 018名9～18岁儿童青少年数据,以社会生态模型4个层次为依据对调查问题进行赋分。结果 儿童青少年每日体育锻炼时长不足1 h人数占55.97%。个人、人际关系、社会环境、政策4个层次的因素均与儿童青少年参与运动时长相关(r值分别为-0.01,0.01,-0.08,0.04,P值均<0.01),且个人因素对儿童青少年行为的影响占主导地位。逐步线性回归分析结果显示,个人因素中运动使我健康、我没有足够的时间、肌力锻炼,人际关系中我没有运动伙伴、运动使我认识伙伴,政策中每周体育课数、一学年运动会数、平均每日课间操数都与儿童青少年的体育活动时长相关(B=-0.05～0.16,P值均<0.01)。结论 宁夏儿童青少年体育锻炼不足,其行为发生是多种因素共同作用的结果。应结合社会生态模型全方位、多样化干预,以促进儿童青少年体育锻炼行为习惯的形成。     

中国13～18岁儿童青少年体育锻炼对超重/肥胖与心理困扰关联的修饰作用研究

目的分析我国儿童青少年超重/肥胖与心理困扰的关联及体育锻炼的修饰作用。方法利用2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据中汉族儿童青少年, 基于超重/肥胖、心理困扰评估和体育锻炼变量信息完全者, 最终纳入95 280名13～18岁儿童青少年, 使用凯斯勒心理困扰量表测量其心理困扰, 以评分≥25判定为高心理困扰, 根据中国《WS/T 586-2018学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》标准进行BMI分组, 包括消瘦、正常、超重和肥胖, 采用WHO标准评价个体的BMI Z评分(BMIZ), 并依据人群百分位数分布平均划分为10组, 通过问卷收集调查对象平均每日体育锻炼时间, 并划分为<1 h组和≥1 h组。采用logistic回归模型分析儿童青少年超重/肥胖与高心理困扰之间的关联, 以及在不同体育锻炼时间组中的关联差异。结果 2019年13～18岁汉族儿童青少年超重、肥胖检出率分别为14.5%和7.6%, 高心理困扰率为37.6%, 平均每日体育锻炼的时间≥1 h的比例为17.1%。以BMIZP90组人群高心理困扰概率增加,...     

中国9～18岁儿童青少年首次遗精/月经初潮与心理困扰的关联研究

目的分析中国9～18岁汉族儿童青少年首次遗精/月经初潮的发生与心理困扰情况的关联。方法使用2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 共选取首次遗精/月经初潮和心理困扰情况记录资料完整的11～18岁男生54 438名和9～18岁女生76 376名。是否发生首次遗精/月经初潮由内科医生询问记录, 心理困扰程度根据凯斯勒心理困扰量表得分判定。使用χ2检验比较各年龄组心理困扰率和首次遗精/月经初潮发生率的差异、采用多因素logistic回归模型分层分析各年龄组男女生存在心理困扰与发生首次遗精/月经初潮的关联。结果 2019年中国男生8个年龄组首次遗精发生率为6.3%～96.5%, 女生10个年龄组月经初潮发生率为2.8%～99.0%, 男女生高心理困扰率分别为32.5%和32.7%。11～18岁男生中, 高心理困扰率随年龄增加而升高, 趋势检验P<0.001, 各年龄组已出现与未出现首次遗精者高心理困扰率差异无统计学意义。9～18岁女生中, 高心理困扰率随年龄增加而升高, 趋势检验P<0.001, 10岁及12岁已出现月经初潮组高心理困扰率高于未出现月经初潮组, 差异有统计学意义(均...     

1985—2019年中国7～18岁儿童青少年超重与肥胖的流行趋势及预测研究

目的分析1985—2019年中国7～18岁儿童青少年超重与肥胖流行趋势并进行预测。方法利用 1985、1995、2000、2005、2010、2014、2019年的七次全国学生体质与健康调研数据进行分析, 分别纳入 409 945、204 931、209 209、234 420、215 317、214 353和212 711名7～18 岁儿童青少年。根据中国肥胖问题工作组的《中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准》判定儿童超重与肥胖, 计算7～18岁儿童青少年超重与肥胖的检出率及年均增长值, 采用ArcGis 10.6软件分析2019年不同地区儿童青少年超重与肥胖检出率的差异;采用多项式回归模型对1985—2019年的儿童青少年超重和仅肥胖检出率和年均增长值进行拟合, 并预测7～18 岁儿童青少年超重与肥胖检出率的发展趋势。结果 2019年中国7～18岁儿童青少年超重与肥胖检出率为23.4%, 仅肥胖检出率为9.6%, 超重与肥胖检出率城市高于乡村(25.4%比21.5%), 男生高于女生(28.4%比18.4%)(均P<0.001)。2019年各省份超重与肥胖检出率...     

Exploring the effect of risk and benefit information provision on vaccination decision-making

In the era in which people are bombarded with misinformation about vaccination, research regarding the degree to which various types of risk or benefit information affect perceptions of vaccines and intentions to vaccinate is critical. The present research utilizes a robust methodology to quantify the extent to which risk and benefit information affects vaccination intentions. Our work demonstrates an inverse relationship between the perceived risks and benefits of a vaccine. By providing information about either risks or benefits of a vaccine, our findings suggest that we can change one's perception of both the risks and benefits of the vaccine. Considering that the main cognitive barriers to vaccination are related to concerns about efficacy and safety, our results suggest that vaccine messages can be framed to address the audience's main concerns, whether it be about the low efficacy of the vaccine or its safety, knowing that both frames would carry similar outcomes.     

Comparisons of physiological and perceptual responses in healthy men and women during standardized arm cranking and task-specific pushing–pulling

Objective: Peak cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses in healthy men (n=11) and women (n=11) were compared during two different upper body exercise modes: standardized arm cranking and task-specific pushing–pulling. Methods: Each subject completed to volitional exhaustion both an incremental arm cranking and a pushing–pulling exercise continuously, in a random order, on two separate days. Physiological responses were monitored using an automated metabolic cart and a heart rate monitor, and the rating of perceived exertion was obtained using a 15-point Borg Scale. Results: Peak oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilation rate were higher and total exercise time to exhaustion was lower during arm cranking compared to pushing–pulling (P<0.05). However, heart rate was similar between exercise modes (P>0.05). Men showed greater physiological responses (absolute oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and ventilation rate) and longer exercise time to exhaustion than women (P<0.05). Power output during arm cranking was higher (by 79%) than pushing–pulling (P<0.01), with men demonstrating 30% greater values during both exercise modes (P<0.01). The lower power output generated during pushing–pulling resulted in a greater ratio of peak oxygen uptake to power output (by 72%; P<0.05). Interestingly, although power output and oxygen uptake were lower at the maximal workload, perceived exertion was higher (by 5%) during pushing–pulling (P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the physiological differences, pushing–pulling is found to be metabolically less efficient than arm cranking. However, greater ratings of perceived exertion during pushing–pulling implies that the perception of effort can also be influenced by a low intensity task, such as pushing–pulling, if performed for a prolonged period. Occupational health professionals should be aware of the limitations of utilizing physiological and perceptual responses obtained only from standardized ergometric protocols in predicting the workers’ performance effectiveness.     

住院患者满意度影响因素分析

探索研究影响住院患者满意度的根本因素,揭示患者满意度、感知质量与感知控制之间的内在关系。即感知控制正向影响感知质量和满意度,感知质量正向影响满意度,感知控制水平高能够降低感知质量对满意度的敏感程度,以期为医院管理者在改进医疗卫生服务质量,提升患者满意度水平方面提供新思路。     

医科大学女生对锻炼之益外与锻炼之障碍的认知情况分析

目的研究女大学生对锻炼之益处（体育锻炼对人体的种种益处）与锻炼之障碍（各种阻碍人们进行锻炼的因素）的认知情况。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,在中山医科大学抽取２１７名女大学生进行问卷调查。结果女大学生对锻炼之益处的认知程度（２．９８）高于对锻炼之障碍的认知程度（２．０３）。在前中,生理表现方面的益处被认知的程度（３．０８）最高,而后中,锻炼因素被认知的程度（２．１５）最高。结论锻炼之益处与锻炼之     

Perceived deprivation, restrained eating and susceptibility to weight gain

Perceived deprivation describes a feeling of not eating what or as much as one would like, despite being in energy balance. This construct was previously found to correlate with the Restraint Scale in obese binge eaters and current dieters [Timmerman, G. M., & Gregg, E. K. (2003). Dieting, perceived deprivation, and preoccupation with food. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25(4), 405-418]. The current study examined perceived deprivation and restraint in 66 normal weight college females with no history of eating disorders. Perceived deprivation was significantly correlated with restraint generally and with dietary concern in particular; this relationship was due to perceived limits on what, rather than how much, food was eaten. This relationship may have important implications for understanding the motivation underlying restrained eaters' aberrant eating behaviors and the nature of their susceptibility to weight gain.     

Differences in self-reported perceived and objective measures of duration and intensity of physical activity for adults in skiing

The effect of physical activity (PA) on health is well documented. The assessment of PA is a valuable and important issue, however, there are several methodological issues among the available methods of measurement that may have implications for the prevention of specific diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between an objective method of measurement and the subjective estimation of the PA for novice skiers. Seventy-five students aged 19–21 years old with no previous experience in ski participated in this study. Participants wore a heart rate monitor during practice in order to record the exercise intensity. Simultaneously, a trained observer recorded their time on task. A day after the objective measurement, the participants filled a questionnaire in order to estimate their perceived exertion during practice as well as their perceived time on task. The results showed (1) differences between the observed time on task and the perceived recalled time, (2) no differences overall between the recorded and perceived recalled intensity of exercise but when groups were split according to their objective intensity a difference was found for each group respectively. Participants overall had overestimated the time on task, but they had underestimated the intensity of their effort recalled 1 day after their practice. These results raise the question whether a questionnaire as method of measuring PA is reliable, especially when it is used to estimate energy expenditure. However, further studies must be made in order to examine the implications of such a question.     

Do Neighborhood Economic Characteristics,Racial Composition,and Residential Stability Predict Perceptions of Stress Associated with the Physical and Social Environment? Findings from a Multilevel Analysis in Detroit

As the body of evidence linking disparities in the health of urban residents to disparate social, economic and environmental contexts grows, efforts to delineate the pathways through which broader social and economic inequalities influence health have burgeoned. One hypothesized pathway connects economic and racial and ethnic inequalities to differentials in stress associated with social and physical environments, with subsequent implications for health. Drawing on data from Detroit, Michigan, we examined contributions of neighborhood-level characteristics (e.g., poverty rate, racial and ethnic composition, residential stability) and individual-level characteristics (e.g., age, gender) to perceived social and physical environmental stress. We found that neighborhood percent African American was positively associated with perceptions of both social and physical environmental stress; neighborhood percent poverty and percent Latino were positively associated with perceived physical environmental stress; and neighborhood residential stability was negatively associated with perceived social environmental stress. At the individual level, whites perceived higher levels of both social and physical environmental stress compared to African American residents of the same block groups, after accounting for other variables included in the models. Our findings suggest the importance of understanding and addressing contributions of neighborhood structural characteristics to perceptions of neighborhood stress. The consistency of the finding that neighborhood racial composition and individual-level race influence perceptions of both social and physical environments suggests the continuing importance of understanding the role played by structural conditions and by personal and collective histories that vary systematically by race and ethnicity within the United States.     

Neighborhood physical activity opportunities for inner-city children and youth

The purpose of this study was to assess perceived physical activity (PA) opportunities and barriers for inner-city youth. Data were collected via interviews with 59 children, 8 school staff, and 13 youth workers plus objective neighborhood data. Analyses revealed three themes that influenced PA: neighborhood characteristics, family involvement, and adult-supervised programs. The neighborhood was highly walkable and multiple play spaces were available, but safety concerns restricted access. Children were rarely allowed out alone, but family accompaniment facilitated PA. Organized programs provided adult-supervised PA, but programs faced staffing problems that served to limit the provision of PA opportunities. Multiple ecological factors constrain or enable PA among inner-city youth.     

Knowledge and perceived risk of smoking-related conditions: a survey of cigarette smokers

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that smokers minimize the personal health risk of smoking. Smokers may not be aware of the various smoking-related disease risks or believe that they are susceptible to them. METHODS: We presented 537 adult treatment-seeking smokers with a list of 34 medical conditions, of which 25 were smoking-related conditions, and 9 were nonsmoking-related items. Subjects were asked to identify which medical conditions were smoking-related, and to rate their perceived risk (using a 7-point Likert scale) of developing various smoking-related conditions if they continued to smoke. RESULTS: The average percentage of knowledge items correct for each disease category included cardiovascular (93%), pulmonary (94%), oral health diseases (89%), smoking-related cancers (71%), and reproductive risks (44%). Premature death was identified as a risk by 95% of smokers yet only 63.5% reported that disability could also result from smoking. Knowledge was associated with perceived risk of smoking-related illnesses across disease categories. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge and perceived risk of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oral disease was high among current smokers; knowledge and perceived risk of reproductive-related problems, and cancers other than lung cancer was much lower. Smokers recognize that smoking may result in premature death, but are less likely to acknowledge that smoking could result in a disability significantly affecting their quality of life.     

Factors influencing vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in three informal settlements in Lusaka,Zambia

IntroductionHeterogeneous coverage threatens to compromise the effectiveness of immunization programs in Zambia. Demand-creation initiatives are needed to address this; however, there is incomplete understanding of why vaccine coverage is suboptimal. We investigated overarching perceptions on vaccine acceptability, hesitancy, and accessibility at three informal settlements in Lusaka, Zambia.MethodsNested within a cholera vaccination uptake study, we sought to understand overarching perceptions on vaccines’ hesitancy in three informal settlements in Lusaka, Zambia. We conducted 48 focus group discussions with a convenience sample of laypersons, lay healthcare workers, neighbourhood health committee members and vaccinators.ResultsBoth laypersons and community-based health actors reported high vaccine acceptance though several sources of hesitancy were reported. Traditional remedies, alcohol use and religious beliefs emerged as drivers of vaccine hesitancy, likely reinforced by a background of distrust towards western medicine. Also mentioned were previous adverse events, fear of injections and low perceived need for immunization. Limited understanding of how vaccines work and overlapping local terms for vaccine and other medical concepts created confusion and inaccurate views and expectations. Some reported refusing injections to avoid pain and perceived risk of infection. Discussants emphasised the importance of education and preferred mobile immunization campaigns, with weekend to reach those with poor access and delivered by a combination of professional and volunteer workers.ConclusionsVaccine hesitancy in Zambia is underpinned by many factors including personal experiences with vaccinations, alternative belief models, limited knowledge, deep misunderstanding about how vaccines work, and barriers to access. To overcome these, community-driven models that incorporate factual communication by professionals and operate outside of traditional hours, may help. Better research to understand community preferences for vaccine uptake could inform interventions to improve immunization coverage in Zambia.