Development of weight gain charts for healthy Egyptian pregnant women

A prospective study was conducted to develop weight gain charts for healthy Egyptian pregnant women and to determine the relationship between different anthropometric indicators and favorable birth weight. A total of 830 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. The mean total weight gain was 9.3 kg. The velocity growth chart that were developed for weight gain showed that the increment of weight was about one kg up to the 4th gestational month, then, a steady increase of 0.37 kg per week till the end of pregnancy. The mean total gain in mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was 0.8 cm and in triceps skin fold was 1.9 mm. There was a highly positive correlation between all anthropometric indicators studied and the birth weight. However only total weight gain and weight of the mother at first trimester showed significant relation with birth weight after using multi regression analysis. It is recommended to use the developed weight gain charts for monitoring the nutritional status of pregnant women and the MUAC and triceps skin folds are to be used for screening women at risk for malnutrition.     

Gestational weight gain and prepregnancy weight influence postpartum weight retention in a cohort of brazilian women

The objective of the study was to test the association between gestational weight gain, reproductive factors, and postpartum weight retention based on a cohort conducted with 405 women aged 18-45 y with follow-up waves at 0.5, 2, 6, and 9 mo postpartum. The outcome variable, postpartum weight retention, was calculated as the difference between the measured weight at each visit minus the prepregnancy weight. We estimated the statistical associations between the outcome variable and potential explanatory covariates of interest by fitting a longitudinal mixed-effects model. Women with gestational weight gain above the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) retained significantly more weight than women with weight gain within or below the recommendations, independently of prepregnancy BMI [weight (kg)/height (m(2))] or body fat at baseline. Women with the highest gestational weight gain and with body fat >/=30 g/100 g at baseline had the highest likelihood of developing maternal obesity. The final longitudinal model showed that 35% of each kilogram of weight gained during pregnancy was retained 9 mo postpartum, even after adjustment for age, prepregnancy BMI, body fat at baseline, and years since first parturition. Each unit of increase in prepregnancy BMI was associated with a decrease of -0.51 kg in postpartum weight retention. In conclusion, gestational weight gain was one of the most important predictors for postpartum weight retention and must be monitored systematically with the aim of preventing postpartum obesity and the diseases that follow.     

Reasons for attending dental-care services in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

OBJECTIVE: To determine why patients attend dental-care facilities in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and to improve understanding of the capacity of oral health-care services in urban west Africa. METHODS: We studied a randomly selected sample of patients attending 15 dental-care facilities in Ouagadougou over a 1-year period in 2004. Data were collected using a simple daily record form. FINDINGS: From a total of 44,975 patients, the final sample was established at 14,591 patients, of whom 55.4% were new patients and 44.6% were "booking patients". Most patients seeking care (71.9%) were aged 15-44 years. Nongovernmental not-for-profit dental services were used by 41.5% of all patients, 36% attended private dental-care services, and 22.5% of patients visited public services. The most common complaint causing the patient to seek dental-care services was caries with pulpal involvement (52.4%), and 60% of all complaints were associated with pain. The patients' dental-care requirements were found to differ significantly according to sex, health insurance coverage and occupation. CONCLUSION: Urban district health authorities should ensure provision of primary health-care services, at the patients' first point of contact, which are directed towards the relief of pain. In addition to the strengthening of outreach emergency care, health centres should also contribute to the implementation of community-based programmes for the prevention of oral disease and the promotion of oral health. Exchange of experiences from alternative oral health-care systems relevant to developing countries is urgently needed for tackling the growing burden of oral disease.     

Predictors and outcomes of excess gestational weight gain among low-income pregnant women

Low-income women were interviewed and their post-natal records were retrieved (n = 160) to assess prevalence of excess gestational weight gain and its socio-demographic predictors. More than half of the women (64%) gained excess weight during pregnancy, with an average of 10 lbs in excess of Institute of Medicine guidelines. Logistic regression indicated that women that started pregnancy at an obese body mass index; who were African American or having an unplanned pregnancy were at significant risk of gaining excess weight in pregnancy. Intervention to prevent excess weight gain during pregnancy is critical in addressing obesity epidemic in the United States and worldwide.     

A single gestational weight gain recommendation is possible for all classes of pregnant women with obesity

ObjectivesObesity is a known risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, appropriate gestational weight gain (GWG) may mitigate these risks. We investigated whether the singular 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) GWG guidelines were appropriate for all women with obesity, or whether separate recommendations were needed by class.MethodsThis cross-sectional study of pregnant women with obesity used 2014 U.S. birth certificate data (N=646,642) and included only term pregnancies. Adjusted log-binomial regression models examined the relative risk of adverse maternal, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes for pregnant women with class I–III obesity who: lost weight during pregnancy, gained below IOM guidelines, or gained above IOM guidelines, compared to women who gained within IOM guidelines.ResultsMost women (55.1; 95% CI: 55.0-55.3) gained above IOM guidelines. As BMI severity increased, significantly fewer women had excessive GWG (Class I: 61.6%, 95% CI: 61.4-61.7; II: 50.7%, 95% CI: 50.4-50.9; III: 41.1%, 95% CI: 40.8-41.4). All classes of women with obesity who lost weight during pregnancy or gained below had a significantly decreased risk for caesarean delivery (RR (95% CI) class I: 0.92 (0.90-0.94); II: 0.91 (0.89-0.93); III: 0.92 (0.90-0.93)) and large-for-gestational age (LGA) births (class I: 0.80 (0.77-0.83); II: 0.76 (0.73-0.78); III: 0.73 (0.70-0.75)), but significantly increased risk of small-for-gestational age (SGA) births (class I: 1.34 (1.26-1.43); II: 1.38 (1.28-1.49); III: 1.35 (1.24-1.46)).ConclusionThe observed pattern of association was the same for all obese classes, hence evidence supports a possible singular GWG recommendation for all women with obesity, regardless of class.     

108例孕妇孕前BMI与孕期增重情况分析

目的 探讨孕妇孕前身体质量指数、孕期体重增重、脂肪分布与新生儿出生体重之间的关系,为进一步加强孕期营养指导工作提供建议.方法 问卷调查108名孕妇的基本情况,监测孕妇孕期体重增长情况,计算孕前身体质量指数、孕中期体重增幅及脂肪分布,并记录新生儿的出生体重.结果 72%的孕妇孕前营养状况正常,但孕中期73%的孕妇体重增加超过了适宜增重标准的60%,脂肪分布>140g/cm(肥胖)者占46%,孕中期脂肪分布与孕前身体质量指数呈正相关(rs=0.368,P<0.001).在已分娩的59名新生儿中,平均出生体重为3 272.7±398.6g,有6人的出生体重≥4 000g,新生儿出生体重与孕中期脂肪分布呈负相关(rs=-0.727,P<0.001).结论 孕妇在孕中期体重增长过多,巨大儿发生比例较高,因此加强孕期的营养指导,合理膳食对母亲及其新生儿出生体重具有重要意义.     

Gestational weight gain,cesarean delivery,and cesarean delivery on maternal request: a cohort analysis of Chinese nulliparous women

PurposeTo examine the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and cesarean delivery including cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) among low-risk women.MethodsA total of 1,009,987 Chinese nulliparous women who delivered live term singletons during 1993–2010 were included. GWG, according to maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index–specified z-scores, was categorized into five groups: less than −1.2, −1.2 to less than −0.6, −0.6 to 0.6 (reference), more than 0.6 to 1.2, and more than 1.2. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsGWG was positively associated with overall cesarean and CDMR after adjusting for various confounders. Adjusted risk ratios for cesarean were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.73–0.77), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.82–0.85), 1.00, 1.16 (95% CI, 1.14–1.19), and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.29–1.35) in five ascending GWG categories, and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.67–0.73), 0.80 (95% CI, 0.78–0.82), 1.00, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.18–1.23), and 1.43 (95% CI, 1.40–1.45) for CDMR. The graded positive associations were consistent across levels of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, and in strata defined by southern and/or northern provinces, urban and/or rural residence, maternal age at delivery, year of delivery, and level of delivering hospital.ConclusionsEven among low-risk women, higher GWG was monotonically associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery, indicating that limiting GWG could benefit to curb the rate of both medically necessary and unnecessary cesareans.     

Determinants of weight gain in pregnant adolescents.

Maternal weight gain is the most important modifiable determinant of infant birth weight. Effective intervention requires an understanding of the factors that influence the amount of weight women gain during pregnancy. We studied the dietary, health, and social habits of 141 poor, black, 12- to 19-year-old prenatal patients to learn more about the determinants of weight gain among pregnant adolescents. The patients were divided into three weight gain groups: slow (n = 23): less than 0.28 kg/week; average (n = 87): 0.28-0.45 kg/week; and rapid (n = 31): more than 0.45 kg/week. The results of logistic regression analysis revealed two statistically significant predictors of slow weight gain: the consumption of fewer than three snacks per day and delayed (third trimester) enrollment in the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children. By contrast, rapid gainers were more compliant with prenatal visits and reported more depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption than did other study subjects. We conclude that attention to these modifiable correlates of inadequate and excessive weight gain may enable dietitians and other health care providers to develop more effective strategies for promoting optimal weight gain among pregnant adolescents.     

中国城区妇女孕期增重适宜值研究

目的探讨中国妇女孕期体重增长适宜值。方法选取2013年1月—2016年5月于武汉市加入同济母婴健康队列(TMCHC)的单胎足月产孕妇6998人,于孕8～16周问卷调查了解其社会人口学、既往病史等资料并测量体重及身高。分娩前测量产前体重;分娩后通过医院记录收集分娩孕周、分娩方式、妊娠合并症、新生儿性别、出生体重及身长等信息。采用限制性三次样条回归模型分别拟合孕期增重与小于胎龄儿、大于胎龄儿、低出生体重、巨大儿、剖宫产、妊娠高血压及妊娠期糖尿病发生率关系曲线,寻找各妊娠结局发生率均较低的增重范围作为同济推荐值。将孕期增重的P25～P75作为百分位数法孕期增重推荐值。采用Logistic回归模型,分别以同济和百分位数法推荐孕期增重适宜值为参照,分析孕期增重过多或不足对不良妊娠结局的影响。结果 (1)不同孕前体质指数组各种不良妊娠结局发生率较低的孕期增重范围分别为:低体重组12.0～17.0 kg、正常体重组9.0～14.0 kg、超重组7.0～11.0 kg,以此作为孕期增重的同济推荐值。百分位数法孕期增重推荐值分别为:孕前低体重组14.0～19.0 kg、正常体重组13.0～19.0 kg、超重组10.8～18.0 kg及肥胖组9.0～15.8 kg。(2)与同济增重适宜组相比,增重过多组发生不良妊娠结局的风险分别为大于胎龄儿(OR=2.94,95%CI 2.31～3.73)、巨大儿(OR=3.13,95%CI 2.38～4.13)、剖宫产(OR=1.53,95%CI 1.38～1.71)及妊娠高血压(OR=2.18,95%CI 1.50～3.17);增重不足组发生的风险为小于胎龄儿(OR=1.82,95%CI 1.32～2.53)。按百分位数法推荐值分组,相应的风险值分别为大于胎龄儿(OR=2.11,95%CI 1.76～2.54)、巨大儿(OR=2.16,95%CI 1.76～2.65)、剖宫产(OR=1.53,95%CI 1.36～1.72)、妊娠高血压(OR=1.39,95%CI 1.02～1.90)及小于胎龄儿(OR=1.60,95%CI 1.29～1.98)。结论推荐中国孕妇孕期增重分别为:孕前低体重者12.0～17.0 kg、正常体重者9.0～14.0 kg及超重者7.0～11.0 kg。     

The components of self-rated health among adults in Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso

Background

Although the relationship between self-rated health (SRH) and physical and mental health is well documented in developed countries, very few studies have analyzed this association in the developing world, particularly in Africa. In this study, we examine the associations of SRH with measures of physical and mental health (chronic diseases, functional limitations, and depression) among adults in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and how these associations vary by sex, age, and education level.

Methods

This study was based on 2195 individuals aged 15 years or older who participated in a cross-sectional interviewer-administered health survey conducted in 2010 in areas of the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations of poor SRH with chronic diseases, functional limitations, and depression, first in the whole sample and then stratified by sex, age, and education level.

Results

Poor SRH was strongly correlated with chronic diseases and functional limitations, but not with depression, suggesting that in this context, physical health probably makes up most of people’s perceptions of their health status. The effect of functional limitations on poor SRH increased with age, probably because the ability to circumvent or compensate for a disability diminishes with age. The effect of functional limitations was also stronger among the least educated, probably because physical integrity is more important for people who depend on it for their livelihood. In contrast, the effect of chronic diseases appeared to decrease with age. No variation by sex was observed in the associations of SRH with chronic diseases, functional limitations, or depression.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that different subpopulations delineated by age and education level weight the components of health differently in their self-rated health in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. In-depth studies are needed to understand why and how these groups do so.

     

Physical exercise, weight gain, and perinatal outcomes in overweight and obese pregnant women: a systematic review of clinical trials

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise on weight gain and perinatal outcomes among overweight and obese pregnant women, through a systematic review in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and SciELO. We included ten clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of exercise with or without combined diet in the control of gestational weight gain. Three studies were randomized, and methodological quality was assessed using the CONSORT 2010 Checklist, but none met all the criteria. Four studies showed weight gain differences between groups. The majority (60%) of studies showed no differences in perinatal outcomes (mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, birth weight). In conclusion, few studies confirmed the positive effect of exercise in controlling weight gain during pregnancy, thus requiring more research in this direction. Regarding perinatal outcomes, mild to moderate exercise does not appear to be decisive for perinatal outcomes, and is safe for pregnant women with overweight and obesity.     

不同体重指数孕期体重增长指导的重要性

目的:总结目前该院正常产前检查(产检)的不同体重指数孕妇妊娠期体重增长的情况,并对其妊娠结局进行分析,指出根据不同体重指数进行正确体重增长指导的重要性。方法:对2009年1月～2010年1月在该院检查及分娩的2 557例孕妇进行分析,按孕妇孕前体重指数(BMI)进行分组,计算出不同组别的孕期体重增长值,并与2009年Institute of Medicine(IOM)体重增长指南进行比较,得出超出指南建议体重的比率,并随访妊娠结局。结果:四组孕妇体重超出指南建议的比率分别为38.36%、40.77%、65.36%、63.64%。这些孕妇与正常孕妇相比,剖宫产率、妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)、产后出血的发生率均升高,差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:妊娠期提供正确的体重增长指导有着重要的意义,可以减少不良的妊娠结局,并可以减少妇女及后代肥胖症的发生。