神香苏合滴丸中龙脑的含量测定

目的 建立神香苏合滴丸中龙脑的含量测定方法.方法 采用气相色谱法,以萘为内标物,色谱柱:石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm ×0.25 μm),(HP-INNOWAX)INNO相(TM)键合聚乙二醇;氢气: 40 mL·min-1,空气:400 mL·min-1,载气:氦气;程序升温: 130～150 ℃(8 ℃·min-1),150～205 ℃(20 ℃·min-1),205～240 ℃(15 ℃·min-1,10 min),检测器:250 ℃;柱流量:1 mL·min-1.结果 分离效果较好,对照品浓度和内标物浓度比值在0.303～1.515 内呈良好线性关系,平均回收率为96.93%.结论 本文所建立的方法用于神香苏合滴丸中龙脑的含量测定,准确可行.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定理中气雾剂中龙脑的含量

目的建立毛细管气相色谱法测定理中气雾剂中龙脑的含量.方法使用聚乙二醇(PEG)-20M毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);以萘为内标,分流进样,分流比为101;柱温为100 ℃;进样口温度210 ℃,检测器温度220℃;栽气为氮气;流速为4.5 mL·min-1.结果龙脑在0.113～0.906 μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7,平均加样回收率为101.6%,RSD为1.33%.结论该方法简便,重复性好,可用于理中气雾剂中龙脑的含量测定.     

GC法同时测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量

目的:建立GC法同时测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量。方法:采用DB-WAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),氢火焰离子检测器(FID);以萘为内标;进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃,程序升温(初始温度105℃,保持3min,以3℃·min-1的速率升至140℃,再以100℃·min-1的速率升至210℃,保持5 min),分流进样,分流比2.0∶1,进样量1μL。结果:樟脑、乙酸龙脑酯浓度分别在1.81~27.18μg·m L-1和5.53~82.95μg·m L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率(n=9)分别为103.9%和105.2%。结论:本方法可用于测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量。     

GC同时测定麝香通心滴丸中龙脑、异龙脑和麝香酮的含量

摘要：目的 建立同时测定麝香通心滴丸中龙脑、异龙脑及麝香酮含量的气相色谱法。方法 色谱柱：HP-5MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm),检测器为FID检测器,检测器温度为250 ℃,进样口温度220 ℃。柱温以100 ℃为初始温度,保持2分钟,以2 ℃?min-1升温至110 ℃,保持3分钟,以50 ℃?min-1升温至205 ℃,保持7分钟,以20 ℃?min-1升温至250 ℃,保持2分钟;载气为氮气,流速为1 mL?min-1;进样方式为分流进样,分流比为10：1;进样量为1 μL,以萘为内标。结果 龙脑、异龙脑、麝香酮的浓度分别在0.05468~0.4374 mg?mL-1(r=0.9999),0.07067~0.5654 mg?mL-1(r=0.9999),0.004512~0.03610 mg?mL-1(r=0.9997)的范围内线性良好;平均回收率分别为97.91 %(RSD=2.05 %),100.79 %(RSD= 2.78 %),105.36 %(RSD=3.78 %)。结论 该方法有效可靠,可用于麝香通心滴丸中龙脑、异龙脑和麝香酮的含量测定。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定香桂化浊胶囊中桂皮醛的含量

目的建立气相色谱-质谱法测定香桂化浊胶囊中桂皮醛含量。方法采用HP-5弹性石英毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm),载气:氦气,流速:1.0 m L·min-1,分流比:50∶1,程序升温,进样量1.0μL。结果香桂化浊胶囊中桂皮醛和其他成分的分离度良好,在0.02~4.00 mg·m L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 4。桂皮醛的平均加样回收率为96.2%,RSD<2.11%。结论该方法操作简便,定量准确,适用于香桂化浊胶囊中桂皮醛的含量测定。     

GC-MS法测定虎杖膏中龙脑与异龙脑的含量

目的:建立测定虎杖膏中龙脑与异龙脑含量的方法。方法:采用气相色谱-质谱联用法。色谱柱为Agilent HP-5MS(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),程序升温,汽化室温度为260℃,载气为高纯He,流速为1mL·min-1,分流比为20:1;离子源温度为230℃,四极杆温度为150℃,电离方式为EI,进样量为2μL。结果:龙脑和异龙脑的进样量分别在0.012～0.150、0.005～0.061μg范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r均为0.9997);二者平均加样回收率分别为99.56%(RSD=2.20%,n=6)和99.79%(RSD=2.03%,n=6)。结论:本方法稳定、简便、灵敏、快速,可用于虎杖膏中龙脑与异龙脑的含量测定。     

红核妇洁洗液含量测定方法的改进

目的:对红核妇洁洗液含量测定方法进行改进.方法:建立同时测定红核妇洁洗液中糠醛、愈创木酚二组分含量的气相色谱法,采用DB-FFAP毛细管柱(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm);FID检测器;色谱条件:柱温从90℃开始以1℃·min-1升到100℃再以5℃·min-1升到140℃(保持5分钟)以20℃·min-1升到180℃(保持5分钟).进样口温度200℃、检测器温度230℃;分流进样,分流比1:20.结果:糠醛加样回收率为98.98%,RSD=2.60%;愈创木酚加样回收率为98.31%,RSD=2.18%,重复性良好.结论:本法测定结果准确可靠、快速、简便,可用于红核妇洁洗液的质量控制.     

气相色谱法测定脚气水中的冰片和薄荷脑的含量

目的:用气相色谱内标法直接测定脚气水中的冰片和薄荷脑的含量.方法:采用DB-FFAP石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm),程序升温:初始温度100℃以3℃·min-1升到150℃保持4 min,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度200℃;分流进样,分流比1:10.结果:薄荷脑和冰片均在0.4～1.2μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999).平均回收率薄荷脑为97.64%,RSD=2.3%(n=6);冰片为98.69%,RSD=2.4%(n=6).结论:该方法简单可靠,重现性好,适合于脚气水中冰片和薄荷脑的含量测定.     

手性毛细管柱气相色谱法测定复方牛黄消炎胶囊中冰片的含量

目的 建立手性毛细管柱气相色谱法同时测定复方牛黄消炎胶囊中异龙脑、左旋龙脑、右旋龙脑3个成分的含量.方法 采用CYCLO-SIL-B手性毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),程序升温(初始温度120℃,保持12min,以20℃/min升温至最终温度200℃,保持5min),FID检测器温度220℃,进样口温度200℃,载气为高纯N2,进样量1.0μL,进样分流比5:1.结果 异龙脑、左旋龙脑、右旋龙脑质量浓度分别在3.000~150.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、1.602~80.10μg·mL-1(r=1.0000)、3.143~157.2μg·mL-1(r=1.0000)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=6)分别为99.3%(RSD=1.8%),102.6%(RSD=2.0%),96.2%(RSD=1.9%);不同厂家复方牛黄消炎胶囊中异龙脑、左旋龙脑、右旋龙脑3个主要成分的含量范围分别为2.18~5.38、2.39~3.47、1.64~5.48mg·g-1.结论 该方法 快速、准确,精密度良好,可用于复方牛黄消炎胶囊中冰片的含量测定.     

GC-MS法测定苯磺酸氨氯地平原料药中水合肼的含量

目的:建立苯磺酸氨氯地平原料药中基因毒性杂质水合肼含量的GC-MS方法.方法:采用DB-35MS(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分析柱,程序升温:65℃保持3 min,以25℃·min-1升温至250℃,保持3 min,进样口温度为250℃;载气(氦气)流速为1.3 ml·min-1,以25:1的分流比进样,...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.