肘关节周围骨肿瘤的保肢手术方法

目的探讨不同的治疗方法在肘关节周围骨肿瘤保肢中的应用价值。方法分析比较16例肘关节周围骨肿瘤患者分别进行各种保肢手术后的效果、生存质量、并发症及处理。本组骨肉瘤患者均采用新辅助化疗即:术前化疗 手术 术后化疗。在肿瘤切除后,采用人工关节置换6例,大段异体骨移植3例,骨水泥填充3例,单纯切除无重建者3例,短缩融合1例。结果16例骨肿瘤患者术后出现远处转移的共3例,为肺转移,2例骨巨细胞瘤行刮除骨水泥填塞局部复发而行瘤段切除假体置换术,1例复发恶变行瘤段切除短缩融合术。2例骨肉瘤软组织复发而截肢。3例行瘤段切除无重建者均为尺骨近端恶性骨肿瘤,术后肘关节功能恢复较好。结论在肘关节周围骨肿瘤保肢手术中,肿瘤广泛切除后、骨重建技术的进步是增加保肢手术范围、改善功能效果、降低手术并发症的关键。尺骨近端的恶性骨肿瘤采用瘤段切除局部旷置不失为一种较好的保肢治疗方法。     

侵袭性骨肿瘤保肢关节功能重建手术方法探讨

为了探讨侵袭性骨肿瘤的保肢手术治疗方法及其临床疗效。我们保肢手术治疗四肢骨肿瘤31例,包括肱骨上段软骨肉瘤行保留主要血管神经的瘤段切除肢体缩短术（Tikhoff-Linbeng）、瘤段切除人工关节置换术以及瘤段切除同种异体半关节移植术。根据病灶的病理特性、部位和范围等条件,分别采用瘤段切除人工假体置换术和瘤段切除异体骨关节置换术等手术方法,联合全身化疗、介入化疗或术中肿瘤供血动脉灌注化疗。结果按Mankin评定标准,优7例,良12例,中7例,差5例,治疗满意率为83.87%。初步研究结果提示,恰当的手术方法、并行关节功能重建以及完整的化疗方案治疗四肢恶性骨肿瘤提高了患者的生存质量,减少了致残率,效果满意,并未降低患者的生存率。     

瘤段骨切除灭活再植治疗骨关节恶性肿瘤(附16例报告)

目的 分析瘤段骨切除、去除瘤组织、灭活处理后，原位再植重建骨缺损治疗骨肿瘤的疗效。方法1998年10月-2003年4月，对16例长骨恶性肿瘤患施行广泛切除，瘤段骨离体灭活，95％酒精浸泡45分钟灭活，彻底清除瘤组织，回植原位，修复关节韧带，髓内钉内固定，手术前后辅助化疗。结果 全部病例平均随访28个月，2例因肺转移死亡，1例感染、1例髓内钉折断，随后局部复发截肢，灭活骨骨折、塌陷各1例，并发症发生率37．5％，保肢率75％。结论 瘤段骨切除灭活再植，手术简便，花费低廉，无排斥反应，骨连接处可达生物愈合，是治疗骨肿瘤保肢的有效方法。     

恶性骨肿瘤的保肢手术52例

目的：研究恶性骨肿瘤的保肢手术治疗方法及其疗效。方法：总结本院自1983-2000年采用保肢手术治疗四肢恶性骨肿瘤52例，根据病灶的病理特性，部位，范围等条件分别采用病灶刮除骨水泥髓内支架堵塞术，瘤段切除灭活再植术，瘤段切除人工假体置换术，瘤段切除异体骨关节置换术等手术方法联合全身化疗，介人化疗或术中肿瘤供血动脉灌注化疗。结果：本组有36例获得1-16年随访。存活5年以上8例，2-5年25例，1-2年6例，1年内死亡7例，其中骨转移癌5例，根据Enneking骨肿瘤外科治疗后功能评定标准评本组患术后功能，效果满意，结论：恰当的手术方法联合完整的化疗方案保肢治疗四肢恶性骨肿瘤外科治疗后功能评定标准评价本组患术后功能，效果满意。结论：恰当的手术方法联合完整的化疗方案保肢治疗四肢恶性骨肿瘤提出了患的生存质量，减少了致残率，并未降低患的生存率。     

原发恶性骨肿瘤瘤段截除灭活再植及关节功能重建

近年来，肢体恶性骨肿瘤瘤段切除灭活再植术在恶性骨肿瘤的治疗方法有突破性改进，打破了近一个世纪以来以早期高位截肢治疗原发恶性骨肿瘤的常规，术前施行正规大剂量综合化疗为保肢疗法创造更好的条件，以瘤段切除后灭活再植，实现了保留肢体，恢复关节功能的愿望而且减轻了病人的心理创伤。     

骨外固定与骨延长治疗骨肿瘤切除后的骨缺损

长骨的恶性骨肿瘤、转移性骨肿瘤的治疗十分困难，治疗中除了应考虑肿瘤切除的彻底性、局部复发和远处转移外，还应考虑肢体的功能问题。随着辅助化疗、放疗、诊断影像学以及重建外科技术的发展，保肢术作为治疗恶性骨肿瘤的方法之一逐渐被广泛应用。新辅助化疗的开展，不但提高了患者的五年生存率，而且应运而生的多种保肢术式，使保肢率不断提高。据资料介绍及统计，目前大约有10余种保肢术式，一些以往认为必须截肢的肿瘤(如瘤体很大或累及神经血管束)都能得以保留肢体。     

高剂量率骨内插植内照射治疗恶性骨肿瘤

 随着外科技术和影像学技术的发展,联合化疗、放疗和免疫治疗的进步,骨肿瘤的治疗取得了可喜的成果,提高生存质量和生存率的保肢手术逐渐受到重视,骨肿瘤保肢治疗的主要目的是切除肿瘤及恢复肢体功能,改善患者生活质量。本文就高剂量率骨内插植内照射结合瘤段切除治疗骨肿瘤进行总结,现报告如下:     

恶性骨肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的 探讨肢体恶性骨肿瘤保肢手术结合辅助化疗的临床疗效。方法 我科于2000年1月至2002年10月间，对平均年龄为18．5岁的29例四肢恶性骨肿瘤患进行保肢治疗，其中25例进行了辅助性化疗。29例中，骨肉瘤21例，尤氏瘤4例，软骨肉瘤4例。按Enneking分期，ⅡA期1例，ⅡB期28例。除软骨肉瘤外，均作术前化疗，3例骨肉瘤未作术后化疗。施行人工关节置换术14例，瘤骨灭活再植10例，异体骨关节移植3例，腓骨肿瘤切除2例。广泛切除15例，边缘性切除14例。结果 发生并发症8例，其中局部复发、皮肤坏死、骨不愈合各2例，皮下积液、切口感染各1例。随访4～31个月，平均14个月，局部复发2例，肺转移2例，按Enneking肢体肌肉骨骼系统肿瘤外科治疗重建术后功能评定标准，优良率为80％。结论 保肢手术结合辅助化疗是治疗肢体恶性骨肿瘤的比较理想的方法，有效的术前化疗是保肢成功的关键，坚持术后化疗是预防肺转移的有效措施。     

保留骨骺的恶性骨肿瘤保肢术研究进展

儿童恶性骨肿瘤多位于肢体干骺端，为了彻底切除肿瘤，将肿瘤附近关节的骨骺和骺板一并切除，势必会造成术后肢体不等长、关节功能恢复不理想等。近年来随着影像技术的发展、新辅助化疗的广泛应用和保肢方法的不断改进，许多学者在应用保留骨骺的保肢术治疗儿童四肢恶性骨肿瘤方面做了许多临床研究。现就该术式的临床应用进展综述如下。     

膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤的保肢治疗（附48例随访报告）

目的总结膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤的保肢治疗经验。方法回顾分析1999年2月～2007年2月48例接受保肢治疗的膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤患者的临床资料。男30例,女18例。平均年龄27.3岁（11～67岁）。病理证实：高恶性肿瘤32例（A组）,包括骨肉瘤23例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤5例,尤文肉瘤2例,恶性淋巴瘤2例;低度恶性肿瘤16例（B组）,包括侵袭性骨母细胞瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤15例。手术方式包括：瘤段切除假体置换术或灭活再植术、异体骨移植术、异体骨复合假体移植术、病灶刮除充填术保肢。A组术前、术后给予化疗。保留肢体功能按Enneking肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建后功能评估标准评估。结果平均随访3.2年（0.5～8年）。A组中因局部肿瘤复发、感染等并发症截肢11例（34.4%）,死亡13例,存活19例,3年存活率59.3%（19/32）。B组中因局部肿瘤复发和感染截肢2例（12.5%,2/16）,死亡1例。肢体功能优良率A组71%,B组81%。结论膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤保肢应掌握个体化原则,假体置换术及异体骨复合假体移植术保肢功能最佳,高恶性肿瘤患者若无法承受强力的辅助化疗则不宜行保肢术。     

Surgical management of malignant bone tumours

Limb-salvage surgery has proved adequate in the management of malignant bone tumours. The goal of radical resection is to achieve local control with an appropriate surgical margin. Sixty-five cases of bone tumours have been managed by radical resection and suitable reconstruction by autologous fibular strut grafting. Single fibular grafting was attempted in the upper extremity and dual fibular grafting in the lower extremity. None had obvious evidence of secondary metastases at the time of surgery. out of 65 cases, 39 were sarcomatous lesions. Biplane Angiography had proved extremely useful in the exact delineation and appropriate resection of such lesions. Twenty two patients had complications - eight had local recurrence, three had deep infection needing amputation and eleven had multiple secondaries and died. It is suggested that in an Oncologically sound limb, salvage procedure with biological reconstruction should be attempted.     

Image navigation assisted joint-saving surgery for treatment of bone sarcoma around knee in skeletally immature patients

PurposeIt is challenge to perform a native joint preserving resection for skeletally immature patients with bone sarcomas around the knee. We determined whether tumor resection under image-guided navigation make joint-saving surgery possible for juxta-articular sarcomas around knee while adhering oncological principles.MethodsWe performed joint-saving limb salvage surgeries on eight patients with metaphyseal bone sarcomas (6 in proximal tibia, 2 in distal femur). Six tumors extend to and 2 beyond the epiphyseal line. Planned tumor resection under image-guided navigation was employed for obtaining clear surgical margin while maximizing host tissue preservation. All tumors were en bloc removed and intercalary defect were reconstructed by combination of allograft with vascularized fibula flap. All specimens were examined for resection margin. Patients were followed up at average of 40.5 months for evaluating of oncologic and functional outcomes.ResultEntire joints were preserved in 5 patients and partial joints were saved in 3 patients. Clear surgical margins were achieved in all patients. The minimum of surgical margin width in bone is 6 mm in this series. No patient experienced local recurrence. Bone union achieved in all cases during the study period. The average MSTS score was 27.1 at final follow-up.ConclusionsWith careful patient selection, image navigation aided bone tumor resection was proved to be an effective way in joint-saving limb salvage procedures for treating skeletally immature patients with juxta-articular bone sarcomas around the knee.     

大段异体骨移植治疗骨干肿瘤

目的探讨大段异体骨移植治疗肢体长管状骨骨干肿瘤节段性切除后骨缺损的疗效。方法1995年7月至2006年7月应用此方法治疗骨原发良恶性肿瘤45例,资料完整者26例,胫骨13例,股骨7例,肱骨6例。按照Enneking分期,恶性肿瘤行边缘切除或广泛切除,部分行新辅助化疗。大段同种异体骨采用深低温冷冻保存,异体骨长度平均12．2cm,钢板螺丝钉或交锁髓内钉固定。结果随访14个月至13年,平均64．1个月。3例死亡,2例复发,2例感染。总骨端愈合率为66．7％,愈合时间平均15．7个月。截骨面位于松质骨者,愈合率为84．6％,愈合时间平均9．6个月。骨端不愈合者中,2个端为钢板螺丝钉固定（14．3％）,12个端为交锁髓内钉固定（40％）。异体骨骨折1例（4．2％）。术后功能评定采用MSTS评分,上肢21～28分,平均25．6分;下肢19～27分,平均24．8分。结论大段异体骨移植与宿主骨愈合后,在内固定的支持和协同作用下,有望长期甚至终身使用。在坚强内固定的支持下,较长时间的等待会增加骨端愈合率。不愈合患者通过接触端再植骨后,仍有较高的愈合机会。     

Intercalary segmental reconstruction after bone tumor resection

Background/aims

Intercalary resection can be used for primary as well as metastatic tumors. Reconstruction options include vascularized fibula graft, interposition of an allograft, combination of vascularized fibula and allograft, segmental prosthesis, insertion of an extracorporally irradiated autograft, segmental transportation, either with external fixation or by using an intramedullary rod, intercalary scaffolds augmented with growth factors, and technical refinements for the resection of tumors located close to the growth plate. The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications, limitations and pitfalls of each of these techniques.

Methods

The PubMed database was searched for articles on intercalary reconstruction after bone tumor resection and for the different reconstruction options presented in this review. Additionally, cross-referencing was used to cover articles eventually undetected by the respective search strategies. The resulting articles were then reviewed with regard to the different techniques, outcomes and complications of the reconstruction options.

Results

With the advance of imaging techniques and the use of chemotherapy for malignant bone tumors, surgical techniques can be refined. There are many techniques for the reconstruction of large intercalary defects of long bones, with which the orthopedic oncologist needs to be familiar. General oncologic principles of achieving a wide margin still need to be respected.

Conclusion

The techniques presented in this review will allow a better functional outcome of patients. It will continue to be important to carefully analyze each patient's situation and to adapt and individualize the method of reconstruction used.     

瘤段骨灭活回植术在骨干部恶性骨肿瘤保肢治疗中的应用

目的探讨瘤段骨灭活回植术治疗骨干部恶性骨肿瘤的实用性和疗效。方法自2007年9月至2010年11月,采用瘤段骨灭活回植的方法共治疗骨干部恶性骨肿瘤12例,男8例,女4例。年龄16-57岁,平均27．3岁。部位：肱骨2例,尺骨1例,桡骨1例,股骨4例,胫骨4例。病理类型：骨肉瘤3例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤5例,软骨肉瘤2例,骨纤维肉瘤2例。所有患者术前经临床、影像学检查及病理活检明确诊断,并接收2个周期的规范化化疗。手术距骨肿瘤边缘上下5cm处截骨,将瘤段骨完整切除,剔除瘤段骨上的肿瘤组织及软组织并打通髓腔,然后用95％乙醇灭活30min,植骨或骨水泥填塞瘤段骨的骨缺损区,原位回植后用内固定物予以固定。术后2周开始进行4个周期的化疗。术后采用ISOLS系统对患者肢体功能进行评价。按时进行影像学检查观察骨愈合情况及有无肿瘤局部复发。结果本组12例患者均获得随访,随访时间15-53个月,平均32．6个月。其中1例恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者于术后31个月因肺转移死亡,其余11例ISOLS评分为25～29分,平均26．5分。所有患者均获得骨性愈合,愈合时间6—11个月,平均愈合时间7．8个月。至末次随访时所有病例均无局部复发。结论瘤段骨灭活回植术具有费用低廉、操作易掌握等特点,结合新辅助化疗治疗骨干部恶性骨肿瘤疗效满意,目前仍然具有实用价值。     

骨原始神经外胚层肿瘤10例临床分析

目的：初步探讨骨原始神经外胚层肿瘤的临床特征及治疗原则。方法：回顾性分析10例骨原始神经外胚层肿瘤的治疗及生存情况。10例中1例行左肩关节解脱术,1例行右髋关节解脱术,2例行左大腿中段截肢术,6例行骨肿瘤切除加灭活回植加内固定术。10例患者术后均行6周期IFO＋VP-16常规化疗。结果：经手术及术后化疗,除3例生存10、14和15个月死亡外,余7例已分别生存9、12、14、16、18、22及25个月。结论：根治性手术治疗加术后早期化疗是治疗骨原始神经外胚层肿瘤的有效手段。     

Large, deep, high-grade extremity sarcomas: treating tumors of the flexor fossae

Limb salvage is now possible for the majority of patients with extremity sarcomas. Although overall prognosis is primarily based on tumor size and histologic grade, complete surgical excision and local control is essential for cure. There are, however, certain anatomic locations such as the flexor fossae in which a complete surgical margin is difficult to attain, and surgery without adjuvant therapy has a high local failure and amputation rate. We have found that preoperative adjuvant therapy consisting of chemotherapy and radiation followed by surgical excision with tumor-free margins has been successful in treating flexor fossa sarcomas with high limb salvage (96%), local control (89%) and overall survival rates (70%). These results are comparable to patients with similar large, high-grade extremity tumors in other compartmental locations.     

Personalized 3D-printed guide in malignant bone tumor resection and following reconstruction – 17 cases in pelvic and extremities

IntroductionCustomized accurate tumor resection and individualized reconstruction is a challenging in treatment of malignant bone tumor. Three-dimensional (3D)-printing technique is now widely used in the resection and following reconstruction of malignant bone tumor, which included but not limited to tumor model, osteotomy guide and customized implant.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 17 patients, who underwent limb salvage surgery by using 3D-printed guide at a single center between August 2014 and October 2019. The median duration of follow-up was 26.5 months. Osteosarcoma (41.2%) were the predominant diagnoses. The functional outcomes were assessed by Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional score. We also analyzed survival status, intraoperative data (blood loss, operation time and resection length), reconstruction method, margin outcomes and complications.ResultsWe totally performed 93 guided osteotomies on affected bone and allograft bone in 17 patients. Reconstruction in 12 cases was performed with biological technique: allograft combined with autograft was used in 7 cases. 11 of 12 (91.7%) cases showed a good bone healing in both allograft and autograft. 1 of 12 (8.3%) cases had allograft necrosis. Additional intra-operative extracorporeal radiation was performed in 3 pelvic cases for reconstruction. 63 of 64 (98%) osteotomies achieved wide resection and negative margin. All the cases had successful limb salvage result without amputation. At the latest follow up, the mean MSTS Score was 24 (range: 13–30), 12 patients alive with no evidence of disease, 1 patient alive with disease, 5 patients had died of disease and 5 years overall survival is 73.3%. The most common complications are wound healing disorder in 4 cases (23.5%) and infection in 3 cases (17.6%).ConclusionThe 3D-printed resection guide was easy to use and showed promise in the field of orthopedic oncology. It can not only used in primary malignant bone tumor personalized resection but also in shaping structural bone allograft in biological reconstruction, which can achieve a safety surgical margin and individualized resection at the same time.     

Limb salvage in the skeletally immature patient

The most common tumors of bone, osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, commonly occur in the skeletally immature patient. Historically, amputation was the procedure of choice; however, improved oncologic outcome and technical advances in limb salvage surgery have made limb salvage therapy a feasible and valuable treatment option. Nevertheless, depending on the extent of the lesion within the long bone, it may be difficult to spare the physis, and hence, in the skeletally immature patient, resection of a sarcoma of bone can create a limb-length discrepancy and gait abnormalities. This article reviews the limb salvage options available for the skeletally immature patient who requires reconstruction of a segmental long bone defect.     

肩部骨肿瘤保肢治疗

目的探讨肩部骨肿瘤保肢治疗的手术方法。方法对2例肩部恶性肿瘤实施保肢术,肱骨近端成骨肉瘤1例,行肱骨瘤段切除,锁骨翻转重建骨缺损;肩胛骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例,行肿瘤切除、肱骨肩峰悬吊术。结果术后短期随访,肩关节被动活动有一定的功能。结论肩部恶性肿瘤应根据肿瘤发生的不同部位,患者的经济实力,选择不同保肢手术,目的是使肩部保留一定的功能和外形,提高患者的生活质量。