三维适形放疗联合介入治疗原发性肝细胞癌

目的探讨失去手术机会的原发性肝细胞癌采用肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）后采用三维适形放疗（3DCRT）的疗效和毒副反应。方法对48例原发性肝细胞癌中24例患者采用TACE＋3DCRT（综合组）治疗。24例患者单纯TACE（对照组）治疗。TACE采用肝动脉灌注5-FU、DDP、ADM加碘油栓塞治疗。3DCRT采用6MV-X线,PTV 40-66 Gy/20-33 F,分割次剂量2-2.5 Gy。结果综合组近期有效率（CR＋PR）为82.6%,对照组为54.5%,两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.042）。1、3年生存率综合组74.0%、30.0%,对照组50.0%、14.0%,两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.036）。不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论三维适形放疗联合介入治疗原发性肝细胞癌有一定的疗效,是安全有效的治疗方法 。     

原发性肝癌介入治疗加三维适形放射治疗的疗效

目的 探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）后采用三维适形放射治疗（3-DCRT）原发性肝癌的疗效。方法 50例肝癌中25例TACE＋3DCRT（综合组）,25例单纯TACE（对照组）。2个组均行TACE 1～3次,3-DCRT 采用6/15MVX线,3Gy/次，1次/天，总剂量45～54Gy。结果综合组近期有效率（CR＋PR）为84.0%,对照组为56.0%（χ^2=4.67,P〈0.05）。其中1、2年生存率综合组和对照组分别为76.0%、56.0%和48.0%、24.0%（χ^2=4.16、5.33,P〈0.05）。结论 TACE＋3DCRT是治疗不宜手术的原发性肝癌的较好方法。     

适形放射治疗结合介入治疗不宜手术的原发性肝癌

目的：探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）后采用三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）原发性肝癌的疗效。方法：82例肝癌中41例TACE＋3DCRT（综合组），41例单纯TACE（对照组）。TACE先将氟尿嘧啶1000－1250mg和羟基喜树碱20－30mg注入动脉，再将顺铂60－80mg和丝裂霉14－20mg(或表阿霉素50－60mg)与超液化碘油10－30ml充分混合成乳剂注入，再用1－2mm明胶海绵颗粒栓塞肝动脉。2个组TACE均进行1－3次，3DCRT6采用6MV X射线，计划靶体积（PTV）≤216cm^3者单次剂量为5－8Gy，总剂量为DT40－56Gy；PTV＞216cm^3者单次剂量为4Gy，总剂量36－44Gy；二者均隔日1次，结果：综合组近期有效率（CR＋PR）为87．8％，对照组为58．5％，两组差异有显著性意义（X^2=8．94，P＜0．01）。1、2、3年生存率综合组分别为73．2％，58．7％和41．9％，对照组分别为54．8％，27．3％和12．8％，两组差异有显著性意义（X^2＝5．52，P＜0．05），综合组3DCRT前PTV≤216cm^3者与PTV＞216cm^3者相比，前者3年生存率大于后者（53．8％；20．0％；X^2＝4．72，P＜0．05）。肝功能A级和B级3年生存率分别为56．3％和14．3％，差异有显著性意义（X^2＝5．49，P＜0．05）。结论：TACE＋3DCRT治疗不宜手术的原发性肝癌疗效较好。     

介入治疗配合适形放疗治疗原发性肝癌的临床观察

背景与目的：原发性肝癌最理想的治疗方法是手术切除，但近年文献报道小于5cm小肝癌切除的5年生存率稳定在50％左右，且能获手术治疗的病例仅占20％左右。肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）治疗肝癌近期疗效好，被认为是非手术治疗的首选方法，但远期疗效不够理想，综合治疗是提高原发性肝癌疗效的必由之路。本研究探讨TACE配合三维适形放疗（3-DCRT）治疗原发性肝癌的疗效。方法：90例肝癌患者采用同期配对法分成两组，综合治疗组45例，采用3-DCRT＋TACE；对照组45例，单纯采用TACE。TACE方案先选择顺铂（DDP）80—120mg，羟基喜树碱（HCPT）30mg或氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）1000mg。再将多柔比星（阿霉素，ADM）或表柔比星（表阿霉素，EPI—ADM）50—100mg，或丝裂霉素（MMC）16mg，与超液化碘油10—30ml充分混合成乳剂缓缓注入，然后用1—2mm的明胶海绵栓塞供血动脉，两组均行TACE1—3次.3-DCRT采用6MVX射线，计划靶体积（PTV）〈512cm^3者单次剂量4.5—7Gy，5次／周，总DE45—56Gy；PTV≥512cm^3者单次剂量2．5—4．5Gy，5次／周，总DT 45—60Gy。结果：综合组近期疗效91．1％，对照组60％，两组差5辛有非常显著性（x^2=11．79，P〈0.01），1、2、3、5年生存率，综合组分别为88．9％，55．6％、33.3%、20.0％，对照组分别为51．1％、37．80k、20.0％、0（x^2=6．65，P〈0.01），中位生存期分别为27．3个月、16,7个月（x^2=4．75，P〈0．05）。综合组3-DCRT前PTV〈512cm^3者与PTV≥512cm^3者相比，前者3、5年生存率均大于后者（50％：20％，x：=4．5，P〈0．05；35％：8％，x^2=5.06，P〈0.05），肝功能A级和B级3年、5年生存分别为（48.3%：6．25％，x^2=8．195，P〈0．01；31％：0，x^2=4．42P〈0．05）PTV〈125cm^3者10例，其中6例生存时间超过5年，达60％。结论：TACE＋3-DCRT对不宜手术的原发性肝癌疗效好，影响预后的因素有PTV总剂量，肿瘤大小，以及肝功能分级。     

原发性肝癌三维适形放疗114例疗效评价

观察三维适形放射治疗（three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3DCRT）原发性肝癌的临床疗效.对114 例原发性肝癌患者在CT 定位下以3～5 mm层厚连续扫描,静脉双期碘造影剂增强扫描,精确定位治疗靶区并制定3DCRT计划,使90%等剂量曲线包绕计划靶体积（planning target volume,PTV）.以Varian 2100C 直线加速器实施放疗计划照射剂量1.8～2 Gy/次,5次/周,总剂量50～66 Gy,总疗程5～7周.治疗后1个月33例部分缓解,3个月42例部分缓解,6个月53例部分缓解.1、2和3年生存率分别为52.6%、35.1%和 28.9%.初步研究结果提示,3DCRT是原发性肝癌的有效无创治疗手段.     

86例原发性肝癌三维适形放疗的临床观察

目的分析三维适形放疗（3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3DCRT）在原发性肝癌治疗中的效果和放射损伤情况。方法接受3DCRT的86例原发性肝癌中,男51例,女35例,中位年龄47岁。合并门脉癌栓（PVTT）26例,无PVTT60例。根据肝硬化Child-Pugh分级,A级63例,B级23例,每次分割剂量6～7Gy,照射次数7～15次,肿瘤剂量38～74Gy,隔日1次。结果 3例患者3DCRT后3个月内死亡,诊断为放射性肝病。总有效率（CR＋PR）为62.8%（54/86）,1,2,3年生存率分别为68.4%、42.7%和28.3%。PVTT、PTV、TACE、Child-Pugh分级对预后的影响有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。放射性肝损伤5例,食欲不振、恶心6例,上消化道出血2例,疲乏无力16例。结论 3DCRT治疗原发性肝癌有很好的疗效,放射损伤在可接受范围内。     

三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗伴门静脉癌栓的临床观察

目的观察三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的疗效。方法 50例不能手术切除的PHC伴PVTT患者随机分为2组,A组根据癌栓位置先行TACE治疗1~2次,1~4周后行3DCRT,或先行3DCRT,1~2周后再行TACE治疗1~2次;B组仅行TACE治疗1~2次。大体肿瘤体积(GTV)仅包括癌栓,照射剂量为40~50 Gy,单次剂量为2~3 Gy,5次/周。比较两组疗效及不良反应。结果 A组1年生存率为28%,中位生存时间为10.3个月,有效率(CR+PR)为36%;B组1年生存率为24%,中位生存时间10.0个月,有效率为24%;P>0.05。结论3DCRT联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌伴PVTT疗效略优于TACE,但无统计学差异。     

三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌的疗效

目的探讨三维适形放疗（3DCRT）联合肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）治疗原发性肝癌的疗效、不良反应及生存率。方法对30例原发性肝癌患者先行TACE,将顺铂60～100 mg、丝裂霉素10～20 mg、与40%碘化油20 ml混悬液,注入肝动脉栓塞治疗2～4次。化疗停3～4周后再行3DCRT,采用6MV、X射线治疗,单次剂量1.8～2.0 Gy、每周5次,总剂量45～55 Gy。结果近期有效率为83.3.%,1、2年生存率分别为76.7%、53.3%。结论三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞是非手术治疗原发性肝癌的有效治疗方案。     

伽玛刀联合肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗原发性肝癌的疗效观察

目的：观察全身伽玛刀联合肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）治疗原发性肝癌的疗效及不良反应。方法：32例原发性肝癌患者,16例行全身伽玛刀联合TACE治疗（综合组）。TACE灌注化疗药物为：丝裂霉素（MMC）10—20mg,氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）1000—1500mg,表阿霉素（E—ADM）30—50mg,栓塞剂为40％超液态碘化油5—20ml。经TACE1—2次治疗后,应用SGS—Ⅰ型立体定向伽玛射线旋转聚焦全身放射治疗系统放疗,40％-60％等剂量线包绕PTV,单次剂量3—6Gy,3—5次／wk,照射总量30—50Gy。16例单行全身伽玛刀治疗（观察组）。结果：综合组总有效率（CR＋PR）75．0％（12／16）,观察组为56．3％（9／16）。两组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．005）。综合组1年、2年生存率分别为70．2％和41．6％,观察组为58．6％和27．3％,1年、2年生存率差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。两组患者均未见到放射诱发的肝病。结论：伽玛刀联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌安全可靠,并能提高疗效,不增加不良反应。     

三维适形放疗联合肝动脉化疗药物碘油栓塞治疗原发性肝癌的疗效观察

目的比较无转移原发性肝癌肝动脉化疗药物碘油栓塞（TACE）联合三维适形放疗（3DCRT）综合治疗和单纯TACE的疗效。方法对92例不能或不愿行手术治疗的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期原发性肝癌患者按双盲法随机分为TACE＋3DCRT综合治疗组47例,TACE单纯治疗组45例（对照组）。TACE采用40％碘化油10。20mg＋顺铂40-60mg、羟喜树碱20-40mg、多柔比星40-60mg、5-氯尿嘧啶750．1250mg肝动脉灌注以及注入明胶海绵碎粒栓塞。3DCRT为常规分割放疗D,每天1．8-2．0Gy／次,5次／每周,总剂量D,50-64Gy,中位剂量D,58Gy。结果1、2、3年生存率综合治疗组分别为80．9％（38／47）、61．7％（29／47）、38．3％（18／47）,对照组分别为62．2％（28／45）、31．1％（14／45）、20．0％（9／45）,两组差异有统计学意义（Y-14．93,P〈0．05）,两组患者不良反应发生率相似。结论对于非手术切除治疗的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期原发性肝癌患者,TACE联合3DCRT治疗能明显提高疗效,而且由善不自再内不增加     

Experience with Impedance Phlebography Compared with Venography

Venography is a particularly reliable method for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis but is not suitable as a screening test. Impedance phlebography represents another attempt to discover a simple, non-invasive and reliable method of detecting deep venous thrombosis. It does not, however, meet these criteria.     

Compliance with guidelines and correlation with outcome in patients with advanced germ-cell tumours

PurposeTo evaluate prior compliance with guidelines in patients treated with salvage chemotherapy for advanced germ-cell tumours (GCT).Patients and methodsData concerning the initial management of patients requiring salvage chemotherapy for GCT at Institut Gustave Roussy between 2000 and 2010 were obtained and correlated with recommendations for treatment. Criteria of non-compliance were defined based on guidelines. Compliance with guidelines, predictive factors for non-compliance and the impact on outcome were analysed.ResultsAmong 82 patients treated in the salvage setting, guidelines to initial treatment were followed in only 41 cases (50%). The most common non-compliance criteria were non-adherence to the planned dose (16%), an inappropriate interval between first-line chemotherapy cycles (16%), the lack of post-chemotherapy surgery (16%) and a long interval to post-chemotherapy surgery (48%). Compliance with standard care was better in cancer centres than in other hospitals (private or public) (Odd Ratio (OR): 6.9, P = 0.001). A poor-risk status according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) was also predictive of compliance in univariate but not in multivariate analysis. No significant difference in outcome after salvage chemotherapy was observed. Patients relapsing after non-compliant first-line therapy tended to be more easily salvaged, which is consistent with the fact that their initial treatment was inadequate. Some of these relapses were therefore probably not due to true biologically refractory disease.ConclusionGuidelines for first-line treatment are adhered to in only half the patients requiring salvage chemotherapy. As the only predictive factor for non-compliance was the treating centre, centralisation of patients with GCT in well-trained hospitals should be recommended.     

Treatment with methylnaltrexone is associated with increased survival in patients with advanced cancer

BackgroundMethylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, is FDA-approved for treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Preclinical data suggest that MOR activation can play a role in cancer progression and can be a target for anticancer therapy.Patients and methodsPooled data from advanced end-stage cancer patients with OIC, despite laxatives, treated in two randomized (phase III and IV), placebo-controlled trials with MNTX were analyzed for overall survival (OS) in an unplanned post hoc analysis. MNTX or placebo was given subcutaneously during the double-blinded phase, which was followed by the open-label phase, allowing MNTX treatment irrespective of initial randomization.ResultsIn two randomized, controlled trials, 229 cancer patients were randomized to MNTX (117, 51%) or placebo (112, 49%). Distribution of patients' characteristics and major tumor types did not significantly differ between arms. Treatment with MNTX compared with placebo [76 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 43–109 versus 56 days, 95% CI 43–69; P = 0.033] and response (laxation) to treatment compared with no response (118 days, 95% CI 59–177 versus 55 days, 95% CI 40–70; P < 0.001) had a longer median OS, despite 56 (50%) of 112 patients ultimately crossing over from placebo to MNTX. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that response to therapy [hazard ratio (HR) 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.76; P = 0.002) and albumin ≥3.5 (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30–0.69; P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for increased OS. Of interest, there was no difference in OS between MNTX and placebo in 134 patients with advanced illness other than cancer treated in these randomized studies (P = 0.88).ConclusionThis unplanned post hoc analysis of two randomized trials demonstrates that treatment with MNTX and, even more so, response to MNTX are associated with increased OS, which supports the preclinical hypothesis that MOR can play a role in cancer progression. Targeting MOR with MNTX warrants further investigation in cancer therapy.Clinical trials numberNCT00401362, NCT00672477.     

Costs associated with complications are lower with capecitabine than with 5‐fluorouracil in patients with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND:

Capecitabine, an oral alternative to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), has equal clinical efficacy and a favorable safety profile; however, its use may be limited because of unit cost concerns. In this study, the authors measured the cost of chemotherapy‐related complications during treatment with capecitabine‐ and 5‐FU–based regimens.

METHODS:

Patients with CRC who received at least 1 administration of capecitabine or 5‐FU during 2004 and 2005 were identified from the Thomson MarketScan research databases. Monthly frequency and cost for 23 complications were recorded. Logistic regression was used to predict complication probability. General linear models were used to predict monthly complication cost and total monthly expenditure.

RESULTS:

In total, 4973 patients with CRC met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. Although the most frequently observed complications were the same between capecitabine and 5‐FU (nausea and vomiting, infection, anemia, neutropenia, diarrhea), each was observed with greater frequency in 5‐FU–based regimens. The mean predicted monthly complication cost was significantly higher (by 136%) with 5‐FU monotherapy than with capecitabine monotherapy (difference, $601; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], $469‐$737). In addition, the mean predicted monthly complication cost for 5‐FU+oxaliplatin was higher than the cost with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (difference, $1165; 95% CI, $892‐$1595). When acquisition, administration, and complication costs were taken into consideration, there were no significant differences in the total cost between capecitabine regimens and 5‐FU regimens.

CONCLUSIONS:

Capecitabine compared well with 5‐FU–based therapy in patients with CRC and was associated with lower complication rates and associated costs. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.     

Second-line chemotherapy with cisplatin-ifosfamide in patients with ovarian cancer previously treated with carboplatin-cyclophosphamide.

In an effort to use antineoplastic drug combinations which are active in platinum resistant ovarian cancer or which can induce a second response after a platinum first-line treatment, we conducted a study on 30 ovarian cancer patients previously treated with carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide who were given ifosfamide 5 g/m2 i.v. divided over days 1 to 3 plus mesma combined with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 i.v. divided over days 1 to 3 every 4 weeks as second-line treatment. Eight patients had never entered remission with first-line chemotherapy while 22 patients had tumor recurrence within 6 to 18 months after the end of chemotherapy and their tumors were considered potentially platinum sensitive. Responding patients received 6 courses while palliative treatment for nonresponders was provided. Of the 22 patients with tumor recurrence, 8 patients responded with one partial response (PR) and 7 complete clinical responses (CCR). Two out of the 8 patients with platinum resistant disease demonstrated short lasting PR. Seven patients with CCR underwent second-look operation and in two a pathological CR was documented. Median time to progression was 6 mo (4-12). The median overall survival was 12 mo (4-20). Myelotoxicity despite G-CSF administration was significant with grade 4 leukopenia in 40% and grade 3 thrombocytopenia in 20% of patients. Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity was significant with 30% somnolence, 20% disorientation and an episode of grand-mal epilepsy ascribed to ifosfamide. With a 33% response rate the combination is as effective as new agents employed in relapsed ovarian cancer. Platinum-refractory disease may respond to a lesser degree. The most important determinant of response was the progression-free interval from first-line chemotherapy. Whether patients recurring after carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide have a greater chance to respond to cisplatin plus ifosfamide or vice-versa cannot be supported by the current data and therefore randomized studies should be performed to this end.     

Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs

JOHNSTON S.R.D. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care 19 , 561–563 Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs     

奥沙利铂联合羟基喜树碱治疗晚期胃癌临床分析

背景与目的体外及体内的临床研究显示,奥沙利铂(L-OHP)对多种肿瘤有显著抑制作用并与绝大多数抗癌药物具有相加或协同细胞毒作用.本文旨在观察L-OHP联合羟基喜树碱(HCPT)治疗晚期胃癌的近期疗效和患者耐受性,并与传统的化疗方案进行对比.方法采用非随机的分组方法将43例晚期胃癌患者分为L-OHP+HCPT方案组(治疗组)与Vp-16+CF+5-FU(ELF)方案组(对照组),其中男性28例,女性15例,中位年龄59岁,KPS评分≥60,观察两组的近期疗效和患者耐受性.结果治疗组24例有效率58.3%(14/24),对照组19例有效率42.1%(8/19).治疗组有效率高于对照组,两组差异有显著性(P<0.05).两组不良反应主要是骨髓抑制、恶心、呕吐、口腔炎、周围神经炎、静脉炎、脱发等,均在Ⅰ、Ⅱ度范围内.结论L-OHP联合HCPT方案治疗晚期胃癌疗效较好,不良反应可以耐受.