右膝内侧副韧带钙化1例

临床资料 患者,女,61岁。因右膝疼痛2年,劳累后肿痛1周,加重伴膝关节活动受限3d入住威海卫人民医院脊柱外科。患者2年前无明显诱凶出现右膝关节疼痛症状,劳累及活动后疼痛加重,休息后可减轻,并逐渐出现右膝屈曲困难,未予治疗,1周前劳累后又出现右膝关节疼痛,并伴有红肿,3d前疼痛明显加重,轻微活动即感明显疼痛,来该院就诊。     

地舒单抗联合手术治疗多中心骨巨细胞瘤一例

<正>患者男,15岁。因“右膝关节外侧疼痛1年余,加重2个月”于2021年10月18日入院。患者2020年无明显诱因出现右膝关节活动后疼痛,休息后可缓解。2021年10月疼痛加重,至当地医院就诊。影像学检查示：右胫腓骨上端稍膨大,右股骨下段、胫腓骨上段异常信号,考虑嗜酸性肉芽肿。后转入院。入院体格查体：患者右胫骨上段近膝关节外侧处压痛,无红肿、渗液,未触及明显肿块,右侧膝关节主动活动受限,屈伸活动度0°～60°,右侧膝反射稍减弱。     

血友病性假肿瘤1例

患者,男,17岁,8岁时确诊为血友病。半年前摔倒后出现右膝关节疼痛、肿胀、功能受限,于2007年7月21日前来就诊。查体：右膝关节肿胀,皮肤紧张发亮,触硬,皮温不高,无静脉曲张。血液检查：凝血时间延长约20min,血小板第Ⅷ因子缺乏。X线片示：右股骨髁间凹变深,右膝关节呈退行性骨关节病样改变,右胫骨上端前侧巨大囊状透亮区,边缘硬化,骨皮质膨胀,部分缺如,周围软组织明显肿胀（见图1a—1b）。     

膝关节腔内玻璃碎片误诊为游离体1例报告

1临床资料患者,男性,74岁,住院号:166982。主因右膝关节外伤疼痛3年,加重2个月就诊。3年前骑自行车在大雨天行走于公路边,摔倒在地,造成右膝胫骨结节外侧皮肤裂伤出血,在当地卫生所简单包扎治疗后愈合。以后右膝关节出现疼痛,活动时加重,休息后减轻。曾摄片提示右膝关节内有游离骨块,未做治疗。半年前,右膝疼痛加重,行走困难,活动受限。查体:一般情况好,右膝前抽屉试验为阳性,关节呈屈曲15°位,关节提位试验及研磨试验为阳性。右膝X线片及CT扫描见胫骨棘后方有1个1cm×2cm密度增高、边缘清晰的游离体,影像学报告为关节内碎骨块残留。在硬…     

膝关节髌下脂肪垫疝1例

患者　女,41岁。因行走时左膝关节反复疼痛1年加重3个月入院。检查:一般情况好,右膝关节无肿胀,关节屈曲时髌韧带外侧有包块突出,伸膝时包块可自行还纳,关节屈伸活动时有明显摩擦感,髌骨外缘压痛。Ｘ线片示右膝关节无明显异常改变。ＣＴ片示:右膝外侧副韧带变薄。入院后考虑:①右膝髌下脂肪疝出;②右膝髌骨软化症;③右膝骨关节炎。在持硬麻下行手术治疗。术中见:右膝髌下脂肪垫肥厚,髌韧带外侧关节囊变薄,使髌下脂垫由此疝出,故手术切除部伤髌下脂肪垫,关节囊薄弱处重叠缝合。术后右膝关节疼痛消失,随访2年右膝关节疼痛未再复发。该类病例临…     

髌骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿1例

<正>笔者于2016-09诊治1例髌骨动脉瘤样骨囊肿,报道如下。1病例报道男,29岁,就诊前6个月打篮球时撞伤右膝关节,当时右膝关节前方红肿、疼痛,X线片检查未见异常,经休息、对症处理后缓解,6个月内右膝关节间断性疼痛,能忍受,近日疼痛加重、活动受限就诊。专科检查:右膝关节活动范围正常,皮温不     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎并内翻畸形一例

<正>患者男性,65岁,农民,因"右膝关节疼痛3年,加重伴活动受限2个月。"入院。体格检查:一般情况良好,右膝关节无红肿,右膝内翻畸形(图1);膝关节内侧压痛;膝关节活动范围:伸0°~屈115°;膝外翻试验阳性,前后抽屉实验阴性;右足背动脉搏动好,末梢血运良好。X线检查示右膝关节内翻畸形(图2),右膝内侧间隙变窄(图3);MRI检查示膝关节前、后交叉韧带完好,内侧副韧带略迂曲(图4,5)。     

膝关节骨性关节炎合并髌下脂肪垫骨化1例

笔者于2014-07对1例膝关节骨性关节炎合并髌下脂肪垫骨化患者进行手术治疗,报道如下。1病例报道患者,女,66岁,右膝关节外伤后疼痛伴伸直受限20年,加重3年入院。患者于入院前20年外出劳动时不慎跌倒以右膝部着地,当时右膝肿胀明显,在家卧床休息（未予任何检查及治疗）。后右膝关节疼痛伴伸膝受限,3年前上述症状加重,伸膝受限。查体：右膝无红肿及窦道,右膝髌下及膝眼处可扪及骨性包块,包块质硬如岩,活动度差。深压痛（＋）,     

膝关节色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎伴股骨骨缺损1例

患者,女,70岁。主因右膝关节间断性疼痛4年,加重2个月入院。患者自诉4年前无明显诱因出现膝关节间断性疼痛,活动时疼痛加重,休息后症状缓解,同时伴有右膝关节肿胀,膝关节活动时弹响症状明显,无夜间痛,未系统治疗。近     

多发内生软骨瘤病1例

正患者,男,43岁,主因右膝关节疼痛伴活动受限10年加重1个月入院。患者10年前无明显诱因出现右膝关节疼痛,程度轻微,活动后略加重,后疼痛逐渐加重并出现右下肢活动障碍,自服止痛药物(具体药物及剂量不详)缓解疼痛,尚未影响正常生活,未予特殊治疗。1个月前,右膝关节疼痛加重,遂来我院就诊。患者既往体健,无外伤及手术史,入院查体:患者右下肢全长80 cm,较左下肢短缩7 cm,右     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.