Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kuwait and Dubai

Mutations conferring resistance to rifampin in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates occur mostly in the 81 bp rifampin-resistance-determining region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene. In this study, 29 rifampin-resistant and 12 -susceptible clinical M. tuberculosis isolates were tested for characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene by line probe (INNO-LiPA Rif. TB) assay and the results were confirmed and extended by DNA sequencing of the PCR amplified target DNA. The line probe assay identified all 12 susceptible strains as rifampin-sensitive and the DNA sequence of RRDR in the amplified rpoB gene from two isolates matched perfectly with the wild-type sequence. The line probe assay identified 28 resistant isolates as rifampin-resistant with specific detection of mutation in 22 isolates including one isolate that exhibited hetro-resistance containing both the wild-type pattern as well as a specific mutation within RRDR while one of the rifampin-resistant strain was identified as rifampin-susceptible. DNA sequencing confirmed these results and, in addition, led to the specific detection of mutations in 5 rifampin-resistant isolates in which specific base changes within RRDR could not be determined by the line probe assay. These analyses identified 8 different mutations within RRDR of the rpoB gene including one novel mutation (S522W) that has not been reported so far. The genotyping performed on the isolates carrying similar mutations showed that majority of these isolates were unique as they exhibited varying DNA banding patterns. Correlating the ethnic origin of the infected TB patients with the occurrence of specific mutations at three main codon positions (516, 526 and 531) in the rpoB gene showed that most patients (11 of 15) from South Asian region contained mutations at codon 526 while majority of isolates from patients (6 of 11) of Middle Eastern origin contained mutations at codon 531.     

结核分枝杆菌临床分离株利福平耐药表型及rpoB基因型分析

目的分析结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)临床分离株利福平(rifampin,RFP)耐药表型及rpoB基因突变关系,阐明MTB RFP耐药株rpoB基因突变特征。方法采用改良罗氏培养基比例法检测387株MTB临床分离株对RFP敏感性,并进行rpoB基因测序。对经测序rpoB基因511位和533位密码子突变株进行RFP最小抑菌浓度(MIC)检测。结果比例法检测387株MTB临床分离株中1,98株RFP耐药株,189株RFP敏感株。rpoB基因测序结果表明1,98株比例法RFP耐药株中1,92株(96.97%)发生rpoB基因突变,涉及16种单位点和24种双位点密码子联合突变类型,单位点和双位点密码子联合突变率分别为84.34%(167/198)和12.63%(25/198),其中发现1种单位点和21种双位点密码子联合突变新类型。最常见的突变位点为531位(51.01%)、526位(21.21%)和516位(7.07%)密码子。6株(3.03%)耐药株在rpoB测序范围内未见突变。189株比例法RFP敏感株中,174株(92.06%)在rpoB基因测序范围内未见突变1,5株(7.94%)发生突变,其中7株CTG511CCG(Leu→Pro)突变和6株CTG533CCG(Leu→Pro)突变。511位和533位密码子突变株MIC检测结果提示其突变与低度耐RFP相关。结论所得数据及一些新的发现为进一步研究MTB RFP耐药机制、研制快速新型分子药敏试验方法提供理论和实际应用依据。     

耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因序列研究

目的 研究杭州地区结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）对利福平（RFP）的耐受与rpoB基因突变的关系。方法 随机挑选了90例结核杆菌感染的病例。选择了利福平作为主要的药物进行药敏实验，PCR扩增39株耐RFP结核分支杆菌的rpoB基因片段（580bp）；测定扩增片段的序列。并与美国国立生物信息中心（www．ncbi．nlm．nih．gov／nucleotide）检索获得结核杆菌野生株（利福平敏感株）序列（登陆号：AJ749948）作对比分析。结果 结果显示PCR结核测序方法得到了39例结核杆菌耐药株。51例敏感株，与药敏实验的方法检测的结果完全一致。测定的11株临床分离的耐药株中，526位或531位有突变，其中526位有突变的有7株，占耐药测定株63．6%，531位突变的有4株。占耐药测定株36．4％。未见两位点同时突变。检测的11株敏感株，未见526位或531位有突变。结论 杭州地区结核分支杆菌耐利福平的发生与rpoB基因的526位或531位突变密切相关，与国外的报告基本相似。但526位突变占耐药测定株高达63．6％。如此高比例目前国内外未见相似报道。PCR扩增和产物测序将是临床检测结核分支杆菌耐利福平和耐多药的一种迅速、准确的方法。     

耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因序列研究

目的研究杭州地区结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumtuberculosis)对利福平(RFP)的耐受与rpoB基因突变的关系.方法随机挑选了90例结核杆菌感染的病例,选择了利福平作为主要的药物进行药敏实验,PCR扩增39株耐RFP结核分支杆菌的rpoB基因片段(580bp);测定扩增片段的序列,并与美国国立生物信息中心(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide)检索获得结核杆菌野生株(利福平敏感株)序列(登陆号:AJ749948)作对比分析.结果结果显示PCR结核测序方法得到了39例结核杆菌耐药株,51例敏感株,与药敏实验的方法检测的结果完全一致.测定的11株临床分离的耐药株中,526位或531位有突变,其中526位有突变的有7株,占耐药测定株63.6%,531位突变的有4株,占耐药测定株36.4%,未见两位点同时突变.检测的11株敏感株,未见526位或531位有突变.结论杭州地区结核分支杆菌耐利福平的发生与rpoB基因的526位或531位突变密切相关,与国外的报告基本相似.但526位突变占耐药测定株高达63.6%,如此高比例目前国内外未见相似报道.PCR扩增和产物测序将是临床检测结核分支杆菌耐利福平和耐多药的一种迅速、准确的方法.     

Resistance levels and rpoB gene mutations among in vitro-selected rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants

The distribution and resistance levels of 189 in vitro-selected rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants of Beijing and other genotypes were determined. Apart from a higher amount of codon 522 point mutations and large deletions, a spread of mutations similar to that reported for clinical isolates was seen. Most mutations were correlated with high-level resistance; a lower level, or a MIC of <16 mg/liter, was associated with codon 522 mutations. Multiple mutations were detected in two Beijing mutants.     

实时荧光PCR分子信标检测耐利福平结核分枝杆菌印rpoB基因

目的 应用实时荧光PCR分子信标技术,建立快速检测临床标本中结核分枝杆菌利福平rpoB相关耐药突变点方法,探讨其缩短耐药实验报告时间的临床应用价值.方法 以分枝杆菌药物敏感性实验绝对浓度法为标准,12株非结核分枝杆菌、4株非分枝杆菌作对照,对174例结核患者临床分离株应用实时荧光PCR分子信标方法,检测利福平rpoB核心区域的耐药突变点并将结果与直接测序进行比较.结果 (1)实时荧光PCR分子信标方法:82例结核分枝杆菌利福平敏感菌株中,3例发生rpoB基因突变,特异度为96.3%;92例结核分枝杆菌利福平耐药菌株中,82例检出耐药突变,敏感度为89.1%;准确性为92.5%.(2)DNA直接测序分析:82例结核分枝杆菌利福平敏感株中,1例发生rpoB基因突变,特异度为98.8%;92例结核分枝杆菌利福平耐药菌株中,83例发生:rpoB基因突变,敏感度为90.2%;准确性为94.2%.检测174株结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株,与实时荧光PCR分子信标方法检测一致性为98.3%(171/174).结论 实时荧光PCR分子信标方法检测耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变点可作为结核患者快速耐药检测的初筛方法之一.     

武汉地区耐利福平结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变分析

摘要：目的：探讨武汉地区结核分枝杆菌（MTB）利福平耐药株rpoB基因的突变特征。 方法：对76例MTB临床分离株包括rpoB核心区域81 bp碱基在内的428 bp碱基进行PCR测定,并进行DNA序列分析。 结果：76例临床分离MTB中利福平耐药株56例,敏感株20例。耐药株中92.9%（52/56）存在突变,共涉及10个密码子的18种突变类型。 531、526为常见突变位点,其突变率分别为57.7%(30/52)、19.2%(10/52);联合突变率为13.5%（7/52）;同时发现了509位（AGC→AGA）新的突变类型和国内少见的517位CAG缺失类型。 结论：rpoB基因突变在武汉地区利福平耐药MTB中广泛存在,并存在新的突变位点。     

Profiling and identification of novel rpoB mutations in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Pakistan

IntroductionRifampicin (RIF) is one of the most effective anti-tuberculosis first-line drugs prescribed along with isoniazid. However, the emergence of RIF resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates is a major issue towards tuberculosis (TB) control program in high MDR TB-burdened countries including Pakistan. Molecular data behind phenotypic resistance is essential for better management of RIF resistance which has been linked with mutations in rpoB gene. Since molecular studies on RIF resistance is limited in Pakistan, the current study was aimed to investigate the molecular data of mutations in rpoB gene behind phenotypic RIF resistance isolates in Pakistan.MethodA total of 322 phenotypically RIF-resistant isolates were randomly selected from National TB Reference Laboratory, Pakistan for sequencing while 380 RIF resistance whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Pakistani isolates (BioProject PRJEB25972), were also analyzed for rpoB mutations.ResultAmong the 702 RIF resistance samples, 675 (96.1%) isolates harbored mutations in rpoB in which 663 (94.4%) were detected within the Rifampicin Resistance Determining Region (RRDR) also known as a mutation hot spot region, including three novel. Among these mutations, 657 (97.3%) were substitutions including 603 (89.3%) single nucleotide polymorphism, 49 (7.25%) double and five (0.8%) triple. About 94.4% of Phenotypic RIF resistance strains, exhibited mutations in RRDR, which were also detectable by GeneXpert.ConclusionMutations in the RRDR region of rpoB is a major mechanism of RIF resistance in MTB circulating isolates in Pakistan. Molecular detection of drug resistance is a faster and better approach than phenotypic drug susceptibility testing to reduce the time for transmission of RIF resistance strains in population. Such insights will inform the deployment of anti-TB drug regimens and disease control tools and strategies in high burden settings, such as Pakistan.     

Allele-specific rpoB PCR assays for detection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum smears

We describe an allele-specific PCR assay to detect mutations in three codons of the rpoB gene (516, 526, and 531) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains; mutations in these codons are reported to account for majority of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates resistant to rifampin (RIF), a marker of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Three different allele-specific PCRs are carried out either directly with purified DNA (single-step multiplex allele-specific PCR), or with preamplified rpoB fragment (nested allele-specific PCR [NAS-PCR]). The method was optimized and validated following analysis of 36 strains with known rpoB sequence. A retrospective analysis of the 287 DNA preparations from epidemiologically unlinked RIF-resistant clinical strains from Russia, collected from 1996 to 2002, revealed that 247 (86.1%) of them harbored a mutation in one of the targeted rpoB codons. A prospective study of microscopy-positive consecutive sputum samples from new and chronic TB patients validated the method for direct analysis of DNA extracted from sputum smears. The potential of the NAS-PCR to control for false-negative results due to lack of amplification was proven especially useful in the study of these samples. The developed rpoB-PCR assay can be used in clinical laboratories to detect RIF-resistant and hence MDR M. tuberculosis in the regions with high burdens of the MDR-TB.     

Comparative antimycobacterial activities of rifampin, rifapentine, and KRM-1648 against a collection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with known rpoB mutations.

A collection of 24 rifampin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with characterized RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB) gene mutations was tested against the antimycobacterial agents rifampin, rifapentine, and KRM-1648 to correlate levels of resistance with specific rpoB genotypes. The results indicate that KRM-1648 is more active in vitro than rifampin and rifapentine, and its ability to overcome rifampin resistance in strains with four different genetic alterations may prove to be useful in understanding structure-function relationships.     

Characterization of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis pncA gene mutations in clinical isolates from the Ukraine

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis cases in the Ukraine are increasing. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is critically important for first- and second-line tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimes. However, PZA drug susceptibility testing is time consuming and technically challenging. The present study utilized Next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify mutations in the pncA gene from clinical isolates and to assess the prevalence of pncA gene mutations in MDR/XDR-TB patients. Clinical isolates were inactivated in molecular transport media and shipped from Kharkiv, Ukraine, to San Antonio, TX. Whole-genome and targeted pncA gene sequencing was carried out using Illumina MiSeq instrumentation. Mutations were noted in 67 of 91 (74%) clinical isolates comprising substitutions, insertions, and deletions in the pncA coding and upstream promoter region. Of 45 mutation types, there were 11 novel, i.e., to date unknown, pncA mutations identified of which 3 were confirmed PZA resistant. Seven isolates contained mixed base mutations, whereas 4 harbored doubled mutations. Data reported here further support use of NGS for pncA gene characterization and may contribute in significant fashion to PZA therapy, especially in MDR- and XDR-TB patients.     

rpoB基因在结核分枝杆菌利福平/利福布丁交叉耐药株中突变情况的差异分析

目的 了解结核分枝杆菌利福平/利福布丁交叉耐药株与利福平耐药/利福布丁敏感株rpoB全基因突变特征的差异.方法 测定rpoB全基因序列,比较278株利福平/利福布丁交叉耐药(rifampicin/rifabutin cross-resistant,RIF/Rfb-R)株和40株利福平耐药/利福布丁敏感(rifampicinresistant/rifabutin-susceptible,RIF-R/Rfb-S)株,30株利福平/利福布丁敏感(rifampicin-susceptible/rifabutin-susceptible,RIF-S/Rfb-S)株及标准株H37 Rv之间的rpoB全基因序列突变差异.结果 利福平/利福布丁敏感株和H37Rv rpoB全基因未发现突变;利福平/利福布丁交叉耐药株的常见突变位点是531(70.5％)和526( 20.9％).223( 80.2％)株单点突变株分别含有S531L、S531W、H526D、H526Y、H526R、Q513K、Q513P、Q510H、V176F、P287R、Y395C及H404Y单点突变,55( 19.8％)株多重突变株分别以S531L、H526R、H526Y、H526D、D516G和Q513K位点与其他位点联合突变为主.利福平耐药/利福布丁敏感株的常见突变位点分别是516(65.0％)、526( 17.5％)和533( 10.0％).21(52.5％)株单点突变株分别含有L533P、H526L、H526S、S522L、D516V、D516Y和D516F单点突变,19(47.5％)株多重突变株分别以D516V和L533P位点与其他位点联合突变为主.结论 本批标本中,利福霉素耐药株rpoB基因突变率为100％,利福平/利福布丁交叉耐药株与利福平耐药/利福布丁敏感株rpoB全基因单点突变株的突变位置或氨基酸替换类型、多重突变株的突变位置或组合类型以及常见突变位点或其氨基酸替换类型完全不同,rpoB全基因DNA序列分析对临床科学应用利福平和利福布丁有指导意义.     

耐利福平结核分枝杆菌 rpoA、rpoB、rpoC和rpoZ突变的研究

目的：了解结核分枝杆菌rpoA、rpoB、rpoC和rpoZ突变特征及其与利福平耐药的关系。方法对140株临床分离结核分枝杆菌进行利福平敏感性试验,并对耐利福平株分别进行rpoB耐药决定区及rpoA、rpoB、rpoC及rpoZ全基因测序。结果140株结核分枝杆菌中57株对利福平耐药。57株耐利福平结核分枝杆菌中,52株（91.2%）存在突变,其中50株为rpoB基因突变,2株为rpoC突变。在rpoB 765、1001、1156位及rpoC 51位发现新的突变位点。结论结核分枝杆菌对利福平耐药主要与rpoB和rpoC基因突变有关。     

检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的研究

目的：建立聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（PCR－SSCP）检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的方法，并评价共临床应用的价值。方法：依据结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因的耐利福平决定区设计引物，用PCR从临床分离株和直接从痰标本中扩增rpoB基因片段；对扩得的rpoB基因片段做DNA SSCP分析，并随机测定rpoB片段的序列。结果：PCR从所有212株结核分枝杆菌中均扩得230bp片段135份抗酸染色阳性的痰标本中，有113份扩得阳性片段（83．7％），在SSCP分析中，140份经L－J药敏试验检测为利福平耐受的结核分枝杆菌，有130份有rpoB基因突变（符合率为92．9％），72份经L－J药敏试验检测为利福平敏感的菌，有67份的rpoB基因无突变（符合率为93．1％），测序分析发现57份经SSCP检测为突变的rpoB片段均有序列改变，10份经SSCP分析为无突变的有8份无序列改变，SSCP与测序结果的符合率为94．0％，在本研究的菌株中，耐多药结核病（MDR－TB）占76．4％（107／140），有92．5％（99／107）耐多药菌株经SSCP检测有rpoB突变。结论：建立的PCR－SSCP分析方法，是一种较准确和稳定的检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的方法，可用于临床快速分析患者结核分枝杆菌对利福平的耐药性，并可作为MDR－TB判断的一个重要指标。     

耐吡嗪酰胺结核分枝杆菌基因突变研究

目的 研究吡嗪酰胺酶编码基因pncA突变与结核分枝杆菌吡嗪酰胺(pyrazinamide,PZA)耐药的关系.方法 将临床分离的36株结核分枝杆菌进行常规PZA药敏试验和pncA基因序列分析.采用绝对浓度法进行PZA药敏试验;PCR扩增pncA基因及其上游、下游碱基序列,纯化回收PCR产物克隆到T载体并进行全自动测序.结果 36株临床分离株中25株PZA耐药,11株PZA敏感.5株高耐PZA(PZA浓度为250 μg/ml)临床分离株4株pncA基因突变;20株低耐PZA(PZA浓度为50 μg/ml)6株pncA基因突变;25株耐PZA结核分枝杆菌pncA基因突变率为40.0%.3株PZA敏感临床分离株pncA基因出现突变、其中2株为同义突变.11株耐PZA结核分枝杆菌pncA基因上游调控序列突变,其中5株同时有pncA基因突变;2株PZA敏感结核分枝杆菌pncA基因上游序列突变.结论 pncA基因突变可引起结核分枝杆菌对PZA耐药,但pncA基因突变只是结核分枝杆菌耐PZA的一种机制,可能还存在PZA的其他耐药机制.     

结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇分离株embB基因突变的研究

目的 了解结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇（EMB）分离株embB基因突变情况,研究其应用价值。方法 通过聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（PCR－SSCP)、CPR－限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）和PCR－直接测序技术分析102株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株embB基因。结果 以H37Rv标准株为对照,102株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的162rDNA SSCP电泳图谱均与结核分枝杆菌标准株相同。41株药物敏感株的embB基因SSCP均泳动正常,RFLP和测序分析与对照株相同。61株耐EMB分离株可,23株（37．7％）embB基因SSCP泳动异常;8株RFLP分析异常;测序分析23株均为306位密码子突变,其EMB MICs均≥20μg/ml,其中8株为ATG→ATA或ATT突变,13株为ATG→GTG或CTG突变,后者EMB MICs均≥30μg/ml。结论 部分结核分枝杆菌耐EMB是由于其embB基因突变所致,PCR－SSCP技术可能成为测定部分结核分枝杆菌EMB耐药基因型,简便、快速的方法。     

线性探针分析法检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB耐药基因突变的研究

目的研制线性探针分析法检测结核分枝杆菌(结核菌)rpoB基因耐药突变试剂盒。方法设计15条结核菌rpoB基因野生型和突变型的线性探针，固定尼龙膜上；在rpoB基因引物上标记生物素，扩增结核菌DNA，获得生物素标记扩增产物，与rpoB基因线性探针杂交，加入标记过氧化物酶的亲合素，再加四甲基联苯胺显色。结果应用线性探针分析法检测87株结核菌，其与rpoB基因直接测序法、传统药敏法符合率分别为98．8％(82／83)和94．3％(82／87)。结论线性探针分析法检测rpoB耐药基因突变是一种操作简便、特异性高、敏感性高，易开展的方法。     

95例耐多药结核菌株rpoB基因突变的分子特征

目的:探讨广东地区MDR-TB菌株rpoB基因突变的分子特征.方法:对95例MDR-TB菌株rpoB基因453-564位密码子片段进行PCR-直接测序.结果:95例MDR-TB菌株rpoB基因突变率91.58％.86例为点突变,1例插入突变,未发现缺失.常见位点为531 (63.22％)、526(20.69％)、516(9.20％).其中:单位点突变69例(80.23％),双位点突变16例(18.60％),三位点突变1例(1.17％).511位点突变常同时伴有其他位点突变(57.14％).结论:主要突变位点与国内外报道基本相同,但各位点所占比例具有地域差异;联合突变率较高,占19.54％.512位点插入(AGGAGC)突变可能为新突变类型.     

Characterization of mutations conferring extensive drug resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Pakistan

The increasing incidence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis in high-tuberculosis-burden countries further highlights the need for improved rapid diagnostic assays. An increasing incidence of XDR M. tuberculosis strains in Pakistan has been reported, but drug resistance-associated mutations in these strains have not been evaluated previously. We sequenced the "hot-spot" regions of rpoB, katG, inhA, ahpC, gyrA, gyrB, and rrs genes in 50 XDR M. tuberculosis strains. It was observed that 2% of rifampin, 6% of isoniazid, 24% of fluoroquinolone, and 32% of aminoglycoside/capreomycin resistance in XDR M. tuberculosis strains would be undetected if only these common hot-spot regions were tested. The frequencies of resistance-conferring mutations were found to be comparable among all XDR M. tuberculosis strain families present, including the Central Asian Strain, Beijing, and East African Indian genogroups and the Unique isolates. Additional genetic loci need to be tested for detection of mutations conferring fluoroquinolone, aminoglycoside, and capreomycin resistance in order to improve molecular diagnosis of regional XDR M. tuberculosis strains.     

Characterization of rpsL and rrs mutations in streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from diverse geographic localities.

Two genes (rpsL and rrs) with mutations associated with streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis were characterized in 78 streptomycin-resistant and 61 streptomycin-susceptible isolates recovered from patients living in the United States, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Fifty-four percent of the 78 resistant organisms had missense mutations in codon 43 of rpsL resulting in a K-43-->R substitution. Mutations in codon 88 of rpsL were also identified in four Asian isolates.