核心稳定性训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空参数和对称性参数的影响

摘要 目的：应用步态分析,观察核心稳定性训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空参数和对称性参数的影响。 方法：选取脑卒中偏瘫患者60例,按随机数字表法将其分为观察组及对照组,每组30例。两组均进行常规治疗,观察组在此基础上给予核心稳定性训练。分别于治疗前和治疗6周后使用三维步态分析仪器检测并获得两组患者的步态参数。 结果：治疗6周后,两组患者步频、步幅、步速、患侧摆动相和健侧摆动相均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.01）,步宽、步态周期、双支撑相、患侧支撑相、健侧支撑相、步长偏差、健侧患侧支撑相比值和患侧健侧摆动相比值均较治疗前显著减小（P<0.01）。组间比较显示,观察组患者的步频、步幅、步速、步宽、步态周期、双支撑相、健侧支撑相、健侧摆动相、步长偏差、健侧患侧支撑相比值和患侧健侧摆动相比值改善均明显优于对照组（P<0.05或0.01）。 结论：核心稳定性训练能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步态时空参数和对称性参数,提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的步行功能和步态的对称性。     

踝足矫形器对脑卒中患者步行能力影响的疗效观察

目的：观察佩戴踝足矫形器（AFO）对脑卒中患者步行能力改善的程度。方法：脑卒中偏瘫患者32例,给予佩戴50S1动态踝足矫形器7d后,采用三维步态分析系统评测佩戴AFO前后的步态空间域参数和步态时间域参数。结果：佩戴7d后,脑卒中患者步态空间域参数中平均步幅宽患、健侧均较佩戴前下降（P〈O．05）,平均步幅长、步伐长和平均步向角患、健侧均较佩戴前增大（P〈0．05,0．01）;步态时间域参数中步速、步频和双支撑相百分比患侧、健侧均较佩戴前明显增加,（P〈O．01）,单支撑相和摆动相百分比患侧较佩戴前明显增加、健侧较佩戴前下降（P〈O．01）。结论：佩戴AFO可以改善脑卒中患者步态的稳定性,患、健侧的步速、步频均明显提高,并且佩戴后即刻发挥作用。     

步态诱发功能性电刺激对脑卒中后足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响

目的:采用步态分析,观察步态诱发功能性电刺激对脑卒中后足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响.方法:选择40例符合入选标准的脑卒中后足下垂患者,随机分组到实验组和对照组,均给予常规药物治疗及基本常规康复训练.实验组在此治疗基础上采用给予患侧下肢步态诱发功能性电刺激,根据患者踝关节背伸、内翻程度调节正负电极片位置及具体适应的刺激量30min/次,1次/d,每周6次,共3周.对照组在治疗期间不给予任何电刺激.采用三维步态分析仪器分别于治疗前、治疗3周后检测并获取两组患者步态参数.结果:治疗3周后,两组患者步速、步幅、步频、健侧摆动相均较治疗前明显均提高(P＜0.05),步态周期、步宽、双支撑相、患侧摆动相、健侧支撑相、患侧支撑相均较治疗前显著减小(P＜0.05).组间比较显示,治疗组患者的步行速度、步幅、步频、步行周期、步宽、双支撑相、改善程度均明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者对称性步态参数治疗前后差异显著,且实验组改善程度显著优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:步态诱发功能性电刺激治疗能有效改善脑卒中后足下垂患者步速、步频、步行周期等时空参数,提高脑卒中后足下垂患者的步行能力及步态的对称性.     

全身振动刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行效率的影响

目的：观察全身振动训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行效率的影响。方法：脑卒中患者11例,均进行全身振动刺激,频率10Hz,振幅4mm,时间10min。振动刺激前后进行步态分析。结果：振动刺激10min后,11例患者步频、步速及患侧步长、患侧单支撑相时间、健腿摆动相时间、健侧髋关节最大屈曲角度、健患侧髋关节及膝关节最大屈曲角度、患侧踝关节最大背伸角度均较刺激前明显增加（P〈0.05）;步行周期、双支撑相时间显著缩短（P〈0.05）;健侧步长、健侧单支撑相时间、患腿摆动相时间刺激前后比较差异无统计学意义。结论：全身振动刺激可以显著改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行时空参数,提高患者的步行能力。     

脑机接口联合末端驱动型下肢机器人对脑卒中患者平衡及步行功能的影响

摘要 目的：观察脑机接口（brain computer interfaces, BCI）联合GEO System?下肢机器人（G-EO gait-therapy system, G-EO）对脑卒中患者平衡及步行功能的影响。 方法：在无锡市中心康复医院招募40例脑卒中患者,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组20例。对照组患者在常规康复治疗基础上进行下肢主被动踏车训练和G-EO训练,试验组患者在常规康复治疗基础上进行脑机接口下肢踏车训练和G-EO训练。两组患者均在治疗前、治疗4周后采用Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA-LE）、Berg平衡量表（Berg balance scale, BBS）、Tecnobody平衡评估系统和GaitWatch三维步态分析仪进行评估。 结果：治疗前,两组患者FMA-LE、BBS、压力中心运动椭圆面积、压力中心运动轨迹长度、稳定极限、步频、步态周期、步幅、步速、步长对称性比、踝最大背屈角度无显著性差异（P>0.05）。治疗4周后,两组患者组内比较FMA-LE、BBS、压力中心运动椭圆面积、压力中心运动轨迹长度、稳定极限、步频、步态周期、步幅、步速、步长对称性比、踝最大背屈角度均比治疗前显著性改善（P<0.05）。组间比较,试验组FMA-LE、BBS、压力中心运动椭圆面积、压力中心运动轨迹长度、稳定极限、步频、步态周期、步幅、步速比对照组显著性改善（P<0.05）。 结论：4周的BCI联合G-EO训练能够有效改善脑卒中患者的下肢运动功能,提高脑卒中患者平衡及步行能力,具有近期效果。     

穴位肌电生物反馈治疗脑卒中偏瘫后踝关节活动障碍的临床疗效观察

摘要 目的：观察穴位肌电生物反馈治疗脑卒中后踝关节活动障碍的临床疗效。 方法：按入院先后顺序,将我院收治的60例脑卒中偏瘫后踝关节活动障碍患者随机等分为治疗组和对照组。两组均给予常规康复治疗+基础疾病内科治疗,同时,治疗组给予穴位肌电生物反馈治疗,对照组给予胫骨前肌肌电生物反馈治疗,均治疗4周。比较两组表面肌电测试指标、下肢运动功能、日常生活能力、三维步态分析系统（3-DGA）时空参数等的变化。 结果：治疗4周后,两组患侧踝关节最大用力背屈时胫骨前肌积分肌电值（iEMG）、在最大自主收缩条件下踝关节背屈时的EMG协同收缩率（CR）、Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评分、改良Barthel指数（MBI）评分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分比较,差异均具有显著性意义（P<0.05）;两组患侧步长,步速,支撑相期髋、膝、踝关节力矩峰值,踝关节主动背屈的最大活动范围（AROM）,患侧支撑相时间,患侧摆动相时间,双支撑相时间比较,差异均具有显著性意义（P<0.05）。 结论：穴位肌电生物反馈治疗能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫后踝关节活动障碍患者的踝背屈功能,促进患侧下肢功能和步行能力的恢复,提高日常生活能力,缓解患者的焦虑和抑郁。     

认知任务干扰脑卒中步态的前驱研究

目的:通过步态分析手段,探讨认知任务对脑卒中患者步态的影响,比较不同认知任务对步态影响的区别。方法:15例脑卒中患者参与本项研究。要求所有患者分别进行两种步行:自然状态下直线步行20m;步行的同时分别执行定向、记忆、计算和言语任务。采用Gaitwatch步态分析系统收集5次步行时的步态参数,包括步频、步幅、步速、双支撑相百分比和健侧摆动相百分比。结果:5组步频无显著性差异(F=1.972,P=0.169),5组步幅(F=13.142,P0.01)、步速(F=11.445,P=0.001)、双支撑相百分比(F=13.142,P0.01)和健侧摆动相百分比(F=11.000,P0.01)有显著性差异。与自然步行相比,4种认知任务时的步幅均显著降低,双支撑相百分比显著提高,定向任务和计算任务时的步速和健侧摆动相百分比显著降低。与计算任务相比,定向任务时的步幅、步速提高,双支撑相百分比降低;记忆任务时步幅、步速和健侧摆动相百分比提高,双支撑相百分比降低;言语任务时步幅和步速提高。结论:认知任务会降低脑卒中患者的步幅、步速和健侧摆动相百分比,延长双支撑相百分比,不同类型认知任务对步态的干扰不同。     

老年脑卒中偏瘫患者的三维步态分析

目的探讨老年偏瘫患者的步态特点。方法采用三维步态分析仪对22例老年偏瘫患者进行步态分析。结果老年偏瘫患者的双侧下肢站立相百分比增大,健侧较患侧明显,摆动相百分比减小,步频减小;步长、跨步长及步速减小;头部前倾,躯干基本保持直立位;患侧上肢较健侧上肢的肩关节、肘关节角度变化范围缩小(P<0.05);患侧肩关节屈曲内收、肘关节屈曲角度较健侧增大(P<0.05);患侧髋膝踝关节角度变化范围较健侧缩小(P<0.05)。结论老年偏瘫患者步行功能下降,上肢痉挛,步行时出现视觉代偿。     

弹力绷带膝踝联合捆扎改善脑卒中患者步态及日常生活活动能力的疗效观察

目的:观察应用弹力绷带进行膝踝关节联合捆扎治疗对改善脑卒中患者步态及日常生活活动能力的临床疗效。方法:40例脑卒中患者随机分为试验组和对照组,两组患者均接受脑卒中后常规康复治疗,试验组患者在常规康复治疗中的站立、迈步、行走等训练时应用弹力绷带对患侧膝、踝关节进行同步捆扎,保持膝关节微屈、踝关节背屈。在治疗前及治疗8周后进行三维步态分析、患侧下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA-L)及改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分,试验组患者在首次应用弹力绷带捆扎前后各做1次三维步态分析。结果:试验组患者在首次应用弹力绷带捆扎后三维步态分析显示其患侧步长、步速及支撑相髋、膝、踝各关节力矩峰值各项分值较捆扎前有显著改善(P0.05);治疗8周后试验组患者下肢FMA-L、MBI评分及三维步态数据较对照组有显著改善(P0.05)。结论:应用弹力绷带进行膝踝关节联合捆扎可显著提高卒中后偏瘫患者的异常步态及日常生活活动能力。     

自制偏瘫步行矫正带对慢性期脑卒中患者伸肌协同偏瘫步态的运动学及时空参数影响

目的 观察自制偏瘫步行矫正带对慢性期脑卒中患者典型伸肌偏瘫步态的运动学参数及时空参数影响。 方法 选取慢性期脑卒中后偏瘫患者30例,按随机数字表法随机分为对照组与步行矫正带组,每组患者15例。2组患者均给予常规康复治疗,对照组在常规康复治疗的基础上增加步行训练,训练时根据患者下肢的异常情况予以口头指令和必要时的手法辅助,每日训练1次,每次训练30 min,每周训练5次,连续训练3周。步行矫正带组在常规康复治疗的基础上进行步行矫正带辅助下的步行训练,每日1次,每次训练30 min,每周训练5次,连续训练3周。于治疗前和治疗3周后（治疗后）分别对2组患者进行简易三维步态分析测试以获得步态的运动学参数和时空参数。 结果 治疗后,步行矫正带组偏瘫侧下肢关节角度的屈髋峰值和屈膝峰值分别为（37.7±5.9）°和（40.6 ±7.5）°,与组内治疗前和对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,2组患者的步速、步频、步幅与组内治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）, 且步行矫正带组治疗后的步速、步频、步幅分别与对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 偏瘫步行矫正带可显著改善偏瘫侧摆动相屈髋和屈膝的幅度,提高偏瘫患者的步行能力。     

Effects of auditory feedback during gait training on hemiplegic patients’ weight bearing and dynamic balance ability

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of auditory feedback during gait on the weight bearing of patients with hemiplegia resulting from a stroke. [Subjects] Thirty hemiplegic patients participated in this experiment and they were randomly allocated to an experimental group and a control group. [Methods] Both groups received neuro-developmental treatment for four weeks and the experimental group additionally received auditory feedback during gait training. In order to examine auditory feedback effects on weight bearing during gait, a motion analysis system GAITRite was used to measure the duration of the stance phase and single limb stance phase of the subjects. [Results] The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in the duration of the stance phase and single limb stance phase of the paretic side and the results of the Timed Up and Go Test after the training. [Conclusion] Auditory feedback during gait training significantly improved the duration of the stance phase and single limb stance phase of hemiplegic stroke patients.Key words: Auditory feedback, Gait, Hemiplegic patients     

Effects of a knee–ankle–foot orthosis on gait biomechanical characteristics of paretic and non-paretic limbs in hemiplegic patients with genu recurvatum

Background

A knee–ankle–foot orthosis may be prescribed for the prevention of genu recurvatum during the stance phase of gait. It allows also to limit abnormal plantarflexion during swing phase. The aim is to improve gait in hemiplegic patients and to prevent articular degeneration of the knee. However, the effects of knee–ankle–foot orthosis on both the paretic and non-paretic limbs during gait have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to quantify biomechanical adaptations induced by wearing a knee–ankle–foot orthosis, on the paretic and non-paretic limbs of hemiplegic patients during gait.

Methods

Eleven hemiplegic patients with genu recurvatum performed two gait analyses (without and with the knee–ankle–foot orthosis). Spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic gait parameters of both lower limbs were quantified using an instrumented gait analysis system during the stance and swing phases of the gait cycle.

Findings

The knee–ankle–foot orthosis improved spatio-temporal gait parameters. During stance phase on the paretic side, knee hyperextension was reduced and ankle plantarflexion and hip flexion were increased. During swing phase, ankle dorsiflexion increased in the paretic limb and knee extension increased in the non-paretic limb. The paretic limb knee flexion moment also decreased.

Interpretation

Wearing a knee–ankle–foot orthosis improved gait parameters in hemiplegic patients with genu recurvatum. It increased gait velocity, by improving cadence, stride length and non-paretic step length. These spatiotemporal adaptations seem mainly due to the decrease in knee hyperextension during stance phase and to the increase in paretic limb ankle dorsiflexion during both phases of the gait cycle.     

Effects of gait training with non-paretic knee immobilization on patients with hemiplegia: Three single-case studies

Patients’ with a hemiplegic gait and difficulties with activities of daily living may improve through intensive training of their paretic lower limbs. This study examined the possibility of improving their gait by immobilizing the non-paretic knee joint in extension and promoting weight shift toward the paretic side. Single-case ABABA studies were conducted, involving three patients with hemiplegia. The patients walked with their non-paretic knee joints immobilized in extension using a dial-lock knee orthosis during the intervention (B1 and B2) periods. Measurement items included (1) temporal and distance factors and (2) hip, knee, and ankle joint angles during gait. In all subjects, the stance phase was significantly prolonged on the paretic side during all intervention periods following the first baseline (A1) period. In Subject 1, hip extension in the stance phase improved during all intervention periods following the A1 period, and, in Subjects 2 and 3, the knee hyperextension in the stance phase, which was observed during the A1 period, was resolved during the second (A2) and third (A3) baseline periods. Gait training with non-paretic knee immobilization may promote weight shift toward the paretic side to overcome a swing limitation on the immobilized side, consequently providing an opportunity for training in weight bearing for the paretic limb and an improved, more symmetrical gait pattern.     

虚拟现实同步减重训练脑梗死患者可改善下肢运动功能

背景：脑卒中患者多有步行功能障碍,虚拟现实同步减重训练开始运用于脑梗死患者的步态训练。 目的：评估虚拟现实同步减重训练对亚急性期脑梗死患者下肢运动功能的影响。 方法：20例起病3个月内的脑梗死患者随机分配至实验组（虚拟现实同步减重训练）和常规组（常规物理治疗）。在3周步态训练前后各做一次三维步态并进行下肢运动功能评估。对以下参数进行训练前后组内和组间对比：步行速度、步调、步行时间、单腿支撑时间（%）、双腿支撑时间（%）、摆动时间、步长、步幅、下肢各关节活动度、功能性步行分类、下肢Fugl-Meyer评分和Brunel平衡评分。 结果与结论：训练前两组患者的性别、年龄、病程、偏瘫侧、步行速度、功能性步行分类、下肢Fugl-Meyer评分和Brunel平衡评分差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。训练后两组患者的下肢Fugl-Meyer评分和功能性步行分类均有改善（P〈0.05）。实验组在步行速度、步调、患侧步行时间、健侧步行时间、患侧单腿支撑时间、患侧摆动时间、健侧摆动时间、步幅、患侧步长和健侧步长的改善方面较常规组有优势。     

Effects of walking with loads above the ankle on gait parameters of persons with hemiparesis after stroke

Background

Walking with a load at the ankle during gait training is a simple way to resist lower limb movements to induce functional muscle strengthening. This study investigated the effects of walking with different loads attached above the paretic ankle on biomechanical gait parameters during over ground walking in post-stroke participants.

Methods

Ten participants with moderate chronic hemiparesis were evaluated while walking over ground with three different loads (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg) attached above the paretic ankle. Gait speed, cadence, step lengths as well as hip and knee angular displacements, joint moments and power of the paretic limb were compared while walking with and without loads.

Findings

Walking with a load led to an increased in gait speed (+ 0.03–0.05 m/s), and in step length of the paretic leg (+ 5.6 to 9.4% step length, effect size = 0.49–0.63), but not of the non-paretic leg. The proportion of the stance and swing phases did not change. Maximal joint moments (+ 20 to 48%, effect size = 0.26–0.55) and power (+ 20 to 114%, effect size = 0.30–0.57) increases varied across participants but were mostly affected in early stance at the hip and during the late swing phase at the knee. Mean angular displacement changes were less than 4°.

Interpretation

Post-stroke participants are able to increase hip and knee power bursts to meet the increased mechanical demand of added loads attached to the paretic ankle, while preserving the basic pattern of walking. Further study is needed before using loading to functionally strengthen paretic muscles.     

单侧小腿截肢患者穿假肢后的步态运动学参数研究

目的 采用计算机辅助康复环境(CAREN)步态评估系统分析单侧小腿截肢患者穿假肢后的步态运动学参数,并分析其产生差异的原因。 方法 选取单侧小腿中段截肢但均装配假肢的受试者9例设为假肢组,同期选择健全受试者11例设为标准组,通过CAREN步态评估系统对2组受试者的步态运动学参数进行收集、处理、分析,并根据分析报告阐明产生差异原因。 结果 假肢组步态时相性指数为(0.88±0.04),其假肢侧的步长、支撑期百分比、髋关节支撑期最大伸展角度、膝关节支撑期最大屈曲角度、踝关节足跟着地背屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大背屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大跖屈角度与健侧比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05）。假肢组假肢侧的步行速度、步态周期、跨步长、支撑期百分比、髋关节足跟落地屈髋角度、髋关节支撑期最大伸展角度、髋关节支撑期最大屈曲角度、膝关节足跟着地屈膝角度、踝关节足跟着地背屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大跖屈角度、踝关节支撑期最大背屈角度与标准组双侧均值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05）。 结论 单侧小腿截肢者穿戴假肢后步态时相对称性为（0.88±0.04）,假肢侧踝关节运动学参数显著弱于自身健侧,其时空与运动学参数也显著弱于健全人。     

Gait Impairments in Patients Without Lower Limb Hypertonia Early Poststroke Are Related to Weakness of Paretic Knee Flexors

ObjectiveTo describe gait characteristics of patients without clinical evidence of lower limb hypertonia within 2 months of stroke and explore the relationship between gait and residual motor function.DesignCohort study.SettingMotion analysis laboratory in a tertiary-care free-standing rehabilitation hospital.ParticipantsConsecutive sample of 73 eligible inpatients (first-known stroke <2 months postonset, walking independently, modified Ashworth score of 0 in the paretic lower limb) and 27 healthy controls (N=100).InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresGait speed, stride and step lengths and cadences, stance time, single-support and double-support times, and associated symmetry measures in patients at self-selected normal speed and controls at very slow speed (51.1±32.6 cm/s and 61.9±21.8 cm/s, respectively, P=.115); Fugl-Meyer lower extremity motor score (FM-LE) and isometric knee flexion and extension strength in patients.ResultsExcept the stride/step cadence, all temporospatial parameters significantly differed between the stroke and control participants. Furthermore, significantly greater asymmetries were found in the patients for the overall stance time, initial double-support and single-support times, and step cadence, reflecting smaller values in the paretic than nonparetic limb. Most temporospatial parameters moderately to strongly correlated with the gait speed (|r|: .72-.94, P<.0001), FM-LE (|r|: .42-.62, P≤.0005), and paretic knee flexor strength (|r|: .47-.57, P≤.0004).ConclusionsGait of patients without clinical evidence of lower limb hypertonia within 2 months of stroke is characterized by many temporospatial deviations and asymmetries. The self-selected normal gait speed, FM-LE, and paretic knee flexor strength can discriminate gait impairments in these patients shortly before inpatient discharge. It remains to be determined whether the observed relationships between paretic knee flexor strength and gait measures warrant the development of interventions for strengthening of the paretic knee flexors in order to improve gait early poststroke.     

Effects of therapeutic gait training using a prosthesis and a treadmill for ambulatory patients with hemiparesis

Hase K, Suzuki E, Matsumoto M, Fujiwara T, Liu M. Effects of therapeutic gait training using a prosthesis and a treadmill for ambulatory patients with hemiparesis.

Objective

To examine the short-term effects of a newly developed hemiparetic gait training in which patients walk with a prosthesis applied to the nonparetic leg in the flexed knee position.

Design

Pre-post nonrandomized controlled trial.

Setting

Rehabilitation center and gait laboratory of a university hospital.

Participants

Community-dwelling ambulatory volunteers (N=22) with chronic hemiparesis caused by a unilateral stroke.

Intervention

Study subjects participated in a gait training program using either a below-knee prosthesis or a treadmill. Treadmill gait training was performed at a speed approximating the maximum gait velocity for each patient. The 3-week program consisted of a 5-minute gait training session 2 to 3 times a day.

Main Outcome Measures

The ground reaction forces, stance time, step length and cadence during walking at a comfortable speed, and maximum gait speed, as well as the Berg Balance Score, were estimated before and after each training program.

Results

In comparison with changes after the treadmill gait training, analyses of covariance demonstrated a significant increase of the fore-aft ground reaction forces during the paretic propulsion phase and a significant increase in the relative durations of the paretic and nonparetic single stance involved in a gait cycle after the prosthetic gait training (P<.05).

Conclusions

Prosthetic gait training would have different effects on a hemiparetic gait than treadmill gait training. The gait-related task inducing the dominant use of the paretic leg to support the body may be useful as a rehabilitative treatment to improve the kinetic abilities in the paretic stance period.