注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨胶束及注射用长春瑞滨在比格犬体内的毒动学比较

目的 测定连续给予注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨胶束的毒动学参数，并与注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨进行比较。方法 选取16只比格犬随机分为4组，雌雄各半，分别连续iv给予注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨胶束低、中、高剂量（0.29、0.58、1.174 mg/kg）与注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨1.174 mg/kg，建立测定比格犬血浆中酒石酸长春瑞滨浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法，测定血药浓度，采用DAS3.1.4药动学软件计算动力学参数。结果 比格犬iv给予注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨胶束低、中、高3个剂量，血药浓度、AUC_（0-t）、C_max随给药剂量的增加而增大；连续iv给药，低、中、高剂量组动物血药浓度、AUC_（0-t）、C_max在给药第1、29、71天时均变化不大，无明显蓄积倾向。而注射用长春瑞滨胶连续iv给药后随给药时间延长，动物血药浓度、AUC_（0-t）、C_max有上升趋势，AUC_（0-t）蓄积因子分别为2.08、1.80，C_max蓄积因子分别为2.58、2.32，均有蓄积倾向。结论 注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨胶束与普通注射用酒石酸长春瑞滨毒动学参数比较，无明显的蓄积倾向，可降低长期服药的毒性风险。     

美洛昔康咀嚼片的生物等效性研究

目的 研究美洛昔康咀嚼片在比格犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法 12只健康成年比格犬随机分为2组,采用双周期交叉实验设计,分别口服测试片剂和参比片剂2 mg,用RP-HPLC方法测定血浆中美洛昔康的浓度,应用3P97软件计算药动学参数,并进行两种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果 测试片剂和参比片剂的AUC_{0~96 h}分别为（2.85±0.64）和（2.79±0.48）μg/mL·h,T_max分别为（4.33±0.65）和（4.16±0.71）h,C_max分别为（0.091±0.017）和（0.086±0.021）μg/mL,t_1/2分别为（26.08±3.64）和（26.94±4.21）h,两者的lnAUC和lnC_max经双单侧t检验证明差异无统计意义。结论 测试片剂与国外上市的参比片剂具有生物等效性,其平均相对生物利用度为（98.0±9.76）%。     

甲磺酸多沙唑嗪缓释片Beagle犬体内药动学和生物等效性研究

目的 研究甲磺酸多沙唑嗪（Dox）缓释片在Beagle犬体内的药动学，评价其生物等效性。方法 8条健康Beagle犬，采用双周期、双交叉、单剂量分别ig Dox缓释片受试制剂或参比制剂4 mg；建立血浆中Dox液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS/MS）检测方法，进行方法精密度、准确度、回收率、基质效应、稳定性方法学验证；测定给药前（0 h）及给药后2、3、4、5、6、8、10、12、14、16、24、36、48、72 h血浆中Dox经时血药浓度，运用DAS3.2.8计算其药动学参数，并评价其生物等效性。结果 LC-MS/MS方法学经验证符合检测要求。主要药动学参数如下：受试制剂与参比制剂的C_max分别为（29.998 ±3.725）、（31.207 ±5.586） ng/mL，T_max分别为（11.5 ±2.33）、（11.25 ±1.035） h，AUC_0-t分别为（528.549 ±84.526）、（539.852±94.232） ng· h/mL；受试制剂AUC_0-t、AUC_0-∞和C_max的90%置信区间分别为参比制剂相应参数的84.6%~113.9%、88.6%~107.5%和90.2%~104%，均在80%~125%范围内。结论 Dox缓释片受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定大鼠血浆中盐酸维拉帕米的血药浓度及其药动学研究

目的 建立HPLC-MS/MS法以测定大鼠血浆中盐酸维拉帕米的血药浓度,并考察其药动学特征。方法 采用ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm）,流动相为A相0.1%甲酸水,B相乙腈,梯度洗脱;体积流量为0.3 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为5 μL。离子源为电喷雾离子源（ESI）,以多反应离子监测（MRM）进行正离子检测。盐酸维拉帕米监测离子对为m/z 455.3→m/z 165.0,内标地西泮监测离子对为m/z 285.0→m/z 154.1。6只SD大鼠在ig盐酸维拉帕米33.33 mg/kg后,对其进行药动学的研究。结果 盐酸维拉帕米在5~2 000 ng/mL显示线性关系良好;日内日间精密度（RSD）为1.3%~2.0%,准确度（RE）范围为0.1%~18.0%;提取回收率是90.87%~92.42%,基质效应为82.82%~101.99%。盐酸维拉帕米在大鼠体内主要药动学参数C_max、t_max、t_1/2、Ke、AUC_（0-tn）和AUC_（0-∞）分别为（922.1±300.4）ng/mL、（0.54±0.25）h、（6.46±3.18）h、（0.13±0.05）1/h、（7 634.1±4 436.6）h· ng/mL和（10 548.1±8 024.8）h· ng/mL。结论 该方法灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于测定大鼠血浆中盐酸维拉帕米的血药浓度及其药动学研究。     

脑心通胶囊联合阿替普酶治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的 研究银杏内酯滴丸中的主要成分银杏内酯A、B在健康受试者体内的药动学特征,为制定合理的临床给药方案提供依据。方法 采用随机、开放的试验设计,10例健康受试者单次口服银杏内酯滴丸后,按预定时间点采集血样,肝素锂抗凝,离心分离血浆。采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆样品中银杏内酯A、B的开闭环总质量浓度,以及银杏内酯A、B闭环质量浓度,并应用WinNonlin 6.3软件非房室模型计算药动学参数。结果 健康受试者单次口服银杏内酯滴丸后,银杏内酯A闭环及开闭环总量的t_max分别为（3.05±1.40）、（3.40±1.22）h,C_max分别为（84.3±32.8）、（92.2±35.0）ng/mL,C_max比值为91.4%,AUC_0～t分别为（636±183）、（753±205）ng·h/mL,AUC_0～t比值为84.5%,t_1/2分别为（13.00±10.30）、（12.90±8.49）h;银杏内酯B闭环及开闭环总量的t_max分别为（3.15±1.42）、（3.35±1.25）h,C_max分别为（74.10±31.50）、（148.00±60.10）ng/mL,C_max比值为50.1%,AUC_0～t分别为（627±202）、（1 410±431）ng·h/mL,AUC_0～t比值为44.5%,t_1/2分别为（13.20±5.83）、（13.7±5.83）h。结论 健康受试者口服银杏内酯滴丸后,银杏内酯A、B吸收速率适中,消除速率适中,在人血浆中银杏内酯A主要以闭环形式存在,而银杏内酯B以开、闭环2种形式存在、暴露量相当。     

非诺贝特双层渗透泵片在Beagle犬体内的药动学研究

目的 研究非诺贝特双层渗透泵片在犬体内的药动学特征,并评价受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性。方法 采用LC-MS测定比格犬体内的血药浓度,采用DAS 2.1.1软件计算药动学参数。结果 受试制剂和参比制剂血浆中非诺贝特酸的C_max分别为（1 100.0±771.2）、（924.3±564.0）ng/mL,t_max分别为（6.7±8.5)、（2.5±0.5）h,AUC0-t分别为（17 841.1±12 220.7）、（17 615.5±12 870.2）ng·h/mL;t_1/2分别为（17.7±8.2）、（16.4±3.3）h,MRT_0-t分别为（24.7±4.0）、（24.5±5.2）h,受试制剂中非诺贝特酸的平均相对生物利用度为（104.7±12.4）%。结论 受试制剂非诺贝特渗透泵片和参比制剂非诺贝特缓释胶囊具有生物等效性。     

高脂饮食对双嘧达莫在中国健康人体内药动学的影响

目的 观察中国健康受试者空腹和高脂高热量饮食情况下口服双嘧达莫片的药动学特征。方法 75名健康受试者分别在空腹或高脂饮食条件下单剂量口服双嘧达莫片25 mg,分别在不同时间点采集静脉血样。采用LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中双嘧达莫的浓度,用PhoenixWinNonlin 8.0软件按非房室模型计算药动学参数。结果 空腹和高脂饮食后双嘧达莫片的主要药动学参数如下：C_max分别为(594.69±172.14),(333.64±167.18) ng·mL^-1,餐后较空腹C_max降低了43.9%(P<0.01);t_1/2分别为(9.87±4.21),(10.57±3.75) h;AUC_0-t分别为(1 733.22±715.49),(1 268.61±571.07) ng·mL^-1·h,AUC_0-∞分别为(1 801.69±707.61),(1 353.64±602.29) ng·mL^-1·h,餐后较空腹AUC_0-t及AUC_0-∞分别降低26.8%,24.9%(P<0.01);T_max中位数(范围)分别为0.75[0.50,5.00] h和1.50[0.49,4.52] h,餐后服药的T_max明显延迟(P<0.01)。结论 高脂饮食后服药较空腹条件下服药,C_max、AUC_0-t及AUC_0-∞均明显降低,T_max明显延迟,说明食物对双嘧达莫片的吸收速度、吸收程度均有显著影响。     

盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的人体生物等效性研究

目的 评价中国健康受试者空腹和餐后状态下单次口服盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的生物等效性。方法 采用单剂量、随机、开放、两制剂、两周期、交叉对照的试验设计,健康受试者每周期在空腹或餐后状态下口服盐酸二甲双胍缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂500 mg。采用经验证的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法测定二甲双胍的血浆浓度,使用Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0计算药动学参数并用SAS9.4软件进行生物等效性评价。结果 空腹状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂中二甲双胍C_max分别为（733.00±178.25）、（665.80±146.58） ng·mL^-1,AUC_0～t分别为（4 848.60±1 204.80）、（4 743.00±1 104.34） h·ng·mL^-1,AUC_{0 ～ ∞}分别为（4 940.70±1 219.48）、（4 832.58±1 093.55） h·ng·mL^-1。餐后状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂中二甲双胍C_max分别为（519.10±92.55）、（475.50±65.88） ng·mL^-1,AUC_0～t分别为（5 989.20±1 112.01）、（5 946.50±1 094.81） h·ng·mL^-1,AUC_{0 ～ ∞}分别为（6 052.20±1 118.35）、（6 049.80±1 062.28） h·ng·mL^-1。受试制剂和参比制剂二甲双胍C_max、AUC_0～t和AUC_0～∞几何均值比的90%置信区间均在80.00%～125.00%的生物等效性范围内。结论 盐酸二甲双胍缓释片受试制剂和参比制剂在空腹和餐后状态下均具有生物等效性。     

氢溴酸樟柳碱注射液大鼠组织分布和Beagle犬药动学研究

目的 研究氢溴酸樟柳碱注射液在大鼠体内的组织分布情况和Beagle犬体内的药动学特征。方法 SD大鼠单次iv氢溴酸樟柳碱注射液5 mg/kg,于给药后5、30、60、90、180 min处死大鼠,取血浆、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胃、小肠、骨骼肌、脂肪、卵巢、子宫、睾丸。Beagle犬单次iv氢溴酸樟柳碱注射液0.1、0.3、0.9 mg/kg,给药后5、10、20、30、45 min和1.0、1.5、3.0、5.0、7.0、10.0 h静脉采血。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法（LC-MS）测定各时间点血浆及各组织中氢溴酸樟柳碱的浓度,统计矩法计算氢溴酸樟柳碱在犬体内的药动学参数。结果 大鼠肾、胃氢溴酸樟柳碱峰浓度最高,分别为（1 967.6±569.4）（2 316.9±952.6） ng/mL,其次为血浆、小肠、肺、肝、脾、卵巢、心、子宫、骨骼肌,而脂肪、睾丸和脑峰浓度最低,低于200 ng/mL。除胃在30 min达峰外,其余组织均在5 min达峰,之后快速下降。Beagle犬iv氢溴酸樟柳碱注射液后,0.1、0.3、0.9 mg/kg组达峰浓度（C_max）分别为（43.3±8.6）、（117.9±40.2）、（348.6±40.0） ng/mL,药时曲线下面积（AUC_0~t）分别为（35.9±6.6）、（159.6±56.6）、（443.3±50.3） ng·h/mL,半衰期（t_1/2z）分别为（0.9±0.3）、（1.5±0.9）、（1.1±0.2）h,清除率（Cl_z）分别为（20.9±5.3）、（17.9±7.6）、（19.4±2.2）×10⁵ L/（h·kg）,表观分布容积（V_z）分别为（24.6±7.0）、（37.0±18.5）、（31.3±4.3）×10⁵ L/kg。结论 氢溴酸樟柳碱在大鼠体内的分布与器官血流量、药物水溶性、生理屏障等因素具有明显相关性;在犬体内血浆清除率和组织分布程度均较高,血浆消除较快,无蓄积性。     

依托考昔片在中国健康受试者的药动学及安全性研究

目的 研究中国健康受试者空腹、餐后单次口服依托考昔片的药动学及安全性。方法 将68例健康受试者随机分为空腹组和餐后组，采用双周期交叉试验设计进行给药，LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中依托考昔浓度，用WinNonLin软件计算药动学参数，比较国产依托考昔片和原研参比制剂药动学差异以及不同性别和进食对托考昔片药动学的影响。以受试者生命体征及体格检查、实验室检查值以及心电图变化为指标进行依托考昔片安全性评价。结果 空腹组受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数T_max为1.25，1.25 h，C_max为（2 767.50±421.89），（2 707.81±674.90） ng·mL^-1，AUC_0-∞为（52 967.87±13 843.25），（53 479.56±16 066.32） h·ng·mL^-1；餐后组受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数T_max为2.50，1.75 h，C_max为（2 000.61±314.89），（2 209.06±429.05） ng·mL^-1，AUC_0-∞为（51 450.80±17 241.02），（49 287.23±16 192.87） h·ng·mL^-1；餐后组受试制剂和参比制剂T_max差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05），但不具有临床意义。受试者空腹、餐后口服依托考昔片后，T_max、C_max差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01），但AUC_0-∞差异无统计学意义；不同性别受试者空腹口服依托考昔片后，主要药动学参数T_max、C_max、AUC_0-∞均无统计学意义，但女性受试者餐后口服依托考昔片后t_1/2、AUC_0-∞较男性受试者高（P<0.05）。空腹和餐后给药后不良事件涉及多系统，均为轻度，无严重不良反应。结论 国产依托考昔片和原研参比制剂具有生物等效性；进食影响依托考昔片的吸收速度，但不影响其吸收程度；空腹给药后依托考昔片的药动学参数无性别差异，但餐后给药后t_1/2、AUC_0-∞存在性别差异。依托考昔片在中国健康受试者中具有良好的安全性和耐受性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.