大鼠视神经挫伤视网膜形态功能变化的动态研究

目的观察视神经夹挫伤后视网膜形态学和视功能动态变化,为视功能评价和视神经保护研究提供依据。方法大鼠视神经夹挫伤后1d、3d、5d7、d、9d、2周4、周8、周1、2周,光镜观察视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)改变,闪光视觉诱发电位(F-VEP)检测视功能状况。结果视神经部分损伤后3d到1周内视网膜神经节细胞快速减少,2周以后缓慢减少,4周几乎无明显变化;视神经损伤1d,F-VEP波形变得低而宽,前2周呈进行性下降期,4周后变化平稳,并显示恢复迹象。结论神经节细胞继发性损伤是视功能进行性下降的重要原因,一定数量存活的视网膜节细胞是视功能恢复的基础;神经损伤变化和视功能变化与时间具有一定的相关性,这些对于正确评价视功能状况和预后有极重要的意义。     

视神经挫伤后视网膜形态学和Bcl-2/Bax表达

目的 研究大鼠视神经夹挫伤后视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）形态学改变及Bcl-2／Bax蛋白表达的变化，为了解视神经损伤的病理机制提供一定的依据。方法 建立大鼠视神经夹挫伤动物模型，伤后1d、3d、5d、7d、9d、2周、4周处死，HE染色观察RGC的动态变化，免疫组化方法检测RGC表达Bcl-2及Bax的水平。结果 视神经伤后RGC数目严重下降，2周内RGC快速减少，2周以后缓慢减少；伤后Bcl-2及Bax表达随时间而有不同程度的增加，Bax对损伤的反应较Bcl-2稍晚，两者表达均呈现先升后降的趋势，并维持一定的时间。Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达比与RGC存活数目有一定的相关性。结论 视神经损伤后RGC数目减少是其视功能下降的病理基础之一，Bcl-2和Bax在RGC死亡机制中起重要作用，Bcl-2／Bax比率与RGC的减少呈一定的相关性。     

大鼠视神经横断伤及夹挫伤后视网膜神经节细胞变化及与损伤时间关系

目的 观察大鼠视神经横断伤及夹挫伤后,视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)形态学变化、区别及在不同时间的计数变化,探讨其与视神经损伤经过时间的关系,为视神经损伤的病理机制及损伤经过时间的推断提供一定的依据.方法 采用大鼠球后视神经横断伤/夹挫伤动物模型,在伤后不同时间处死动物并取材,HE 染色,光镜下观察RGCs的动态变化.结果 视神经损伤后RGCs数日均严重下降,2周内RGCs快速减少,3～7 d为RGCs快速减少期,2周以后缓慢减少;但横断伤组3 d以后各个时期RGCs计数下降幅度与夹挫伤组相比更明显.结论 视神经损伤导致了视网膜形态结构的变化,RGCs丢失的严重程度与损伤类型及时问呈相关性.     

大鼠外伤性视神经损伤模型的建立

目的建立大鼠定量视神经损伤模型,为研究视神经损伤的发病机制及治疗效果奠定基础。方法健康Sprague-Dawley大鼠27只,随机分为3组,分别为A组(损伤组)12只、B组(假损伤对照组)12只、C组(正常对照组)3只。A组暴露视神经,应用40g力的视神经夹在大鼠眼球后2mm处夹视神经30s,B组仅暴露视神经,C组不做任何处理。A、B组按损伤后不同时间分为3d组、7d组、14d组、28d组,采用双上丘注射50g.L-1荧光金标记双眼视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells RGCs)。视网膜铺片荧光照相,计算RGCs计数,RGCs标识率及RGCs丧失率。结果 C组与B组RGCs计数及RGCs标识率比较,无明显差异;A组与B组各时间点RGCs计数及RGCs标识率比较,均有明显差异;A组视神经损伤后不同时间RCCs计数逐渐下降(3d:152.26±25.12,7d:111.19±20.32,14d:101.23±17.19,28d:94.86±18.26),14d组与28d组比较无统计学意义,其他时间点比较有统计学意义,视神经损伤后RGCs标识率随时间延长渐进性降低(3d:79.35%±8.29%,7d:59.76%±7.79%,14d:53.26%±7.26%,28d:51.29%±3.26%),而RGCs丧失率随时间延长渐进性增加(3d:20.65%±3.15%,7d:40.24%±5.63%,14d:46.74%±4.37%,28d:48.71%±5.12%)。结论应用40g力视神经夹在大鼠眼球后2mm处夹视神经30s能成功建立定量视神经损伤动物模型。     

大鼠视神经损伤视网膜内P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶活性的表达

目的:动态观察视神经损伤后视网膜中P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)活性的表达变化和早期细胞凋亡情况。方法:制作大鼠视神经钳夹伤模型后设立对照组、假手术组和视神经夹伤组,应用免疫组化方法及流式细胞仪分别检测视神经损伤后1,6,12,24h;15,30d共6个时间点3组大鼠视网膜中磷酸化(活化)P38MAPK的表达和早期细胞凋亡率,同时对视网膜形态学改变进行观察。结果:视神经损伤诱导视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)严重丧失,损伤后1~15dRGC快速减少,15d后缓慢减少。在正常对照组、假手术组磷酸化P38MAPK表达阴性,视神经损伤后P38MAPK活性的表达于6h检测到表达,逐渐增加至24h阳性表达达高峰,15d表达下降,30d消失,具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。视神经损伤后早期细胞凋亡率逐渐上升,24h达最高8.9%,随后下降。结论:视神经不完全损伤刺激了大鼠视网膜中P38MAPK的活性表达,与早期细胞凋亡率变化相似。P38MAPK通路与视神经损伤诱导的大鼠视网膜RGC凋亡密切相关。     

Citicoline and lithium rescue retinal ganglion cells following partial optic nerve crush in the rat

Citicoline and lithium (Li(-)) have been shown to support retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon regeneration in vitro. Optic nerve crush (ONC) is a model of both brain axonal injury and certain aspects of the glaucomatous degeneration of RGC. We have used this model to quantify protection offered to RGC by these drugs and to determine whether their effects are mediated by enhanced expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Adult rats (6-12 per group) were subjected to ONC accompanied by a contralateral sham operation. Animals were treated intraperitoneally with either vehicle, citicoline sodium (1g/kg daily for up to 7 days and 300 mg/kg daily afterwards), lithium chloride (30 mg/kg daily), or both drugs combined. Fluorogold was injected bilaterally into superior colliculi 1, 5 or 19 days after ONC. Labeled cells were counted under a fluorescence microscope 2 days after tracer injection. In a separate set of experiments the effects of treatments on expression of Bcl-2 in retinas were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In vehicle-treated animals there was a progressive decrease of RGC density after crush. This decrease was attenuated in citicoline-treated animals 1 week and 3 weeks after the crush. In the lithium-treated group protection was even more pronounced. In animals treated with both drugs RGC protection was similar to that achieved by lithium alone. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was seen predominantly in retinal ganglion cells. Its increase was recorded in the lithium and citicoline group as well as in animals treated with the combination of both drugs. Both citicoline and lithium protect RGC and their axons in vivo against delayed degeneration triggered by the ONC. Retinoprotective action of both drugs may involve an increase in Bcl-2 expression.     

The effect of ginkgo biloba on the rat retinal ganglion cell survival in the optic nerve crush model

Purpose: To investigate the effect of ginkgo biloba on the retinal ganglion cell survival in a rat optic nerve crush model. Methods: Twenty‐four Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into a study group of 12 animals receiving intraperitoneal injections of ginkgo biloba and a control group of 12 animals receiving intraperitoneal saline injections. All injections were performed 1 hr before the optic nerve crush and daily afterwards. For each animal, the right optic nerve was crushed closely behind the globe for 60 seconds using a microclip with 40 g power. The left optic nerve was kept intact. At 23 days after the optic nerve crush, the retinal ganglion cells were labelled retrogradely by injecting 3% fluorogold into both sides of the superior colliculus of the brain. At 4 weeks after the optic nerve crush, the animals were killed. Photographs taken from retinal flat mounts were assessed for the number and density of the retinal ganglion cells. Results: The survival rate, defined as the ratio of the retinal ganglion cell density in the right eye with the optic nerve crush divided by the retinal ganglion cell density in left eye without an optic nerve trauma, was significantly (p = 0.035) higher in the study group with ginkgo biloba than in the control group (60.0 ± 6.0% versus 53.5 ± 8.0%). Conclusion: The results suggest that intraperitoneal injections of a ginkgo biloba extract given prior to and daily after an experimental and standardized optic nerve crush in rats were associated with a higher survival rate of retinal ganglion cells.     

大鼠视神经夹挫伤视网膜视神经病理学动态观察及功能检测

目的 :动态观察视神经夹挫伤后视网膜、视神经形态学和视功能变化 ,揭示其病理过程的内在规律 ,为视神经保护研究提供依据。方法 :应用光镜、电镜观察正常及视神经夹挫伤 2 4、4 8、72小时 ,1、2、4周大鼠的视神经和视网膜形态学改变 ,闪光视觉诱发电位检测正常及视神经损伤后 1小时、4周大鼠的视功能状况。结果 :视神经部分损伤诱导视网膜神经节细胞 (RGCs)严重下降 ,损伤后的前 2周RGCs快速减少 ,2周以后缓慢减少 ;电镜下可见RGCs染色质明显聚集 ,胞体皱缩 ,核膜、胞膜完整 ;也可见核膜溶解 ,细胞器水肿、崩解 ;视神经纤维在损伤过程交错存在着轴突空泡样变 ,髓鞘崩解、消失 ,胶质细胞增生 ;视神经急性损伤F VEP波形较正常变得低而宽 ,损伤 4周波形消失。结论 :神经元继发性损伤是视功能进行性下降的重要原因 ,保护神经元免受继发性损伤是视神经保护的重要方面 ,对改善视功能有极其重要的意义     

蛇毒神经生长因子对大鼠视神经夹伤保护的电镜观察

目的研究蛇毒神经生长因子在视神经损伤后对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法将Wistar大鼠40只随机分为实验对照组和实验治疗组。制作实验性视神经夹伤模型,用头部宽1mm的微型血管夹夹伤大鼠右眼视神经后,实验治疗组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入蛇毒神经生长因子100BU(0.025mL)。实验对照组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入0.025mL平衡盐液。于损伤后第3d、7d、14d、30d、60d取材,用透射电镜观察不同时间段各组视网膜形态学变化。结果电镜下大鼠视网膜改变:实验治疗组和对照组电镜下均可见坏死和凋亡。伤后14d,实验治疗组视网膜微管数目比实验对照组较多,排列比较整齐。结论在视神经损伤早期,蛇毒神经生长因子能减轻视神经夹伤后微管的损坏,提高视网膜神经节细胞的存活数量,对视网膜神经节细胞有明显的保护作用。     

经瞳孔温热疗法对大鼠视神经钳夹视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的探讨经瞳孔温热疗法（TTT）阈下反应对BN大鼠视神经钳夹后视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的保护作用。方法采用阈下TTT对BN大鼠视网膜进行照射后3d,通过逆行标记RGCs的方法,对TTT＋视神经钳夹组（A组）、TTT＋假手术组（B组）、单纯视神经钳夹组（C组）和空白对照组（D组）在视神经钳夹后1、2、4周进行RGCs计数并比较;检测视网膜TTT阈下反应的热休克蛋白70（HSP70）表达;观察TTT阈下反应对视网膜的影响。结果视神经钳夹后4周,A组RGCs数显著高于C组（P=0.006）,而1周和2周时2组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;各时间点B组和D组的RGCs数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。视网膜经阈下TTT干预后,HSP70表达高于对照眼。阈下TTT照射能引起视网膜组织形态上的改变。结论阈下TTT可显著提高视神经钳夹4周后RGCs的存活数量;其保护机制可能与诱导视网膜内源性HSP70表达、启动内源性保护机制有关。     

大鼠视神经夹伤模型中莫尼定的视网膜节细胞保护作用

目的 :研究莫尼定对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法 :实验用SD大鼠 2 0只随机分为用药组 8只和对照组 12只。所有大鼠右眼用 40 g微型视神经夹紧贴球后夹持视神经 60秒 ,左眼未做夹持。用药组于夹伤前1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射莫尼定 1mg/kg ,阴性对照组于夹伤前 1小时及夹伤后每日腹腔注射生理盐水 5ml/kg ,实验观察2 8天。实验结束前 4天双上丘注射 3 %荧光金逆行标记视网膜神经节细胞。做视网膜铺片 ,距离视乳头中心上下左右各2mm拍摄照片 ,使用CPAS图像分析软件做节细胞定量分析 ,节细胞存活率 =右眼节细胞密度 /左眼节细胞密度× 10 0。结果 :用药组、对照组节细胞存活率分别为 61 0 1%和 53 48% ,两者之间存在显著性差异 (P =0 .0 3 5)。结论 :在大鼠视神经夹伤模型中 ,莫尼定具有明显的视网膜节细胞保护作用     

Neuroprotective effects of BDNF and GDNF in intravitreally transplanted mesenchymal stem cells after optic nerve crush in mice

AIM: To assess the neuro-protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush in mice. METHODS: C56BL/6J mice were treated with intravitreal injection of PBS, BMSCs, BDNF-interference BMSCs (BIM), and GDNF-interference BMSCs (GIM) following optic nerve crush, respectively. The number of surviving RGCs was determined by whole-mount retinas and frozen sections, while certain mRNA or protein was detected by q-PCR or ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: The density (cell number/mm2) of RGCs was 410.77±56.70 in the retina 21d after optic nerve crush without any treatment, compared to 1351.39±195.97 in the normal control (P<0.05). RGCs in BMSCs treated eyes was 625.07±89.64/mm2, significantly higher than that of no or PBS treatment (P<0.05). While RGCs was even less in the retina with intravitreal injection of BIM (354.07+39.77) and GIM (326.67+33.37) than that without treatment (P<0.05). BMSCs injection improved the internal BDNF expression in retinas. CONCLUSION: Optic nerve crush caused rust loss of RGCs and intravitreally transplanted BMSCs at some extent protected RGCs from death. The effect of BMSCs and level of BDNF in retinas are both related to BDNF and GDNF expression in BMSCs.     

FK506 blocks activation of the intrinsic caspase cascade after optic nerve crush

Retinal ganglion cells die by apoptosis after optic nerve crush. FK506 has been shown to be neuroprotective in this model but the mechanism(s) by which it exerts these actions remains unknown. We and others have shown that caspase 9 is cleaved in the retina in other injury models and we hypothesized that the neuroprotection observed with FK506 was mediated by interference with caspase 9 activation. The present study examined the cellular localization of caspase 9 cleavage after intraorbital optic nerve crush in rats, the time course of caspase 9 cleavage after optic nerve crush and the ability of orally administered FK506 to block caspase 9 cleavage after optic nerve crush. We show by immunohistochemistry that cleaved caspase 9 is present in retinal ganglion cells (identified by prior backlabelling) after optic nerve crush. Immunoblot analysis showed that caspase 9 cleavage is significantly elevated 5 and 8 days after optic nerve crush. We show that orally administered FK506 reaches the retina and is pharmacologically active in retinal tissue. Furthermore, the oral administration of FK506 5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) blocks the cleavage of caspase 9 at both time points. These data suggest that caspase 9 activation may play an important role in retinal ganglion cell death following optic nerve crush and that the neuroprotection seen with FK506 may be mediated by interfering with the activation of caspase 9.     

CNTF和Ad-BDNF对视神经夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞存活的影响

目的:观察大鼠视神经夹伤后玻璃体腔内注射睫状神经营养因子(CNTF)和腺病毒介导脑源性神经营养因子(Ad-BDNF)对视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活的影响。方法:制作大鼠视神经定量夹伤模型,玻璃体腔内注射CNTF和Ad-BDNF,经上丘荧光金(FG)逆行标记RGC,计数视网膜铺片上的RGC并行统计学分析。结果:正常SD大鼠视网膜上RGC密度为2155±265个/mm2(n=12),视神经夹伤后RGC在1~2wk内下降速率最快,到3,4wk时RGC细胞数量虽仍有减少但下降速度已经明显减慢。CNTF组在视神经夹伤后1wk时视网膜RGC数显著高于对照组,但2~4wk的结果和对照组比较差异不明显。Ad-BDNF组视神经夹伤后1~4wk视网膜RGC数均显著高于对照组。结论:CNTF治疗组玻璃体腔内一次性注射CNTF可以在损伤早期2wk内为损伤的RGC提供神经营养因子,减少RGC的早期死亡。Ad-BDNF治疗组的这种保护作用可以持续到损伤后4wk,能够为RGC提供长时间地营养支持,但这种作用比较局限,可能与单一营养因子作用有关。     

氨基胍对视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护性作用

视神经损伤是眼科常见疾病,多并发于颅脑外伤,预后不良,常致患者失明。由于视神经损伤的发病机制尚未完全明了,所以迄今为止其治疗仍是国内外眼科界的一大难题。现将视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞（retinal ganglion cells,RGCs）凋亡及氨基胍（Aminogunidine,AG）对其保护性作用做一综述。     

杞贞胶囊对视网膜神经节细胞保护作用及其作用机制的实验研究

目的 探索杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤模型视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其作用机制。设计 实验研究。研究对象 SPF级SD大鼠72只。方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为2组：用药组36只;对照组36只。两组大鼠右眼行视神经夹伤,于球后2 mm处用40 g微型视神经夹夹伤视神经60 s。左眼作为正常对照。夹伤后2小时及此后每日予以灌胃给药一次。用药组给予20%杞贞溶液2.5 ml/kg,对照组给予生理盐水2.5 ml/kg。给药第28天取眼球标本,用药组和对照组各取24只行HE染色﹑Tunel试剂盒染色﹑Caspase-3免疫组化染色;剩余每组12只分离视网膜提取mRNA,测定Bax和Bcl-2基因的表达量。主要指标 视网膜厚度﹑Bax和Bcl-2基因表达量。结果 用药组视网膜厚度平均为（109.0±4.4）μm;对照组视网膜厚度为（101.8±7.6）μm（F=29.497,P=0.028）。两组间Bax基因表达差异具有统计学意义（t=1.089,P=0.028）;Bcl-2基因表达差异未见统计学意义（t=0.553,P=0.692）。结论 杞贞胶囊对大鼠视神经夹伤后的视网膜神经节细胞具有保护作用,可能通过下调Bax基因表达和抑制Caspase蛋白活性从而减少视网膜神经节细胞凋亡。     

Up-regulation of cytochrome oxidase in the retina following optic nerve injury

The purpose of this study is to investigate the cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity in the retina and optic nerve following an optic nerve injury. The optic nerve crush of one eye was carried out in Balb/c mice. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR method was then adopted to evaluate the mRNA expression of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) in the retina after surgery. Up-regulation of COX1 mRNA in the retina was detected by RT-PCR at 24 hr following the optic nerve injury. Total retinal mitochondrial mass measured by fluorescent intensity of MitoTracker green was not altered following the injury. COX histochemistry performed on cryostat sections showed an elevated enzyme activity of COX in the retina and in the optic nerve. In the retina, elevation of the COX activity was observed in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the overlying nerve fibre layer. The increase of COX activity began from 24 hr after injury, peaked around day 3, and maintained up to 1 week after the operation. In the optic nerve, increase of COX activity was observed in regions distal to the crush line and distributed either randomly or in a cone shape. In conclusion, both the expression of COX1 mRNA in retina and the activity of COX in inner plexiform layer and retinal ganglion cell layer were elevated following optic nerve injury without affecting total retinal mitochondrial mass. These findings suggested that one of early responses in the retina and in the optic nerve after the optic nerve injury is to scale up the energy production.     

Time-course of the retinal nerve fibre layer degeneration after complete intra-orbital optic nerve transection or crush: A comparative study

We examined qualitatively and quantitatively in adult rat retinas the temporal degeneration of the nerve fibre layer after intra-orbital optic nerve transection (IONT) or crush (IONC). Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons were identified by their heavy neurofilament subunit phosphorylated isoform (pNFH) expression. Optic nerve injury induces a progressive axonal degeneration which after IONT proceeds mainly with abnormal pNFH-accumulations in RCG axons and after IONC in RGCs somas and dendrites. Importantly, this aberrant pNFH-expression pattern starts earlier and is more dramatic after IONT than after IONC, highlighting the importance that the type of injury has on the time-course of RGC degeneration.     

腹腔注射银杏叶提取物促进大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞存活

目的探讨银杏叶提取物GBE50（Ginkgo biloba extract 50）对大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的保护作用。方法65只SD大鼠随机等分为正常对照组、假手术组、模型组、模型＋生理盐水（NS）组、模型＋GBE 50组,每只鼠的右眼用于实验。正常对照组不作任何处理;假手术组仅分离暴露视神经;其余3个组分离暴露视神经并进行钳夹：模型＋NS组和模型＋GBE 50组分别于实验前1周每日腹腔注射相应体积NS和0．35％GBE 50（100mg／kg）,术后继续给药4周;术后4d,各组随机处死3只大鼠作凋亡RGCs的TUNEL荧光标记;术后4周后处死所有大鼠作光镜检查并计数视网膜垂直经线RGCs。结果正常对照组和假手术组未见TUNEL阳性RGCs;其余3组均见TUNEL阳性RGCs,但模型＋GBE 50组较前两组少。术后4周RGCs数目：模型组（131±10个）、模型＋NS组（137±13个）、模型＋GBE 50组（198±15个）均少于正常对照组和假手术组（P〈0．05）;模型组与模型＋NS组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;但模型＋GBE 50组显著多于模型组和模型＋NS组（P〈0．05）。结论腹腔注射银杏叶提取物GBE 50能部分抑制大鼠视神经钳夹后RGCs凋亡,具有一定的RGCs保护作用。