基于关联规则的中药治疗过敏性鼻炎用药规律分析

目的探讨中药治疗过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)的用药规律。方法以"中药"和"过敏性鼻炎"为主题词,搜索中国知网、万方数据和维普中文期刊(2010年1月-2019年1月)相关期刊文献,收集文献记载的方剂,建立数据库,进行统计分析。使用Excel 2013、SPSS Modeler 14.1、SPSS Statistics 19.0统计软件对纳入的中药进行关联规则分析和因子分析。结果纳入符合标准的方剂147篇,共含中药175味,频数共计1 427次。在纳入的175味中药内,频数≥5的中药共57种;功效分类中,以解表药和补虚药最为常见,占比高达72.84%;药性药味中,以辛温药居多;归经分类中,以肺经、脾经和胃经居多。关联规则分析中发现关联强度最高的药对组合为10种,因子分析中提取6个公因子。结论 AR的中医治疗用药以解表药为主,且多与补虚药同用。     

基于数据挖掘的中医药治疗TACE术后栓塞综合征用药规律研究

目的 探究中医药治疗TACE术后栓塞综合征的用药规律。方法 以《中国知网数据库》（中国知网）、《中国学术期刊数据库》（万方）、《中文科技期刊数据库》（维普）作为数据来源，检索2000年1月至2021年12月与中医药治疗相关的期刊文献，筛选出相关中药复方或中成药制剂，将其所含中药录入Excel 2019表数据库中，并采用SPSS Statistics 21.0和SPSS Modeler 18.0统计软件对数据进行分析。结果 纳入符合标准的方剂86首，共含中药181味，频数共计942次。在纳入的181味中药中，频率≥10%的中药共28种，频数共587次；频数最高的5味中药依次是甘草、茯苓、白术、柴胡和黄芪；功效分类中，以补虚药、清热药和利水渗湿药最为常用；药性药味中，药性前3位依次为温、平、寒，药味前3位依次为甘、苦、辛；归经分类中，归经前3位依次为脾经、肺经和肝经；关联规则分析中得到30条关联规则，因子分析共得到11个公因子，聚类分析得到6个聚类组合，综合得到4个常用药物组合。结论 治疗TACE术后栓塞综合征的处方用药主要为补虚药、清热药和利水渗湿药，治法以健脾益气、清热利湿解毒为主。     

基于文献数据分析探讨中医药治疗多发性骨髓瘤用药规律

目的：应用文献提取、关联度分析和聚类分析方法,筛选治疗多发性骨髓瘤（MM）的高频药物组合,揭示中医治疗MM用药特点,为临床辨证用药提供参考。方法：以中医药和多发性骨髓瘤为关键词,探索中国知网、万方数据库、维普网（2009年1月至2019年11月）相关文献,整理文献记载的方剂,建立数据库进行统计分析;以2015年版中国药典对所纳中药进行药性药味及归经分类。使用Excel 2016、Clementine 12.0、SPSS Statistics 21.0统计软件对纳入的中药进行关联规则分析和聚类分析。结果：共纳入109首方剂,共含中药285味,频数共1492次。在纳入的133味中药中：频数≥10的中药共42种,频数≥15的中药共26种,前三种分别是熟地黄、当归和黄芪;功效分类以补虚药（尤其是补肾阳药）、活血化瘀药和理气药最为常见;药性药味中,药味以甘、苦居多。药性以温、平、寒居多;归经分类中,以肝、肾、脾经居多。通过关联规则分析可以得到13种关联强度较高的药对组合,通过聚类分析可提取5个聚类。结论：多发性骨髓瘤的中医治疗用药以补虚药尤其是补肾药为主,且多与活血化瘀药联合应用。     

361例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者中药治疗用药规律分析

目的 分析确诊为新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者的中药饮片治疗处方,统计分析用药规律。方法 收集湖北省中西医结合医院2020年2月1日—2月29日6个呼吸内科病区治疗COVID-19的中药处方,利用Excel、SPSS 25软件进行频数频率分析、关联分析、聚类分析等。结果 共纳入361例COVID-19患者治疗用中药处方共计529张,中药处方使用了292味中药,使用频数前5位的中药为茯苓、甘草、法半夏、陈皮、黄芩;中药类别频数前5位的为补虚药、化痰止咳平喘药、清热药、解表药、化湿药;关联规则显示,支持度最高的药对为茯苓和法半夏,置信度最高的药对为麸炒白术和茯苓;聚类分析共得11个聚类方。结论 通过对所收集COVID-19用药数据进行分析,发现了中药以补虚为主,辨证加入化痰、止咳、平喘、清热、健脾化湿的用药及组方特点,与国家发布的COVID-19诊疗中医药治疗用药基本一致,为COVID-19的中医药治疗提供了参考。     

基于关联规则的中药治疗血管性痴呆用药规律分析

摘 要 目的：探讨中医药治疗血管性痴呆的用药规律。 方法：以血管性痴呆为主题词,收集、整理CNKI数据库（2014年1月1日~2018年11月30日）中收载治疗血管性痴呆的中药方剂,建立血管性痴呆的中药方剂文献研究数据库,采用数据挖掘技术对其用药规律进行分析。 结果：纳入符合标准的72篇期刊文献中,共涉及74首中药方剂和142味中药,中药频数共计840次。其中使用频数≥5次的单味中药共有51种,累计出现680次,治疗血管性痴呆的核心药物有石菖蒲、黄芪、川芎、丹参等,中药功效以补虚药、活血化瘀药、开窍药、安神药、利水渗湿药、化痰止咳平喘药为主。药性以温性为主,药味甘、辛、苦最为常见,归经与五脏有关占总频次的80.75%。通过关联规则分析中发现关联强度最高的药对组合为11种,因子分析中提取5个公因子,系统聚类分析中归为4大类。 结论：治疗血管性痴呆的中药方剂中用药多以开窍、补虚、活血、祛痰为主。     

已上市中成药治疗哮喘用药规律研究

目的：探究已上市中成药治疗哮喘的药物相互作用关系和用药配伍规律。方法：在药智网-中成药处方数据库中查找治疗哮喘的中成药处方,通过Excel 2019、古今云医案平台(V2.3.5)、IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0、Cytoscape3.9.1、Origin Pro 2022对其中药组方规律进行归纳分析。结果：共纳入中成药处方62个,涉及中药209味,累计药物频次601次,包含6个证型,用药频次较多的药物有麻黄、甘草、苦杏仁等,药性以温性为主,药味以辛味居多,归经以归肺经为首,功效大多为化痰止咳平喘药,药物关联规则得到21对具有强相关性的药物;系统聚类分析归为四类。结论：通过古今云医案平台数据统计方法和相关数据挖掘技术对已上市中成药中治疗哮喘的处方进行整合,探究其药物组方规律,为临床用药及辨证提供新思路。     

基于数据挖掘的中药治疗神经性皮炎用药规律分析

摘要：目的:探讨中医药治疗神经性皮炎的用药规律。方法:以中药和神经性皮炎为主题词,搜索中国知网数据库及万方数据库（2010～2020年）相关期刊文献,收集文献中所涉及的相关方剂,建立神经性皮炎数据库,对统计的结果进行分析。使用Excel2013、SPSS Modeler 14.1、SPSS Statistics 19.0统计软件对纳入的中药进行关联规则分析。结果:符合纳入标准的治疗神经性皮炎的方剂中,共含中药133味,中药频数516次。在纳入的133味中药中:频数≥5的中药共32味,白鲜皮（31,8.91%）、苦参（28,8.04%）、防风（21,6.03%）、当归（20,5.74%）、荆芥（16,4.59%）和生地黄（15,4.31%）的用药频次较多;与其对应的清热药、解表药、补虚药在功效分类中出现最多,占比达到67.53%;药性药味中,药味以苦味、辛味、甘味的中药居多,药性以寒、温、平的中药居多;归经分类中,归肝经、脾经、胃经的中药较多。关联规则分析中发现关联强度较高的药对组合为白鲜皮-地肤子（清热药-利水渗湿药）、白鲜皮-蒺藜（清热药-平肝熄风药）、白鲜皮-赤芍（清热药-清热药）等。系统聚类分析得到新的中药核心组方5类。结论:中医药治疗神经性皮炎多以清热药为主,与解表药联合运用。     

基于数据挖掘的中药防治肿瘤治疗所致皮肤损伤的用药分析

目的 分析中药防治肿瘤相关治疗所致皮肤损伤的用药规律,以指导临床用药。方法 检索中国知网、万方数据库,筛选中药防治肿瘤相关治疗所致皮肤损伤的临床研究,对外用、内服中药分别从使用频次、功效、药性、药味、归经等方面进行统计,对使用频次较高的中药进行聚类分析和关联分析。结果 共纳入文献115篇,涉及方剂120首。其中,外用方剂94首,涉及中药154味,使用频次较高的为黄柏、当归、红花、黄芪、紫草;内服方剂26首,涉及中药113味,使用频次较高的为当归、甘草。外用中药中,清热药所占比例最大（33.24%）;内服中药中,补虚药所占比例最大（32.78%）。外用和内服中药中,使用频次均以寒性者最多,分别占47.52%和40.73%;以归肝经者最多,分别占21.29%和19.27%。外用中药使用频率较高的药味依次为苦、辛、甘,三者共占89.74%,内服中药使用频率较高的药味依次为甘、苦、辛,三者共占90.82%。外用和内服中药均可得到三个聚类方,外用中药得到23对药物组合,内服中药得到15对药物组合。结论 临床使用中药防治肿瘤相关治疗所致皮肤损伤时,外用、内服中药均以清热药、补虚药、活血化瘀药和解表药为主。对使用频次较高的中药进行聚类分析和关联分析,可为临床用药选择提供参考。     

基于关联规则和系统聚类分析的菟丝子用药规律分析

目的 基于关联规则和聚类分析挖掘菟丝子用药配伍规律,为临床用药及潜在新处方的研发提供参考。方法 以2015年版中国药典记载的含菟丝子中成药为来源,以Excel 2013、SPSS Modeler 14.1和SPSS Statistics 19.0为统计工具对纳入中药进行关联规则和系统聚类分析。结果 共搜索含菟丝子中成药46种。46种中成药包含168味中药,性味归经和功效以甘（431,51.93%）、苦（153,18.43%）、温（222,46.06%）、平（162,33.61%）、肾经（330,27.30%）、肝经（292,24.15%）和补虚药（316,65.56%）、利水渗湿药（35,7.26%）居多;剂型以丸剂（15,32.16%）、片剂（14,30.43%）居多;对组成含菟丝子中成药的高频中药进行关联规则分析,得到常用药对11种;对含菟丝子中成药的主治疾病进行统计,得到11类中医常见临床疾病。高频药物关联规则分析中发现治疗男性前阴病类和肾系病类关联强度最高的药对分别为5种和6种,高频药物聚类分析中得到治疗男性前阴病类和肾系病类的中药分别为8类和7类。结论 基于关联规则和系统聚类分析挖掘得到菟丝子潜在药对组合以补虚药为主,未来可着重进行其与枸杞子、黄芪配伍在男性前阴病类,以及与枸杞子、白术、熟地黄、川芎配伍在肾系病中应用的研究,并可进行其外治疾病中成药和剂型的研究,以扩大主治病症。     

基于关联规则和因子分析研究糖尿病肾病中药组方用药规律

目的 挖掘中医药治疗糖尿病肾病的组方用药规律。方法 以中国知网、万方医学网2012年1月-2018年6月收录的期刊文献为资料来源，使用Excel 2013、SPSS Modeler 14.1、SPSS Statistics 19.0统计软件为工具，对纳入标准的中药进行关联规则分析和因子分析。结果 在纳入标准的215首方剂中，使用频数≥ 30的高频药物共28种，其中黄芪（143次，66.5%），茯苓（113次，52.6%），丹参（97次，45.1%），山药（86次，40.0%），当归（73次，34.0%）最为常见。糖尿病肾病治疗的药物四气以寒（11次，39.2%）、平（10次，35.7%）为主，五味中甘味（23次，50.0%）为主，归经中肝经（16次，20.0%）、脾经（14次，17.5%）居多，使用最多的药物类别为补虚药（912次，39.3%），活血化瘀药（307次，13.2%），关联规则分析中发现关联强度最高的药对组合为12种，因子分析中提取6个公因子。结论 糖尿病肾病的治疗多以甘温药黄芪（补虚药）为主，临床上可与苦寒药丹参，甘平药茯苓等组合使用，以及可随证配伍活血化瘀、清热等药物。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.