吉产不同生长年限人参中8种主要人参皂苷与人参皂苷Rg_1比值的变化规律研究

目的:探讨吉产不同生产年限人参中8种主要人参皂苷与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值的变化规律,为其生长年限的鉴别提供参考。方法:收集吉林省不同生长年限(3～30年)的园参、林下参、野山参样品,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定人参中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rf、Rb_1、Rc、Rb_2、Rb_3、Rd等8种成分的含量;计算各皂苷单体含量及8种人参皂苷总含量分别与人参皂苷Rg_1含量的比值,并探究该比值与生长年限的关系。结果:随人参生长年限的增长,园参中8种人参皂苷总含量与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值及人参皂苷Re、Rb_1、Rc、Rd单体含量与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值均逐渐减小(P<0.001),林下参中人参皂苷Re与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值呈先减小后增加趋势(P<0.001),野山参中8种人参皂苷总含量与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值及人参皂苷Re、Rb_1与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值均逐渐增加(P<0.001),而园参、林下参、野山参中人参皂苷Rf、Rb_3与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值则均无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:园参、林下参、野山参均含有8种人参皂苷成分,可根据人参皂苷Rg_1含量和人参皂苷Re、Rb_1单体含量与人参皂苷Rg_1的比值初步推测其生长年限。     

三七总皂苷在大鼠体内的药物动力学研究

目的 考察三七总皂苷iv和ig给药后,人参皂苷Rb_1、人参皂苷Rg_1和三七皂苷R_1在大鼠体内的药物动力学过程,并研究了冰片或维拉帕米的合用对Rb_1、Rg_1、R_1体内过程的影响.方法 将 Wistar大鼠随机分为两组,分别ig和iv给予三七总皂苷,用HPLC法检测血药浓度,以内标法定量.结果 Rb_1、Rg_1、R_1在大鼠体内的药动学过程符合二室模型;与iv给药相比,ig给药后3种成分的相对生物利用度分别仅为2.47%、3.58%、3.25%;与冰片或维拉帕米合用能够影响药物的体内过程.冰片可提高Rb_1、Rg_1、R_1的吸收速率常数,使其C_(max)显著增加.维拉帕米则可提高Rb_1、Rg_1的吸收速率常数并降低其消除速率常数,但对R_1的影响不显著.结论 三七总皂苷在大鼠体内的过程较复杂,受很多因素的影响.     

红参中原人参萜三醇人参皂苷对P-糖蛋白介导的多药耐药性的逆转作用

作者研究了韩国产红参中人参皂苷是否可逆转 P-糖蛋白(Pgp)介导的多药耐药性(MDR)细胞对抗肿瘤药的 MDR。被检测的人参皂苷包括人参总皂苷、原人参萜三醇人参皂苷(PTG)、原人参萜二醇人参皂苷(PDG)、人参皂苷 Rb_1、Rb_2、Rc、Rg_1和 Re 等成分。选用的 MDR 细胞为耐柔红霉素的 AML-2/D100和耐多柔比星的 AML-     

多指标正交试验优化美国洋参胶囊中9种人参皂苷类成分测定的前处理方法

目的通过多指标正交试验优选含西洋参类保健食品中皂苷类成分的提取方法。方法 HPLC法测定西洋参保健品中9个活性成分(人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rg_2、Ro、Rb_1、Rc、Rb_2、Rb_3、Rd)的含量,采用L_9(3~4)正交试验,以提取溶媒、提取时间、溶媒体积、提取次数为考察因素,以9个活性成分的含量为评价指标。结果最佳工艺参数为水饱和正丁醇25 mL,超声提取3次,每次20 min。结论优选的提取方法简单、可行,可用于西洋参类保健食品中皂苷类成分提取及质量评价。     

NIRS结合PLS算法快速测定西洋参饮片中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1的总含量

目的:建立快速测定西洋参饮片中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1总含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定饮片中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1的总含量(作为参考值)。采用红外漫反射光谱技术(NIRS)结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立饮片中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1总定量模型:根据参考值采集62份饮片样品,以标准归一化法联合一阶导数法预处理光谱,饮片样品中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1总含量测定最佳波段为7 664.23~5 236.05 cm~(-1)。结果:饮片样品中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1总含量测定方法学验证符合要求。人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1总定量模型的校正集相关系数为0.991 03,校正均方差为0.010 26。结论:该方法快速准确、简便无污染,可用于西洋参饮片中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1总含量的快速测定。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定人参不同部位13种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立同时测定人参药材主根、侧根、须根、芦头中13种人参皂苷类成分含量的高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector,HPLC-ELSD)法。方法采用Venusil XBP C_(18)(L)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速:1 mL·min~(-1),柱温:20℃,蒸发光散射检测器参数:载气流量为2.9 L·min~(-1),压力为5.5×10~5Pa,漂移管温度为107℃,增益为1。结果人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rf、Rh_1、Rg_2、Rb_1、Rc、Rb_2、Rb_3、Rd、F_2、Rh_4、Rg_3分别在0.90~18.04、0.93~18.50、0.77~15.40、0.30~6.02、0.30~6.05、1.80~36.00、1.31~26.26、1.37~27.40、0.30~6.05、0.52~10.33、0.30~6.12、0.30~6.02、0.30~6.02μg内呈良好的线性关系(r>0.999 0),平均加样回收率(n=6)为97.1%~101.8%,RSD≤3.0%。结论该方法可用于同时测定13种人参皂苷的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定参附注射液中五种人参皂苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定参附注射液中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1、Rc、Rd 5种主要皂苷成分含量测定高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(B)-水(A)二元梯度洗脱;在203 nm波长下进行含量测定。结果:表明人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1、Rc、Rd分别在31.72~158.60、11.43~57.15、129.87~649.35、117.30~586.50、18.71~93.55μg·mL~(-1)线性范围内线性关系良好(相关系数均大于0.995),平均加样回收率分别为98.28%、98.14%、99.40%、96.80%、98.63%。结论:同时测定参附注射液中上述5种成分,方法简便、准确、分离度好、重现性好,可用于参附注射液的质量控制;采用此种多成分、多指标评价中药注射剂的方法,更能体现产品的活性成分群及功能主治,控制产品有效性。     

人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1对药物代谢酶CYP1A1活性诱导作用研究

目的研究人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1能否激活h AhR受体信号通路诱导CYP1A1基因及蛋白表达。方法利用前期实验室构建的p GL4.17-CYP1A1报告基因质粒、pc DNA3.1-h AhR表达质粒与pRL-TK内参质粒共转染Hep G2细胞,检测人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1对AhR的转录激活效应;并利用Real-time PCR及Western blot技术对人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1的不同浓度、不同时间处理组进行mRNA及蛋白的检测。结果报告基因模型检测结果显示,人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1对AhR具有转录激活作用,其中人参皂苷Re与Rf对AhR转录激活效应明显;同时不同浓度人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1均能上调CYP1A1 mRNA与蛋白表达水平。结论人参皂苷Rc、Re、Rf和Rg1可以诱导CYP1A1mRNA与蛋白质水平的表达,这种诱导作用可能与上述皂苷成分激活AhR并提高其对CYP1A1的转录活性有关。     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF/MS研究参附注射液的物质基础

目的对参附注射液中的人参皂苷和生物碱成分进行定性,并且对参附注射液中主要成分在大鼠体内的药物动力学过程进行研究。方法运用LC-MS对参附注射液中的成分进行定性,并测定大鼠血清中多种人参皂苷的浓度,计算其药动学参数。结果参附注射液中定性出16种人参皂苷成分和10种生物碱成分。人参皂苷Rd、Rg1、Rb1、Ro、Rc、Rb2的T12α分别为0.32±0.25、0.11±0.04、0.30±0.24、0.11±0.02、0.24±0.19、0.23±0.12 h,人参皂苷Rd、Rb1、Rc、Rb2的T12β分别10.25±0.39、21.31±3.64、13.95±2.56、15.06±1.54 h。结论该方法简便、灵敏、特异,适用于血清中6种人参皂苷成分的药物动力学研究;人参皂苷Rg1、Ro在大鼠体内的分布消除速度较快,Rd、Rb1、Rc、Rb2分布消除较慢。参附注射液体外、体内成分的分析为组分配伍研究建立了可靠的方法。     

高效液相色谱分离和定量测定人参、花旗参以及人参制剂中的人参皂甙

应用高效液相色谱法,μBondapak C_(18)柱(内径3.9毫米,高30厘米)反相系统分析,注入样品量10～20微升,流动相:乙腈-水(30:70),流量:2毫升/分,检测波长:203nm,流出液可用LC-55或LC-75分光光度计在203nm处直接测定其透光率,测定极限为300微克。室温下30分钟内可分离并检出人参皂甙Rb_1、Rb_2、Rc、Rd、Rf和Rg_2,而Re和Rg_1不能分开。用相同的柱,改用乙腈-水(18:82)为流动相,流量4毫升/分,能很好地分离Re和Rg_1。因梯度洗脱测出的各峰保留时间重现性差,而且基线漂移,故不采用梯度洗脱法。各种人参皂甙的定量测定是用外标准方     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.